Wikipedia lgwiki https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olupapula_Olusooka MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Kenya 0 2997 64384 64383 2026-07-23T12:35:02Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 64384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] ky398u5tt3xnczmb5ftymn9u3difdce 64386 64384 2026-07-23T12:58:18Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; faamu z'amajaani e Kericho; faamu z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira Tanzania; == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 7m3ipcdam8j2p1eannvspgz4f31wjfr 64389 64386 2026-07-23T13:00:34Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira Tanzania; == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 01zkrvolgtpuifi0d6h8pq84bt5x5ut 64392 64389 2026-07-23T13:02:18Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 64392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne United Kingdom, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ne ku game reserves, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu bukiikaddyo bw'ebuvanjuba. [citation needed] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 9dpylhq7azvvhq4mb4z753fktllt60r 64394 64392 2026-07-23T13:03:55Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 87oq7bgq1rz2aaqxkdi2k2f72yp7rvx 64396 64394 2026-07-23T13:05:02Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] byslirso52fvipvazy6d6e3bprijlln 64399 64396 2026-07-23T13:07:08Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 64399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. 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M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente ze caayi, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro ne caayi bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] n3rfnjjc1gp05gkhxvkthpo3hjcoz89 64401 64399 2026-07-23T13:09:35Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] dmnmua9tgdo06z7f5htfe9k6lg338d6 64402 64401 2026-07-23T13:10:52Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima ebika bya nnakati ebipya mu kifo ky'emmwaanyi, naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Nnakati wa mugaso nnyo mu mbeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] k5klqn7c9xpavu1dnuxr7tug7t48eg0 64405 64402 2026-07-23T13:15:58Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 1rayllrfhinqumyyvtpbxyeajqjd5ve 64406 64405 2026-07-23T13:17:12Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 64406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda ebijanjaalo bino kati kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] g1c72cxksh2pbn80w7q8ccf39d9hcnh 64407 64406 2026-07-23T13:19:20Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. 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M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] rvzna16px0je6as28tv9iahjkxi50lw 64409 64407 2026-07-23T13:20:56Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Ccaayi, kaawa, sisal, pyrethrum, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.[1] Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu bukiikakkono n'ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, entangawuuzi, ppamba, ebikajjo, sisal, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] itw94zagdpj2pydtrfnmnlfk6b2eci6 64414 64409 2026-07-23T13:27:44Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.[1] Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 5clgxpsb01qw6aqs9ptbwtr3w54em2f 64421 64414 2026-07-23T13:33:54Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 64421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. 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M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.[1] Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu byobulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.[1] Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.[2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 93xyf6krp153dh57wybchvvu1qaist2 64423 64421 2026-07-23T13:39:02Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 64423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 6e96zefonj8vfzb8z4ckh5ecbs4dbhx 64449 64423 2026-07-23T14:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 64449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 1bs86yude1jcyiim3kmsxg3t58a89pt 64531 64449 2026-07-23T18:53:57Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] rfb0fxit5axrrrbmaix0od2ttctnlt9 64532 64531 2026-07-23T18:55:29Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja ebyeyamba. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 68fztne623p05u8nf2ulqigrgnsk0ea 64533 64532 2026-07-23T18:56:58Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] kprzfh7ljvdntj2uhhn93swtc4yadyx 64534 64533 2026-07-23T18:58:12Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 64534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] nfpaobow5ohbn7o1ah4sebgmzhsf8xi 64535 64534 2026-07-23T19:00:36Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. Ffaamu z'obwannannyini ez'amaanyi ezikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi zirimu yiika 45,000, nga ze zikola ebitundu 40% eby'ettaka erifukirirwa. Zikozesa tekinologiya ow'amaanyi era ne zivaamu ebirime eby'omuwendo ennyo eby'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga, naddala ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref>Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) ''National Irrigation and Drainage Policy'':3–4.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 7vnzmlugl9hu0q41vow1wbn7mtv9sby 64536 64535 2026-07-23T19:01:57Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. Ffaamu z'obwannannyini ez'amaanyi ezikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi zirimu yiika 45,000, nga ze zikola ebitundu 40% eby'ettaka erifukirirwa. Zikozesa tekinologiya ow'amaanyi era ne zivaamu ebirime eby'omuwendo ennyo eby'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga, naddala ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref>Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) ''National Irrigation and Drainage Policy'':3–4.</ref> Kenya y'ensi eyokusatu mu nsi yonna mu kutunda ebimuli ebisaliddwa ebweru w'eggwanga.[1] Kumpi ekitundu kimu kyakubiri ku faamu z'ebimuli 127 mu Kenya zisangibwa okumpi n'Ennyanja Naivasha, kilomita 90 mu bukiikakkono bw'ebugwanjuba bwa Nairobi.[1] Okwanguya okutunda kwabwe ebweru w'eggwanga, ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekya Nairobi kirina ekifo ekikola ku ntambuza y'ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] hrlavqfs9mdfuuivt9bh7kyl4mep16g 64537 64536 2026-07-23T19:05:10Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. Ffaamu z'obwannannyini ez'amaanyi ezikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi zirimu yiika 45,000, nga ze zikola ebitundu 40% eby'ettaka erifukirirwa. Zikozesa tekinologiya ow'amaanyi era ne zivaamu ebirime eby'omuwendo ennyo eby'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga, naddala ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref>Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) ''National Irrigation and Drainage Policy'':3–4.</ref> Kenya y'ensi ey'okusatu mu nsi yonna mu kutunda ebimuli ebisaliddwa ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry">{{Cite web |last=Veselinovic |first=Milena |date=16 March 2015 |title=Got roses this Valentine's Day? They probably came from Kenya |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714194025/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Kumpi ekitundu kimu kyakubiri ku faamu z'ebimuli 127 mu Kenya zisangibwa okumpi n'Ennyanja Naivasha, kilomita 90 mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Nairobi.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> Okwanguya okutunda kwabwe ebweru w'eggwanga, ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekya Nairobi kirina ekifo ekikola ku ntambuza y'ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 3060360pgn78mhgk37n3tq2beh03w7y 64539 64537 2026-07-23T19:06:47Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. Ffaamu z'obwannannyini ez'amaanyi ezikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi zirimu yiika 45,000, nga ze zikola ebitundu 40% eby'ettaka erifukirirwa. Zikozesa tekinologiya ow'amaanyi era ne zivaamu ebirime eby'omuwendo ennyo eby'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga, naddala ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref>Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) ''National Irrigation and Drainage Policy'':3–4.</ref> Kenya y'ensi ey'okusatu mu nsi yonna mu kutunda ebimuli ebisaliddwa ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry">{{Cite web |last=Veselinovic |first=Milena |date=16 March 2015 |title=Got roses this Valentine's Day? They probably came from Kenya |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714194025/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Kumpi ekitundu kimu kyakubiri ku faamu z'ebimuli 127 mu Kenya zisangibwa okumpi n'Ennyanja Naivasha, kilomita 90 mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Nairobi.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> Okwanguya okutunda kwabwe ebweru w'eggwanga, ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekya Nairobi kirina ekifo ekikola ku ntambuza y'ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> '''Amakolero n'okufulumya ebintu''' == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] se4s4vzkeaalo5in4t952mxc3gdp83r 64540 64539 2026-07-23T19:08:09Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nyongeddeko ekiba 64540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. Ffaamu z'obwannannyini ez'amaanyi ezikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi zirimu yiika 45,000, nga ze zikola ebitundu 40% eby'ettaka erifukirirwa. Zikozesa tekinologiya ow'amaanyi era ne zivaamu ebirime eby'omuwendo ennyo eby'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga, naddala ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref>Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) ''National Irrigation and Drainage Policy'':3–4.</ref> Kenya y'ensi ey'okusatu mu nsi yonna mu kutunda ebimuli ebisaliddwa ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry">{{Cite web |last=Veselinovic |first=Milena |date=16 March 2015 |title=Got roses this Valentine's Day? They probably came from Kenya |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714194025/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Kumpi ekitundu kimu kyakubiri ku faamu z'ebimuli 127 mu Kenya zisangibwa okumpi n'Ennyanja Naivasha, kilomita 90 mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Nairobi.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> Okwanguya okutunda kwabwe ebweru w'eggwanga, ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekya Nairobi kirina ekifo ekikola ku ntambuza y'ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> '''Amakolero n'okufulumya ebintu''' Wadde nga Kenya nsi eri ku ddaala erya wansi mu by'enfuna, eby'amakolero bitwala ebitundu 14% ebya GDP, ng'emirimu gy'amakolero gikolebwa mu bibuga ebisatu ebisinga obunene, Nairobi, Mombasa, ne Kisumu, era nga gisinga kutwalibwa makolero agakola emmere nga okusa emmere, okukola omwenge, okusiba omuwemba, n'okukola ebintu ebyettanirwa abantu, gamba nga emmotoka okuva mu bitundutundu. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] ra3uzn0di18499sw3o1tmosp9y7uflc 64541 64540 2026-07-23T19:11:55Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 64541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenya''', mu butongole Republic of Kenya,[b] nsi esangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. N’omuwendo gw’abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga basukka mu bukadde 53.3 mu makkati ga 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya ekwata kifo kya 27 mu mawanga agasinga abantu abangi mu nsi yonna ate mu Afirika ekwata kya musanvu. Ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu Kenya ye Nairobi. Ekibuga eky’okubiri mu bunene era ekisinga obukadde mu Kenya ye Mombasa, ekibuga ky’omwalo ekisangibwa ku kizinga kya Mombasa. Ebibuga ebirala ebikulu mu Kenya mulimu Kisumu, Nakuru ne Eldoret. Ng'odda ku kkono, Kenya eriraanye South Sudan mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Ethiopia mu Bukiikakkono, Somalia mu Buvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba, n'Ennyanja Nnalubaale eya Uganda mu Bugwanjuba. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omu nsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Mu bitundu ebirala mulimu ebyafaayo by'ekyeya, ekyeya, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Ebyafaayo byayo, embeera y'obudde n'abantu byawukana. Mu masaza agali mu kiwonvu kya Rift Valley, ebyafaayo birimu obunnyogovu, ensozi ezirimu omuzira (nga Batian, Nelion, ne Point Lenana ku Lusozi Kenya) nga ziriraanye ebibira, ebisolo by'omunsiko, n'ebitundu by'obulimi n'obulunzi mu mbeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya mwalimu abamu ku bantu abaasooka okuva mu bajjajja baabwe ab'ekika kya Homo. Obujulizi bungi obw'ebisigalira by'ebintu ebyo ebikwata ku byafaayo by'obulamu bw'abantu buzuuliddwa mu Koobi Fora. Oluvannyuma, Kenya yabeeramu abayizzi era nga bano be baasooka okubeera mu Kenya ng'abantu ba Hadza mu kaseera kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Hunter-Gatherers: Survival, History and Politics of Identity |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104052710/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68396/1/ASM_S_26_257.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The East African Bushmen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271694891_The_Myth_of_the_East_African_%27Bushmen%27 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga n'ebisigalira by'amagumba, aboogezi b'Olucusha be baasooka okubeera mu kitundu kino eky'ettale wakati w'omwaka gwa 3,200 ne 1,300 BC, ekiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic (abazadde b'aboogezi b'Olunilotic mu Kenya) baatandika okuva mu South Sudan ey'omu kiseera kino okudda mu Kenya awo nga mu mwaka gwa 500 BC.<ref name="EhretCHS">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera ennimi ez’ekibantu baasenga ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ne mu bitundu by’omunda wakati w’omwaka 250 BC ne 500 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders Of The African World |url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019091759/http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi2/swahi_2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Okukwatagana kw’Abazungu kwatandika mu 1500 AD n’Obwakabaka bwa Portugal, era okufuga Kenya okw’omulembe kwatandika mu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okulambula kw’Abazungu mu Afirika. Kenya ey’omulembe yava mu bukulembeze bwa matwaale, obwatandikibwawo Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza mu 1895, era Kenya ey'etwaale yatandiika mu 1920. Mombasa kye kyali ekibuga eky'etwaale ly'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Mombasa {{!}} History, Map, Location, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mombasa |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> nga mulimu ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebiri mu Kenya leero ne mu BukiikaddyobwObugwanjuba bwa Somalia, okuva mu 1889 okutuuka mu 1907. Obutakkaanya wakati wa Bungereza n'ekitundu ekyo kyaviirako okutandikawo ekibiina kya Mau Mau, ekyatandika mu 1952, era n'okulangirira obwetwaze bwa Kenya mu 1963. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yasigala nga memba mu Commonwealth of Nations. Kenya ggwanga elikulemberwa Pulezidenti ng'ono alondebwa bulondebwa saako n'ababaka abalondebwa okukiikirira abantu era pulezidenti y'akulira gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Victorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy – Final Report – Glossary |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba mu bitongole eby'enjawulo ebiwerako nga eky'amawanga amagatte ekya United Nations, Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, awamu ne bitongole ebirala bingi eby’ensi yonna. Era lye limu ku mawanga agasinga obunene mu East ne Central Africa, nga Nairobi ekola ng’ekibuga ekikulu eky’obusuubuzi mu kitundu.<ref name="largest-economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/2045350/africa-richest-country-kenya-overtake-ethiopia|title=One of Africa's 'richest' countries set to be overtaken by neighbour - £12bn more|work=Express|date=27 April 2025|accessdate=29 April 2025|author=Robinson, Rebecca}}</ref> Nga buli muntu alina ebyenfuna bya ddoola 2,110,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Kenya |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE&year_high_desc=true |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> eggwanga liri mu byenfuna bya wansi. Obulimi n'obulunzi bye bisinga okuwagira eby'enfuna by'eggwanga; eby'okunywa nga kyayi ne kaawa bye birime eby'ennono eby'okutunda, so ng'ate ebimuli byo byeisinga okukula naddala mu kubitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. Ekitongole ky'obuweereza, naddala eby'obulambuzi, nakyo kimu ku bintu ebisinga okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna by'eggwanga. Kenya mmemba mu East African Community trade bloc,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100426/https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East African Federation |url=https://www.eac.int/political-federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003829/https://www.eac.int/political-federation |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=eac.int}}</ref> wadde ng'ebitongole ebimu eby'ensi yonna ebikola ku by'obusuubuzi bigitwala ng'emu ku nsi eziri mu Greater Horn of Africa.<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Afirika ye katale akaasinga obunene mu Kenya, nga kakulembeddwamu Omukago gwa Bulaaya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwangi S. Kimenyi |last2=Francis M. Mwega |last3=Njuguna S. Ndung'u |date=May 2016 |title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527210738/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> == Ennyanjula == Republic of Kenya erinnya lyayo liva ku lusozi Kenya. Erinnya eryasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 19 lyali "Kĩ-Nyaa" oba "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", ob'olyawo kubanga enkula y'olwazi oluddugavu n'omuzira ku ntikko zaalwo zaamujjukiza ebyoya bya maaya ensajja.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Kikuyu Districts |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu olw'edda, ekigambo 'nyaga' oba nga bwe kitera okukozesebwa 'manyaganyaga' kikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekintu ekyaka ennyo. Abagikuyu, ababeera mu bisulo bya Mt. Kenya, bakiyita Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (mu bujjuvu 'olusozi olwaka ennyo') mu lulimi lw'Abakikuyu, so ng'ate Abembu bakiyita "Ki-nyaga" oba Kirima Kinyaga. Amannya gano gonna gasatu galina amakulu ge gamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191351/http://www.kenyaembassy.com/aboutkenyahistory.html |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Ludwig Krapf yawandiika erinnya nga Kenia ne Kegnia.<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |year=1860 |title=Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |location=London}}</ref><ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal |last=Krapf |first=Johann Ludwig |author-link=Johann Ludwig Krapf |date=13 May 1850 |title=Extract from Krapf's diary |journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer |volume=i |page=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{Cite book |last=Foottit |first=Claire |year=2006 |title=Kenya |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84162-066-4 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |orig-year=2004}}</ref> Abamu bagambye nti kino kyali kiwandiiko ekituufu eky’eddoboozi lya Afirika /ˈkɛnjə/.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratcliffe, B. J. |date=January 1943 |title=The Spelling of Kenya |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=42 |issue=166 |pages=42–44 |jstor=717465}}</ref> Mmaapu eyakubibwa mu 1882 nga yakubibwa Joseph Thompsons, munnassaayansi Omusikooti era omunoonyereza ku butonde, yalaga Mt. Kenya nga Mt. Kenia. Erinnya ly'olusozi ly'akkirizibwa, pars pro toto, ng'erinnya ly'eggwanga. Teryakozesebwa nnyo mu biseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, eggwanga bwe lyali liyitibwa East African Protectorate. Erinnya ly'eggwanga lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Ettwaale lya Kenya mu 1920. == Ebyafaayo == '''Ebyafaayo aby'edda''' Ebika bya Hominid, gamba nga Homo habilis (fl. 1.8 okutuuka ku myaka obukadde 2.5 emabega) ne Homo erectus (fl. obukadde 1.9 okutuuka ku myaka 350,000 emabega), oboolyawo bajjajja ba Homo sapiens ow'omulembe guno, baali babeera mu Kenya mu kiseera kya Pleistocene.<ref name="Isaac">{{Cite book |last=Glynn Llywelyn Isaac |first=Barbara Isaac |year=1977 |title=Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38483-2 |page=xiii |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094804/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAxiii |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Africa, omuli ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebisinga okuba eby'edda gye balowooza nti abantu ab'omulembe guno (Homo sapiens) baabeeranga. Mu 1984, mu kiseera ky'okuziikuula eby'edda ku Nnyanja Turkana, munnabyafaayo Richard Leakey, ng'ayambibwako Kamoya Kimeu, yazuula Omulenzi w'e Turkana, ekiwuduwudu kya Homo erectus eky'emyaka obukadde 1.6. East Africa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Kenya, y'emu ku bitundu ebyasooka abantu ab'omulembe (Homo sapiens) gye bateebereza okuba nga baabeerangamu. Obujulizi obulala obukwata ku byafaayo bya Kenya eby'edda byazuulibwa mu 2018, nga muno mwe muli okweyoleka kw'ebikolwa eby'omulembe, omuli okusuubulagana okw'ewala (okwali kuzingiramu ebyamaguzi nga obsidian), okukozesa langi ez'enjawulo, era oboolyawo n'okukola obusaale obukubibwa, emyaka nga 320,000 egiyise. Abawandiisi b'okunoonyereza kwa mirundi esatu okwakolebwa mu 2018 ku kifo kino bagamba nti ebikolwa eby’ekikugu era eby’omulembe byali byatandika dda mu Afirika awo nga mu kiseera eky’okweyoleka kwa Homo sapiens.<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rhitu|author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee|date=15 March 2018|title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315193655/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{Cite news|last=Yong|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Yong|date=15 March 2018|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/|archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB |year=2018 |title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=90–94 |bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B |doi=10.1126/science.aao2646 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu abaasooka okubeera mu Kenya eya leero baali bajjajja abayizzi era abakunguzi, abafaanana n’aboogera Olukhoisan olw’omulembe guno. Oluvannyuma beegattibwako abayizzi era abakunguzi ab’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotic, gamba nga Abaogiek, abaateekawo enkolagana ey’amaanyi era ey’obuwangwa mu bibira by’omu nsozi ebbanga ddene nga abantu abalala abasenguka tebannatuuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Ogiek |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/peoples/ogiek |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EhretC18">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abantu bano oluvannyuma baasikizibwa abalimi era abalunzi abava mu Cushitic (abazadde b'abo aboogera Olucushitic mu Kenya), abaava mu Kkono lya Afirika.<ref name="EhretHRSC">Ehret, C. (1980) ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd., Reimer, Berlin.</ref> Mu kiseera ekya mu Holocene, embeera y'obudde mu kitundu kino yakyuka okuva mu mbeera ey'ekyeya okudda mu mbeera ey'obunnyogovu. Kino kyawa omukisa okukulaakulanya obuwangwa nga obulimi n'okulunda mu mbeera ennungi.<ref name="EhretC182">Ehret, C. (2002) ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800'', University Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-2085-X}}.</ref> Abalunzi aboogera Olunilotic baatandika okusengukira mu Kenya okuva mu Nile Valley ne Ethiopian Highlands nga bukyali nga mu 2000 BC. Abaasooka okutuuka baali Southern Nilotes (abajjajja b’Abakalenjin), nga baddirirwa amayengo g’Abanilotic ab’Ebuvanjuba n’ab’Ebugwanjuba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shinnie|first=P. L.|chapter=The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia, c. 660 bc to c. ad 600|date=1979|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050|volume=2|pages=210–271|editor-last=Fage|editor-first=J. D.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-africa/nilotic-sudan-and-ethiopia-c-660-bc-to-c-ad-600/D5BD637ADF06F3E53E0C57C7FB526D2E|access-date=2026-02-05|series=The Cambridge History of Africa|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}}</ref><ref name="EhretCHS2">Ehret, C. (1983) ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds., British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 19–48, {{ISBN|1-872566-04-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">Ambrose, S.H. (1982). "Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa." In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), ''The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-04593-9}}.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">Ambrose, S.H. (1986) ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11.</ref> Leero, amawanga g'Abanilotic mu ggwanga mulimu Abakalenjin, Abasamburu, Abaluo, Abaturkana, Abamasaai n'abalala.<ref name="ILO">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_84Gg-o5BhYC|page=55}} |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221122586}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka AD, abalimi aboogera Olubantu baali basenguse ne bayingira mu kitundu ekyo, mu kusooka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya.<ref name="EhretACA">Ehret, C. (1998) ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. xvii, 354, {{ISBN|0-8139-2057-4}}.</ref> Abantu aboogera Olubantu baali bavudde mu Bugwanjuba bwa Africa okwetooloola Omugga Benue mu kifo ekiri kati mu Buvanjuba bwa Nigeria ne mu Bugwanjuba bwa Cameroon.<ref name="WayneSmith">Smith, C. Wayne (1995) ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, p. 132, {{ISBN|0-471-07972-3}}.</ref> Okusenguka kw'Abantu kwaleeta enkulaakulana empya mu byobulimi n'okukola ebyuma mu kitundu ekyo.[1] Leero, ebibinja by'Abantu mu ggwanga mwe muli Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, ne Mijikenda, n'ebirala bingi. Ebifo ebikulu eby'edda ennyo mu Kenya mulimu ekifo (ekiyinza okuba nga kyekuusa ku bya ssaayansi ne kubala emmunyeenye) Namoratunga ku luuyi lw'eBugwanjuba olw'Ennyanja Turkana ne kibuga Thimlich Ohinga mu Kaunti ya Migori. '''Ekiseera ky'obusuubuzi bwa Swahili.''' Olubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya lwali amaka g'abantu abaweesa ebyuma n'abalimi Ababantu abalima emmere ey'okulya awaka, abayizzi, n'abavubi abawangiranga eby'enfuna by'ekitundu nga bayita mu bulimi, obuvubi, okuweesa ebyuma, n'okusuubulagana n'amawanga ag'ebweru. Ebitundu bino bye byakola ebibuga ebyasooka mu kitundu kino, ebyali bimanyiddwa nga Azania.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Abantu Abaswayiri baali ba mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Afirika ne Asia (naddala Persia) nga ebyava mu ndagabutonde bwe byalaga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=E.S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=J. |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu kyasa ekyasooka CE, ebisinga obungi ku bibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo, gamba nga [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], ne [[Zanzibar]], byatandika okussaawo enkolagana ey'obusuubuzi n'Abawalabu. Kino kyaviirako enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu mawanga ga Swahili, okuleetawo Obusiraamu, engeri Abawalabu gye baakosaamu olulimi lwa Swahili, okusaasaanya ebyobuwangwa, awamu n'ebibuga n'obwakabaka obw'omu kitundu ekyo okufuuka abantu abali mu kibiina ekinene eky'obusuubuzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Origin of Swahili – Jifunze Kiswahili |url=http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=swahilihub.com}}</ref><ref name="Nanjira">{{cite book |last=Nanjira |first=Daniel Don |date=2010 |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379826 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannabyafaayo bangi baali bamaze ebbanga nga bakkiriza nti ebibuga byali bitandikiddwawo abasuubuzi Abawalabu oba Abaperusi, naye obujulizi bw'ebyafaayo buviiriddeko abayivu okutegeera ebibuga ng'ekintu ekyava mu ggwanga eryo era wadde nga lyakosebwa nnyo abasuubuzi olw'okusuubulagana, lyasigala nga lirina ebyobuwangwa by'Ababantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spear, Thomas |year=2000 |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Ebiwandiiko ebisinga obukadde ebyawandiikibwa mu biseera ebyo. Okugeza, waliwo ekiwandiiko ekya ddewo mu Msikiti wa Pwani mu Lamu nga kirina ebiseera bya 1370 oba 1371 AD (772 AH).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bino eby'edda nga tebannaba kufugibwa Bazungu byawandiikibwa mu lulimi Oluwalabu naye nga birimu ebigambo by'Oluswayiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kiwandiiko eky'omu 1462 AD (866 AH) eky'okuziika Mwana wa Bwana binti Mwidani ku Kizinga ky'e Mombasa.<ref name=":5" /> Obwakabaka bwa Kilwa Sultanate bwali bwakabaka obwaliwo mu biseera eby'edda nga businga kubeera mu Kilwa, mu Tanzania ow'omulembe guno. Obuyinza bwabwo bwe bwali businga obunene, obuyinza bwabwo bwali busukka mu buwanvu bwonna obw'olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, omwo nga mwe muli ne Kenya.<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> Okutandika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi, abafuzi b'omu Kilwa baali bagenda kuzimba emizikiti egy'ebbeeyi era batandikewo n'ensimbi ez'ekikomo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolini |first=Beatrice |date=1 January 2004 |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004137806 |page=62 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oluswayiri, olulimi olw'abantu abava mu lubu lw'aba Bantu abalina ebigambo by'Olwalabu, Oluperusi, n'ebigambo ebirala eby'omu Buwalabu ow'omu Masekkati ne South Asia, oluvannyuma olwakulaakulanyizibwa ng'olulimi olwogerwa mu by'obusuubuzi wakati w'abantu ab'enjawulo.<ref name="WayneSmith" />Okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, Oluswayiri era lwakulaakulanya ebigambo bingi n'ebigambo ebirala ebiva mu Lungereza, bingi ku byo nga byava mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale g'Abangereza.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=R.H. |date=April 1952 |title=Swahili Borrowings from English |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |url-status=live |journal=Africa |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=154–157 |doi=10.2307/1156242 |jstor=1156242 |s2cid=146513246 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> '''Abapotigo abasookawo''' Abaswayiri baazimba Mombasa ne bagifuula ekibuga eky'omwalo ekikulu ne batandikawo enkolagana y'ebyobusuubuzi n'ebibuga ebirala ebiri okumpi, wamu n'ebifo by'ebyobusuubuzi mu Persia, Arabia, ne India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alsayyad, Nezar |date=30 March 2001 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96612-6 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'etaano, omuvuzi w'eryato Omupotugo Duarte Barbosa yawandiika nti "Mombasa kifo kya bizinensi nnyingi era kirina omwalo omulungi ogubeeramu amaato amatono aga buli ngeri era n'amaato amanene, byombi ebiva e Sofala n'ebirala ebiva e Cambay ne Melinde n'ebirala ebisala okugenda ku kizinga Zanzibar." <ref>{{cite book |last=Ali, Shanti Sadiq |year=1996 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3CPc22nMqIC|page=24}} |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ekibuga ekikulu ekiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja ya Kenya ye Malindi. Kibadde kifo kikulu eky'Abaswayiri okuva mu kyasa 14, era ekibuga kino lumu kyavuganya ne Mombasa mu kufuga ekitundu kya African Great Lakes. Malindi okuviira ddala mu byafaayo ebadde ekibuga ekirimu omukwano eri amawanga ag'ebweru. Mu 1414, omusuubuzi era omunoonyereza Omuchina Zheng He, ng'akiikirira Obwakabaka bwa Ming, yalambula olubalama lw'ennyanja y'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika ku emu ku ŋŋendo ze ez'okunoonya eby'obugagga.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2001 |title=PBS website |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Malindi era y'ayaniriza omunoonyerezi Omupotugo Vasco da Gama mu 1498. Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omusanvu, olubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili lwa wambibwa Abawalabu aba Omani, abaagaziya okusuubula abaddu okusobola okutuukiriza eby'etaago by'ennimiro mu Oman ne Zanzibar.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|date=2 June 2015}}". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Mu kusooka, abasuubuzi bano baali basinga kuva Oman, naye oluvannyuma bangi baava Zanzibar (gamba nga Tippu Tip).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|date=19 January 2018}}. ''National Geographic''.</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, Abapotigo baatandika okugula abaddu okuva mu basuubuzi Abawalabu aba Omani ne Zanzibar mu kwanukula okutaataaganyizibwa okwaleetebwa Abangereza abaali bawakanya okusuubula abaddu. '''Ekyaasa ekya 18 ne 19''' Mu kyasa eky'ekkumin'omunaana n'eky'ekkumin'omwenda, abantu Abamasai baasengukira mu bitundu bya Kenya eby'omu Masekkati n'eby'omu Bukiikaddyo bw'ekiwonvu, nga bava mu kitundu ekiri mu Bukiikakkono bw'Ennyanja Rudolf (kati Ennyanja Turkana). Wadde nga baali batono, baasobola okuwamba ettaka ddene mu bitundu ebyo, abantu gye batalwaana nnyo oba okuwalira. Abantu b'omu Nandi baasobola okuziyiza Abamasai, so ng'ate abantu b'omu Taveta baddukira mu bibira ebiri ku luuyi lw'eBuvanjuba olw'Olusozi Kilimanjaro, wadde nga oluvannyuma baawalirizibwa okuva ku ttaka olw'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuleetebwa obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Okubalukawo kw'ekimu ku bino; eddwadde z'ebisolo (rinderpest) oba endwadde z'amawuggwe (pleuropneumonia) kwakosa nnyo ente z'Abamasai, so ng'ate ekirwadde kya kawumpuli kyakosa nnyo Abamasai b'ennyini. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Masai Mbatian, omukulu laibon (omusawo w'ekinnansi), Abamasai baayawukana ne batandiika okulwanagana. Abamasai baaleetawo obukuubagano bungi mu bitundu bye baawambanga; wadde kyali kityo, waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.[1] Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja nga abantu ba Luo, abantu ba Luhya, n'abantu ba Gusii. Enkolagana eno yeeyolekera mu bigambo ebifaanagana ebikozesebwa ku bintu eby'omulembe n'enkola z'ebyenfuna ezifaanagana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndeda |first=Mildred |year=2019 |title=Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |url-status=live |journal=The East African Review |issue=52 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.473 |s2cid=198396394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadde nga abasuubuzi Abawalabu baasigala mu kitundu ekyo, emikutu gy'obusuubuzi gyataataaganyizibwa Abamasai ab'obulabe, wadde nga waaliwo enkolagana wakati w'ebibinja bino ebyaali byeyawudde nga basuubuligana naddala amasanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachey |first=R.W. |date=1967 |title=The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007052 |s2cid=162882930}}</ref> Abagwira abaasooka okuyita ku Masai be Johann Ludwig Krapf ne Johannes Rebmann, abaminsani Abagirimaani babiri abaateekawo omulimu mu Rabai, si kya wala nnyo okuva e Mombasa. Ababiri bano be abasooka okulaba Olusozi Kenya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Johannes Rebmann|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063129/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Rebmann|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Etwaale lya Bugirimaani (1885-1890)''' Obwakabaka bwa Bugirimaani bwassaawo obukuumi ku by'obugagga Sultan wa Zanzibar bye yali alina ku mwalo mu 1885, nga kino ky'agobererwa okutuuka kw'ekitongole Imperial British East Africa Company mu 1888. Okuvuganya kw'amatwale kwaziyizibwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa eya Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, kale Bugirimaani n'ewaayo ebifo byayo eby'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja eri Bungereza mu 1890. '''Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890-1906)''' Olutalo lw'aba Nandi (1890–1906), era lumanyiddwa nga Olutalo lwa Kalenjin, kwe kwali okulwana okwasinga okumala ebbanga eddene mu okuzimba obufuzi bw'amatwale mu East Africa. Okumala emyaka nga 20, abantu ba Nandi ne Kipsigis—nga bakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei baalwanirira ettaka lyabwe mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba ebirimu ensozi mu Kenya's Rift Valley. Nga bakozesa olutalo olw'ekiyekera n'okusaanyaawo okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Uganda, baasobola okulemesa obukulembeze bw'Abangereza okumala emyaka egisukka mu abiri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=TOO|first=-TITUS|title=Koitalel Samoei: Nandi legend who fought colonialists|url=http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012352/http://standardgroup.co.ke/?articleID=2000095797&story_title=koitalel-samoei-nandi-legend-who-fought-colonialists&pageNo=2|archive-date=2016-11-07|access-date=2026-02-05|work=Standard Digital News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. T. Matson |date=1972 |title=Nandi resistance to british rule 1890-1906 |url=http://archive.org/details/nandiresistancet0000atma |publisher=East african publishing house |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Newankubadde waaliwo "okulumba okw'okubonereza abagyeemu," Abangereza baali tebasobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi obwa bulijjo mu by'amagye ku balwanyi Abakalenjin. Olutalo lw'akomekkerezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu bbago lya Treachery nga 19 Ogwomwenda, 1905, nga Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen yasendasenda Samoei okugenda mu lukiiko olwali lugendereddwamu okuleetawo emirembe naye n'amutta. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, omulambo gwa Samoei gwatemwako omutwe era omutwe gwe gwatwalibwa e London ng'ekijjukizo ky'amatwale, nga kino kyali kikomo ku bulumbaganyi bw'amaggye obw'obukambwe obwakolebwa Abakalenjin era ne kisobozesa Abangereza okuteekawo obukulembeze mu kitundu ekyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CardBiz.ca |url=https://cardbiz.ca/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=cardbiz.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koitalel Arap Samoei: The Story of the Greatest Nandi Orkoiyot |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/koitalel-arap-samoei-the-story-of-the-greatest-nandi-orkoiyot/cwVx0MJXzdrAKA |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> '''British Kenya (1888-1962)''' Okuskyusibwa okuva e Bugirimaani okudda e Bungereza kwaddirirwa okuzimba egaali y'omuka eya Uganda Railway ng'eyita mu ggwanga.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka kwawakanyizibwa ebika by'abantu ebimu—nga bwe kiri ku Nandi, eyakulemberwa Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei okuva mu 1890 okutuuka mu 1900—naye Abangereza oluvannyuma baaluzimba. Aba Nandi be baali ekika ky'abantu ekyasooka okuteekebwa mu kkuumiro ly'abantu ab'obuwangwa okubalemesa okutaataaganya okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kiseera ky'okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka, waaliwo okuleeta abakozi Abayindi, abaawa omulimu omunene ogw'abakozi abakugu abaali beetaagibwa mu kuzimba.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]] (2005) ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-2199-1}}</ref> Bano n'abasinga obungi ku bazzukulu baabwe oluvannyuma baasigala mu Kenya era ne bafuuka omutima gw'ebitundu by'Abayindi eby'enjawulo, gamba ng'ekitundu ky'Abayindi Abasiraamu Abaismaili n'Abasikh. Wadde nga baazimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka okuyita mu Tsavo, abasinga obungi ku bakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abayindi n'abakozi b'eggaali y'omukka Abafirika baalumbibwa empologoma bbiri ezaali zimanyiddwa nga empologoma ezaali zimanyiddwa nga Tsavo maneaters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismaili muslim |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=Magicalkenya.com}}</ref> Mu kiseera eky'okubalukawo kw'olutalo lwa Ssematalo eyasooka mu Gwomunaana 1914, ba gavana b'amatwale ga Bungereza mu East Africa (nga bwe kyali kimanyiddwa mu kiseera ekyo) ne German East Africa mu kusooka bakkiriziganya okussaawo emirembe nga bagezaako okukuuma amatwale amatono obutayingira mu lutalo. Naye Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, omuduumizi w'amagye ga Bugirimaani, yasalawo okusiba nga bwe kisoboka eby'obugagga bya Bungereza. Nga yeeyawudde ddala ku Bugirimaani, Lettow-Vorbeck yakola kakuyege ow’amaanyi mu lutalo lw’abayeekera, nga beeyimirizaawo ku ttaka, nga bakwata eby'okulwanyisa bya Bungereza, era nebasigala nga tebawangulwanga. Oluvannyuma yawangangusibwa mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono (leero Zambia) oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 14 oluvannyuma lw’endagaano ey’okukomya olutalo okuteekebwako omukono mu 1918.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Okugoba von Lettow, Abangereza baasindika amagye ga British Indian Army okuva e Buyindi naye nga beetaaga abasituzi b'ebintu abangi okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okutambuza ebintu okutuuka ewala mu bitundu by'omunda nga bakozesa bigere. Ekitongole kya Carrier Corps kyatondebwawo era oluvannyuma kyasobola okukunga abantu abasukka mu 400,000 okuva mu Afirika, ekyaviirako okwongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Mu 1920, East Africa Protectorate yafuulibwa ettwale era n'eddamu okuyitibwa Kenya oluvannyuma lw'olusozi lwaayo olusingayo obuwanvu.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /> Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 20, ekitundu eky'omunda mu nsozi eziri wakati, kyali kibeeramu abalimi Abangereza n'abalimi abalala okuva mu Bulaaya, abaafuuka abagagga nga balima emmwanyi n'amajaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. ''Time''. 5 November 1965</ref> Ekifaananyi ekimu eky'ekiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka okuva ku ndowooza y'omufuzi w'amatwale kisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Out of Africa ekyawandiikibwa omuwandiisi Omudanish Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, ekyakubibwa mu 1937. Omwaka gwa 1930 we gwatuukira, abantu abeeru nga 30,000 baali babeera mu kitundu ekyo era baafuna eddoboozi ery'ebyobufuzi olw'obuyambi bwe baawa mu by'enfuna.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Ebitundu by'ensozi byali bifuuse maka eri abantu abasoba mu kakadde ab’ekika kya Kikuyu, ng’abasinga ku bo tebaalina ttaka mu ngeri y’Abazungu era baabeeranga mu kulunda okw’okutambula. Okusobola okukuuma ebyetaago byabwe, abasenze baawera okulima emmwanyi era ne batandikawo omusolo gw’amayumba, era abatalina ttaka baaweebwa ettaka ttono ddala nga basasulwa olw'emirimu gyabwe gye baali babakolera. Abantu bangi nnyo baasengukira mu bibuga olw’okuba obusobozi bwabwe obw’okweyimirizaawo nga bakozesa ettaka bwakendeera.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005" /> Omwaka gwa 1950 we gwatuukira, waaliwo abasenze abazungu 80,000 abaali babeera mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Matthew |date=15 September 2010 |title=Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=9781742203553 |page=28 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Okuyita mu Ssematalo II, Kenya yali nsibuko nkulu ey'abaserikale abatwalibwa okulwana mu lutalo n'ebyobulimi eri Bungereza. Kenya y'ennyini ye yali ekifo eky'okulwaniramu wakati w'amaanyi ag'omukago n'eggye lya Italy mu 1940–41, amagye ga Italy bwe gaalumba. Wajir ne Malindi nabyo byakubwa bbomu. '''Okubalukawo kwa Mau Mau''' Okuva mu Gwekkumi 1952 okutuuka mu Gwekkumineebiri 1959, Kenya yali mu mbeera ey’akatyabaga nga kino ky'avaamu olutalo lw'obuyeekera olwa Mau Mau okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’Abangereza. Aba Mau Mau, era abamanyiddwa nga Kenya Land and Freedom Army, baali basinga kubeera Bantu ab’omu Kikuyu, Embu ne Meru. Mu kiseera ky'okunyigirizibwa kw'obufuzi bw'amatwale, abalwanyi abasukka mu 11,000 baali battiddwa, awamu n'abajaasi 100 Abangereza n'abajaasi 2,000 Abakenya abeesigwa. Emisango gy'entalo gyakolebwa ku njuyi zombi ez'olutalo, omuli okutta abantu mu lujjudde okwali mu Lari ne mu Hola. Gavana yasaba era n'afuna amagye ga Bungereza n'aga Afirika, omwo nga mwe muli King's African Rifles. Abangereza baatandika ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera. Mu Gwokutaano 1953, Genero Sir George Erskine yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ng'omuduumizi w'amagye g'amatwale, ng'awagirwa Winston Churchill.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1993) ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'', Indiana University Press, 0852557450.</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Waruhiu Itote (nom de guerre "General China") nga 15 Ogusookam1954 n’okubuuzibwa okwaddirira kyaviirako okutegeera obulungi enkola y’obukulembeze bwa Mau Mau eri Abangereza. Ekikwekweto Anvil kyaggulwawo nga 24 Ogwokuna 1954, oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka okumala wiiki eziwerako amagye nga galina olukusa okuva mu kakiiko akakwasaganya entalo aka War Council. Ekikwekweto kino kyateeka Nairobi mu kuzingizibwa kw'amagye. Abantu ababeera mu Nairobi baakeberwa, era abateeberezebwa okuba abawagizi ba Mau Mau baasengukira mu nkambi z’abasibe. Abantu abasukka mu 80,000 Abakikuyu baateekebwa mu nkambi z’abasibe nga tebawozeseddwa, era nga batera okutulugunyizibwa mu ngeri ey’obukambwe.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2016|title=Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>A bakuumi be baakola omulimu omukulu mu nkola ya gavumenti kubanga baali bakolebwa mu Bafirika abeesigwa, so si mu maggye g’abagwira nga British Army ne King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mau Mau|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|access-date=15 August 2022|edition=Online|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau|url-status=live}}</ref> Okukwatibwa kwa Dedan Kimathi nga 21 Ogwekkumi 1956 mu Nyeri kyategeeza okuwangulwa kw’ekibiina ky'abayeekera elya Mau Mau era kino kyakomya obulumbaganyi obwakolebwa amagye.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993" /> Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu gavumenti ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zakyusibwa. Mu kiseera kino, enkyukakyuka za gavumenti ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bwannannyini ku ttaka zaaliwo. Ekisinga obukulu mu zino kye kyali enteekateeka ya Swynnerton, eyakozesebwa okusiima abo abaali abeesigwa era n'okubonereza abo abaali benyigidde mu buyeekera bw'ekibinja kya Mau Mau. Kino kyaleka nga kimu kya kusatu ku bantu Abakikuyu nga tebalina nteekateeka yonna ey'okubeera ku ttaka era nga tebalina kintu kyonna mu kiseera ky'ameefuga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-393-05986-3 |location=London |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Abasomaliya ab'omu Kenya baakuba akalulu, 1962.''' Kenya nga tennafuna bwetwaze bwayo, abantu ab'eggwanga lya Somali mu Kenya eriwo kati mu bitundu bya Northern Frontier Districts baasaba Gavumenti ya Her Majesty obutabateeka mu Kenya. Gavumenti y'amatwale yasalawo okukola akalulu ka Kenya akasooka mu 1962 okukebera obumalirivu bw'Abasomali mu Kenya okwegatta ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castagno |first=A.A. |year=1964 |title=The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003980 |jstor=158817 |s2cid=154443409}}</ref> Ebyava mu kikungo byalaga nti Abasomali 86% mu Kenya baali baagala okwegatta ku Somalia, kyokka obufuzi bwa Bungereza obw'amatwale bwagaana ebyava mu kikungo era Abasomali ne basigala mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English |url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> '''Nga bakafuna obwetwaze''' Okulonda okwasooka okw'abannansi ba Kenya mu Lukiiko lw'eggwanga kwaliwo mu 1957. Newankubadde ng'Abangereza baali basuubira okuwa obuyinza eri abo abatali bannalukalala, era kyali kibiina kya Kenya African National Union (KANU) ekya Jomo Kenyatta ekyakola gavumenti eyakulembera mu kiseera ekyo, Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Obwakabaka bwa Kenya n'Obukuumi bwa Kenya byakoma nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, nga bafunye obwetwaze ku Kenya yonna. Bungereza yalekera Kenya obuyinza. Ssaabasajja wa Zanzibar (Sultan) yakkiriza nti mu kiseera kye kimu n'ameefuga g'eggwanga yandirekedde awo okuba n'obuyinza ku Protectorate of Kenya, Kenya yonna efuuke eggwanga limu eririna obwetwaze.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated: "An agreement was then signed on the 8th October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories comprising the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."</ref> Mu ngeri eno, Kenya yafuuka eggwanga ery'etongodde wansi w'etteeka lya Kenya Independence Act 1963 erya Bungereza. Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Kenya yafuuka repubuliki wansi w'erinnya "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 762" /> Mu kiseera kye kimu, amagye ga Kenya gaalwana olutalo lwa Shifta nga balwanyisa abayeekera Abasomali ab'ekika ekimu abaali babeera mu Northern Frontier District abaali baagala okwegatta ku b'eŋŋanda zaabwe mu Somali Republic mu Bukiikakkono.<ref>Bruce Baker, ''Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences'', (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83</ref> Oluvannyuma emirembe gyatuukibwako oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku kiwandiiko kya Arusha Memorandum mu Gwomwenda 1967, naye obutali butebenkevu bwaliwo okutuuka mu 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=Richard |year=1986 |title=The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=319–333 |doi=10.2307/1160687 |jstor=1160687 |s2cid=146312775}}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=John |date=May 1968 |title=An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00016657 |jstor=158675 |s2cid=154605094}}</ref> Okusobola okukendeeza ku bulumbaganyi obulala, Kenya yassa omukono ku ndagaano y’ebyokwerinda ne Ethiopia mu 1969, era ekyo kikyaliwo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162911/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d183 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabukuru |first=Wanjohi |date=2015-02-26 |title=The Kenya-Ethiopia Defence Pact: Is Somalia a pawn? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162913/https://newafricanmagazine.com/10026/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=New African Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Pulezidenti eyasooka''' Nga 12 Ogwekkumineebiri 1964, Republic of Kenya yalangirirwa, era Jomo Kenyatta yafuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya eyasooka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |year=2002 |title=Kenya at the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608141216/http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York}}</ref> Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta, obulyi bw'enguzi bwasaasaana mu gavumenti yonna, abakozi ba gavumenti, n'abasuubuzi. Kenyatta n'ab'omu maka ge baakwatagana n'obulyi bw'enguzi buno nga beeyongera okugaggawala nga bagula ebintu bingi oluvannyuma lwa 1963. Okugula ebintu mu Central, Rift Valley, ne mu bibuga by'okumyalo kyaleetawo obusungu bungi mu Bannakenya abatalina ttaka. Famire ye yakozesa ekifo kye nga Pulezidenti okwewala ebizibu eby'amateeka oba eby'obukulembeze mu kufuna ebintu. Famire ya Kenyatta era yateeka ssente nnyingi mu bizineesi z'ebifo ebisanyukirwamu ebiri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, nga Kenyatta kennyini yalinawo wooteeri eyitibwa Leonard Beach Hotel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |date=April 2012 |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/19778/2/Boone_AfricanStudiesReview.pdf |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ebyafaayo bya Kenyatta eby'enjawulo byalagibwa ku mukolo ogw'okujjukira emyaka kkumi bukya Kenya efuna obwetwaze. Ekitundu ekyawandiikibwa mu The New York Times mu Gwekkumineebiri 1973 kyasiima obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Kenya olw'okufuuka ekyokulabirako mu kukola ebintu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era ey'obuwangwa. GDP ya Kenya yali eyongedde ku sipiidi ya buli mwaka eya 6.6%, nga eri waggulu ku sipiidi y'abantu okweyongera eya waggulu ku bitundu 3%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|title=Kenya, 10 Years Independent, Emerges as a Model of Stability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1973|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081501/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/16/archives/kenya-10-years-independent-emerges-as-a-model-of-stability-the.html|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ku kitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Naye Amnesty International yayanukula ekitundu kino nga egamba ku bbeeyi y'obutebenkevu mu ngeri y'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya kyatandikibwawo Oginga Odinga—Kenya People's Union (KPU)—yawerebwa mu 1969 oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu ekyali e Kisumu era abakulembeze ba KPU baali bakyasibiddwa nga tebawozeseddwa mu ngeri ey'okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu.<ref name="sproul">{{cite news|date=16 January 1974|title=Letters to the Editor|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130233151/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/16/archives/letters-to-the-editor-birth-rates-and-energy-use-the-questionable.html|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 1974 |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974. Available from |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121125801/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL100011974ENGLISH.PDF |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Ekibiina ekitaba abayizi ekya Kenya Students Union, Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa n'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebivuganya byawerebwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kenyatta yakulembera Kenya okutuusa lwe yafa mu Gwomunaana 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndegwa |first=Stephen N. |date=1999 |title=Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: the Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (review) |journal=Africa Today |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1353/at.1999.0008 |issn=1527-1978 |s2cid=145810474}}</ref> '''Omulembe gwa Moi''' Oluvannyuma lwa Kenyatta okufa, Daniel arap Moi yafuuka pulezidenti. Yasigaza obwa pulezidenti, y'esimbawonga tavuganyiziddwa mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1979, 1983 (okulonda okw'amangu), ne 1988, byonna ebyaliwo byali wansi wa Ssemateeka w'ekibiina ekimu. Okulonda kwa 1983 kwaliwo omwaka gumu nga bukyali, era kwava butereevu ku kulemererwa kw'ekyewuunyo ky'amagye nga 2 Ogwomunaana 1982. Okuwamba gavumenti okwa 1982 kwategekebwa omujaasi w'omu bbanga ow'eddaala erya wansi, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka, era okuwamba okwo okusinga kwakolebwa abajaasi ab'eddaala erya wansi mu ggye ery'omu bbanga. Kyazikirizibwa mangu amagye agaali gakulirwa Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed, omukungu w'amagye nazilwanako w'e Somali.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1992 |title=Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |page=12 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160202/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwalimu ekitongole kya General Service Unit (GSU)—ekitongole ky'amagye ekya poliisi—n'oluvannyuma police y'abulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'ekittabantu eky'e Garissa mu 1980, amagye ga Kenya g'enyigira mu kittabantu eky'e Wagalla mu 1984 ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abantu ba bulijjo mu Ssaza lye Wajir. Okunoonyereza okw'obutongole ku bikolobero bino oluvannyuma kwaweebwa ekiragiro mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2011|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622041516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Okulonda okwaliwo mu 1988 kwaleeta enkola ya ''mlolongo'' (okusimba ennyiriri) eyali egamba nti abalonzi baalina okusimba ennyiriri emabega w’abo be baali baagala okusinga okulonda mu kyama.<ref>Harden, Blaine (25 February 1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election], ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kino kyatwalibwa ng'entikko y'obufuzi obutali bwa dimokulasiya era kyaviirako okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'okukyusa mu ssemateeka. Ebikwatagana ebitali bimu, omuli n'ekyo ekyali kikkiriza ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka, byakyusibwa mu myaka egyaddirira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Religious Liberty Around the World |publisher=The Rutherford Institute |editor-last=Moreno, Pedro C. |location=Charlottesville, VA |chapter=Kenya |chapter-url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014936/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Okukyusa okudda mu demokulasiya ow'ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi.''' Mu 1991, Kenya yakyusa okudda ku nkola y’ebyobufuzi ey’ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 26 egy’obukulembeze bw’ekibiina ekimu. Nga 28 Ogwekkumi 1992, Moi yasattulula Paalamenti, emyezi etaano nga kisanja kye tekinnagwaako. N’ekyavaamu, enteekateeka z’okulonda ebifo byonna mu Paalamenti awamu ne pulezidenti zaatandika. Okulonda kwali kutegekeddwa okubaawo nga 7 Ogwekkumineebiri 1992, naye okulwawo kwaleetera okwongezebwayo okutuuka nga 29 Ogwekkumineebiri. Ng’oggyeko KANU, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza, ebibiina ebirala ebyali bikiikiriddwa mu kulonda mwalimu FORD Kenya ne FORD Asili. Okulonda kuno kwali kwetobeseemu enkola y'okutiisatiisa abo abaali babavuganya n'okutulugunya abakungu b'eby'okulonda. Kino kyaleetawo ekizibu ky'ebyenfuna ekyaleetebwa obutabanguko obw'omu mawanga nga pulezidenti avunaanibwa okubba ebyava mu kulonda asobole okusigaza obuyinza.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book |last=Keith. |first=Kyle |date=1999 |title=Politics of the independence of Kenya |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333720080 |oclc=795968156}}</ref><ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite journal |last=Goldsworthy |first=David |date=March 1982 |title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: the 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00000082 |issn=0022-278X |s2cid=154841201}}</ref><ref name="ParliamentKe">{{Cite web |title=KENYA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817091746/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2167_92.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Okulonda kuno kwali kwa njawulo eri Kenya kubanga kwali kutandika kw'okukomekkereza obukulembeze bwa Moi n'obufuzi bwa KANU. Moi yasigala nga pulezidenti era George Saitoti n'afuuka omummyuka wa pulezidenti. Wadde nga yasigala mu buyinza, KANU yawangula ebifo 100 era n'efiirwa ebifo 88 eri ebibiina mukaaga eby'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti.<ref name="Keith" /><ref name="ParliamentKe" /> Okulonda kwa 1992 kwateekawo entandikwa y'ebyobufuzi eby'ebibiina ebingi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisukka mu 25 egy'obufuzi bwa KANU.<ref name="Keith" /> Oluvannyuma lw'obukuubagano obwaddirira oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, abantu 5,000 battibwa ate abalala 75,000 ne basengulwa okuva mu maka gaabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2007 |title=Clashes, elections and land – church keeps watch in Molo |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217115300/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73319/kenya-clashes-elections-and-land-church-keeps-watch-molo |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=IRIN}}</ref> Mu myaka etaano egyaddirira, ebibiina by'obufuzi bingi byatandikibwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okuddako. Mu myaka etaano egyaddako, enkolagana nnyingi ez'ebyobufuzi zaatondebwawo nga beetegekera okulonda okali kuddako. Mu 1994, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga yafa era ebibiina bingi byegatta ku kibiina kye ekya FORD Kenya okutondawo ekibiina ekipya, United National Democratic Alliance. Ekibiina kino kyalimu obutakkanya bungi. Mu 1995, Richard Leakey yatondawo ekibiina kya Safina, naye kyagaanibwa okuwandiisibwa okutuusa mu Gwekkuminogumu 1997.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2018|title=Kenya profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130010047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Mu 1996, KANU yaddamu okwekenneenya Ssemateeka okukkiriza Moi okusigala nga Pulezidenti mu kisanja ekirala. Oluvannyuma, Moi yeesimbawo ku kisanja ekirala era yawangula ekisanja eky'okutaano mu 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya History Timeline – historic overview of Kenya, Africa |url=https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223160656/https://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Crawfurd Homepage}}</ref> Obuwanguzi bwe bwavumirirwa nnyo abo abaali bamuvuganya ennyo, Kibaki ne Odinga, nga bagamba nti obuwanguzi bwe bwali bwa bulimba.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David M. |year=2003 |title=Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? |journal=African Affairs |volume=102 |issue=407 |pages=331–342 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adg007}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula okwo, Moi yagaanibwa mu Ssemateeka okuddamu okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti. Okutandika mu 1998, yagezaako okukyusa enkola y'ebyobufuzi n'okuwanyisa obuyinza mu ggwanga okusobozesa Uhuru Kenyatta okulondebwa mu kulonda kwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=25 October 2017 |title=A look at Kenya's elections history since independence in 1964 |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000204/http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/a-look-at-kenya-s-elections-history-since-independence-in-1964/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Pulezidenti Kibaki n'olugenda lwa Ssemateeka omugya === Enteekateeka ya Moi ey'okudda mu bigere bya Uhuru Kenyatta yalemererwa, era Mwai Kibaki, eyali avuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti mu kibiina "National Rainbow Coalition" (NARC), yalondebwa nga Pulezidenti. David Anderson (2003) alipoota nti okulonda kwatwalibwa okuba okw’amazima n’obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi ab’omu kitundu ne mu nsi yonna, era ne kirabika ng’ekyakyusa ennyo mu nkulaakulana ya demokulasiya mu Kenya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mu 2005, Bannakenya baagaana enteekateeka ey'okukyusa Ssemateeka w'obwetwaze owa 1963 n'endala empya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512022757/http://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute}}</ref> N'ekyavaamu, okulonda kwa 2007 kwaliwo nga bagoberera enkola eyali eteekeddwawo mu Ssemateeka eyaliwo. Kibaki yaddamu okulondebwa mu kulonda okwali okw'amaanyi nga kujjudde obutabanguko bwe by'onufuzi n'ebibinja by'embu z'abantu mu Kenya. Omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti asinga obukulu, Raila Odinga, yagamba nti okulonda kwalimu emivuyo n'okubba era nti ye yali Pulezidenti eyalondebwa mu butuufu. Mu butabanguko obwaddirira, abantu 1,500 battibwa ate abalala 600,000 ne basengulwa mu Kenya, kino ne kifuuka obutabanguko obwasinga obubi mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'okulonda. Okusobola okukomya okufa n'okusengulwa kw'abantu, Kibaki ne Odinga bakkiriziganya okukolera awamu, ng'oluvannyuma Odinga yakkiriza okubeera nga ye Ssabaminisita.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2008|title=Deal to end Kenyan crisis agreed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7344816.stm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Kino kyafuula Odinga Ssabaminisita wa Kenya ow'okubiri. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2010, Kenya yakolagana n'amawanga amalala ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa okukola akatale akapya aka East African Common Market mu East African Community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2010|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233236/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701|archive-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Mu 2011, Kenya yatandika okusindika amagye mu Somalia okulwanyisa ekibinja ky'abatujju ekya Al-Shabaab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=The Standard {{!}} Online Edition :: Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Mu makkati ga 2011, sizoni z'enkuba ebbiri ezaali zitalabise z'aviirako ekyeya ekyasingayo obubi mu East Africa mu myaka 60. Ekitundu ky’omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Turkana kyakosebwa nnyo,<ref name="RedCross">{{Cite web |last=Koech, Dennis |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> ng’amasomero g’omu kitundu gaggalwawo olw’ensonga eyo.<ref name="Kscafthit">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> Kyategeezeddwa nti ekizibu kyaggwaawo ku ntandikwa ya 2012 olw’okukolera awamu mu kugaba obuyambi. Ebitongole ebikola ku by’obuyambi oluvannyuma byakyusa essira ne balissa ku kuyamba abantu okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe, omuli okusima emikutu egitambuza amazzi n’okugaba ensigo z’ebimera.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html|date=7 November 2016}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2010, Bannakenya baakuba akalulu era ne bayisa Ssemateeka omupya, eyakendeeza ku buyinza bwa Pulezidenti era n'egabanyaamu gavumenti eya wakati.<ref name="BBCKenyaHist" /> Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa Ssemateeka omupya, Kenya yafuuka republic, nga Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga y'akulira enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Ssemateeka omupya era alaga nti obuyinza obw’okuddukanya eggwanga bukozesebwa ekitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga, ekikulemberwa pulezidenti, atuula ku ntebe ya kabineeti erimu abantu abalondeddwa okuva ebweru wa Paalamenti. Obuyinza obw’okukola amateeka buweebwa Paalamenti yokka. Ekitongole ekiramuzi kya ddembe okuva ku kitongole ekiddukanya eggwanga ne Paalamenti. === '''Obukulembeze bwa Kenyatta ne Ruto''' === [[File:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta]] Mu 2013, Kenya yategeka okulonda kwayo okwasooka okubaawo wansi wa Ssemateeka wa 2010. Uhuru Kenyatta yawangula, wadde ng'ebyava mu kulonda byawakanyizibwa mu kkooti ensukkulumu eya Kenya, ng'omukulembeze w'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, Raila Odinga, ye yali akulembeddemu okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as president |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130055614/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/1064-1734782-jlg2e7/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Uhuru Kenyatta yaddamu okulondebwa mu 2017 mu kulonda okulala okwali kubuusibwabuusibwa. Odinga yavunaana ekitongole kya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission olw'okuddukanya obubi okulonda ne Kenyatta ne kibiina kye olw'okubba obululu. Kkooti ensukkulumu yasazaamu ebyava mu kulonda mu nsala ey'amaanyi eyassaawo ekifo kyayo ng'omuntu eyeetengeredde okukebera pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=25 October 2017|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128001939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|archive-date=28 January 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law {{!}} IDLO |url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110210/https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=idlo.int}}</ref> Mu kulonda okwaddibwamu, Kenyatta yawangula oluvannyuma lwa Odinga okugaana okwetaba mu kulonda, ng'agamba nti waaliwo obutali butuukirivu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Standard |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258851/uhuru-kenyatta-wins-repeat-election-with-7-4-million-votes |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=30 October 2017|title=President Uhuru Kenyatta declared winner of repeat presidential election|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|access-date=29 January 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2018, okukwatagana mu ngalo wakati wa Kenyatta ne Odinga kyategeeza ekiseera eky’okutabagana nga kino kyaddirirwa okweyongera mu by'enfuna n’obutebenkevu obweyongera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=1 November 2019 |title=Handshake ends crisis and leads to signs of progress in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095330/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation |url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095259/https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Kenya Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa 2019 ne 2021, ababiri bano baagatta amaanyi okutumbula enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu Ssemateeka wa Kenya, ezaayitibwa "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI). Baagamba nti kaweefube waabwe yali wa kutumbula nkwatagana n’okuvvuunuka enkola y’okulonda mu Kenya eyateranga okuvaamu obutabanguko oluvannyuma lw’okulonda.<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc">Omondi, Ferdinand: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387 "Kenya's BBI blocked in scathing court verdict for President Kenyatta"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57094387|date=14 May 2021}} 14 May 2021, [[BBC News]] (Africa), retrieved 14 May 2021</ref><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters">Miriri, Duncan: [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L "Kenyan court slams brakes on president's constitutional changes"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514144827/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-politics-idAFKBN2CU24L|date=14 May 2021}} 13 May 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 14 May 2021</ref> Ekirowoozo kya BBI kyali kyetaagisa okugaziya ennyo ekitongole ekikola amateeka n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutondawo ssaabaminisita ng'alina abamyuka babiri n'omukulembeze ow'enkalakkalira ow'oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, nga kino kikomyawo enkola ey'okulonda ba minisita okuva mu bammemba ba Paalamenti abalonde. Okutondawo Konsityuwensi empya 70, n'okwongerako abantu 300 abatalondebwa mu Paalamenti (wansi w'enteekateeka eyitibwa "affirmative action" plan).<ref name="bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc" /><ref name="kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters" /> [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto]] Abavumirira baalaba kino ng'okugezaako okuwa ebirabo amaka g'ebyobufuzi era n'okukendeeza ku kufuba kw'omummyuka wa Pulezidenti William Ruto okunoonya obwa pulezidenti, n'okugaziya gavumenti ku bbeeyi eya waggulu eri eggwanga eririmu amabanja amangi. Mu nkomerero, mu Gwokutaano 2021, Kkooti Enkulu eya Kenya yasalawo nti BBI kyali kikontana n'etteeka, kubanga kyali kigendererwa kya gavumenti okusinga okuba ekyetaago ky'abantu. Kkooti yavumirira Kenyatta, n'eraga ensonga lwaki yali asobola okuwawaabirwa oba n'okuggyibwa mu woofiisi. Okusalawo kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi eri Kenyatta ne Odinga, naye nga kyongera ku mikisa gya Odinga mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti okw'omu maaso, Ruto. Mu Gwomunaana 2021, Kkooti ya Kenya ejulirwamu yakkiriza ensala ya Kkooti Enkulu mu kujulira okuva mu BBI Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Kenyan court rejects disputed bid to change constitution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ruto yawangula akalulu k'obwa pulezidenti aka 2022, ng'awangudde Odinga okufuuka pulezidenti wa Kenya ow'okutaano..<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2022|title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Obulutsa|first1=George|last2=Mersie|first2=Ayenat|date=13 September 2022|title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2024, Ruto ne Kenya Kwanza coalition baayolekaganye n'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi olw'etteeka lya Kenya Finance Bill 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes &#124; BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Obutonde bwayo == Ku 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2012 |title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124224025/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Kenya ekwata ekifo kya 47 mu nsi ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna (oluvannyuma lwa Madagascar). Esangibwa wakati wa latitudi 5°N ne 5°S, ne longitudi 34° ne 42°E. Okuva ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Indian Ocean, olusenyi olwansi lulinnya okutuuka ku nsozi ez'omu masekkati agayawulwamu ekiwonvu ekinene, era waliwo ebitundu ebirimu ettaka eggimu ku njuyi zombi, okwetooloola [[Ennyanja Nalubaale|Ennyanja Nnalubaale]] n'Ebuvanjuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murayama |first1=Yuji |date=2017-03-29 |title=Urban Development in Asia and Africa: Geospatial Analysis of Metropolises |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |last2=Kamusoko |first2=Courage |last3=Yamashita |first3=Akio |last4=Estoque |first4=Ronald C. |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3241-7 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160203/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA296 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Jamie |date=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu bya Kenya eby'Ensozi bye bimu ku bitundu ebisinga okufulumya eby'obulimi mu Afirika.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Ensozi ze zisangibwa ekifo ekisinga obuwanvu mu Kenya n'olusozi olw'okubiri olusinga obuwanvu ku ssemazinga: Olusozi Kenya, olutuuka ku buwanvu bwa m 5,199 (futi 17,057) era nga we wali omuzira. Olusozi Kilimanjaro (m 5,895 oba futi 19,341) lusobola okulabibwa okuva e Kenya okutuuka mu Bukiikaddyo bw'ensalo ya Tanzania. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde mu Kenya ekyukakyuka okuva ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi okumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ebbugumu eringi mu masekkati g'eggwanga, okudda ku kitundu ekirimu ekyeya mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'eggwanga. Ekitundu kino kifuna omusana mungi buli mwezi. Emirundi egisinga obudde buba bwa bunnyogovu ekiro ate ku makya nga bukyali bwa bunnyogovu mu masekkati g'eggwanga, ate mu bukiikakkono n'obukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bw'eggwanga, obudde buba bwa bbugumu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Pride Nature Safaris |url=https://pridenaturesafaris.com/our-destinations/kenya/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=pridenaturesafaris.com}}</ref> "Enkuba ey'ekiseera ekiwanvu" etuuka okuva mu Gwokusatu/Gwokuna okutuuka mu Gwokutaano/Gwomukaaga. Sizoni "y'enkuba entono" etuuka okuva mu Gwekkumi okutuuka mu Gwekkuminogumu/Gwekkumineebiri. Enkuba oluusi eba nnyingi era etera okutonnya mu ttuntu n'olw'eggulo. Enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ekyusa enkola y'obutonde ey'ekiseera ky'enkuba, ekireeta enkuba okutonnya entono – ekivuddeko amataba –<ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Local Climate Change and Society |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415627153 |page=119}}</ref> n'okukendeeza ku kyeya okuva ku buli myaka kkumi okudda ku buli mwaka, ekivirako ekyeya eky'amaanyi nga ekyeya ekyabalukwo mu Kenya ekya 2008–09.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Dannele E. |year=2015 |title=Climate Variability and Water Dependent Sectors: Impacts and Potential Adaptations |last2=Peterson |first2=Jeffrey M. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-61427-2}}</ref> Ebbugumu lisigala nga lya waggulu mu myezi gino egy'enkuba mu kitundu ky'ekibira. Ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'ebbugumu kibaawo mu Gwokubiri n'Ogwokusatu, nga kino kye kiseera ky'enkuba ennyingi, ate ekiseera ekisinga okuba eky'obunnyogovu kibaawo mu Gwomusanvu, okutuusa mu makkati go Gwomunaana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kenya climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230142/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=climatestotravel.com}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsiko''' Kenya erina ettaka ddene eriweereddwayo okubeeramu ebifo ebibeeramu ebisolo by'omu nsiko, omuli n'ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Tsavo ne Masai Mara, awabeera blue wildebeest n'ebika by'ebisolo ebirala ebibeera mu nsiko ebibeera mu kibinja ekinene buli mwaka. Wildebeest ezisukka mu kakadde kamu n'entugga 200,000 ze zibeera mu kibinja kino nga ziyita ku mugga Mara..<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Wildebeest Migration |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildebeest-migration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612175545/http://nationalgeographic.org/media/wildebeest-migration/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Ensolo za Africa eziyitibwa "Ensolo ennene ettaano" mwe muli empologoma, engo, embogo, envubu, n'ejjovu, zisangibwa mu Kenya era naddala mu Masai Mara. Omuwendo omunene ogw'ensolo endala ez'omu nsiko, ebyewalula, n'ebinyonyi bisangibwa mu mbuga z'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mu ggwanga. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo okwa buli omwaka kubaawo wakati w'Ogwomukaaga n'Ogwomwenda nga bukadde na bukadde bw'ebisolo bwe busenguka, ne kisikiriza eby'obulambuzi eby'omuwendo okuva ebweru w'eggwanga. Obukadde bubiri bw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest biddukira olugendo lwa kiromita 2,900 (1,802 mi) okuva mu Serengeti mu Tanzania eriraanyeewo okudda mu Masai Mara<ref>{{cite web |last=Bashir |first=Hanif |date=27 May 2015 |title=Masai Mara Safari – The Migration &#124; Tour Packages |url=https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302014643/https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/masai-mara-safari/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Kenya Travel Tips}}</ref> mu Kenya, nga buli kiseera bigenda mu maaso nga bwe bikyuka, nga binoonya emmere n'amazzi. Okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest mu Serengeti byawandiikibwa mu by'ewuunyo omusanvu eby'obutonde mu Afirika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=2010-06-13|title=New road threatens Africa's 'wonder of the world' wildebeest migration|language=en-GB|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115133738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tanzania/7824876/New-road-threatens-Africas-wonder-of-the-world-wildebeest-migration.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> '''Okukuuma obutonde''' Kenya yalina omuwendo gwa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ogwa 4.2/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 133 mu nsi yonna ku nsi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Conservation International ekola mu Kenya okuyita mu Conservation International Kenya, pulogulaamu y'eggwanga eyatandikibwawo mu 2014 eraga alipoota ku mirimu egikolebwa ku yiika obukadde 4.9, omuli okukuuma ebibira n'ebifo ebisolo we birundira n'okubizzaawo, eby'obulambuzi, n'ebikolebwa okukendeeza ku mbeera y'obudde nga REDD+.<ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'eby'obufuzi == [[File:President Ruto Potrait 2022.jpg|thumb|William Ruto Pulezidenti]] [[File:Kithure Kindiki.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti]] Kenya nsi eya demokulasiya era erina enkola y'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi. Pulezidenti ye mukulembeze w'eggwanga era ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bukolebwa gavumenti. Obuyinza obukola ku mateeka buweebwa gavumenti, Paalamenti y'eggwanga n'Olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ky'etongola okuva ku kakiiko akakulembeze ne Paalamenti. Wabaddewo okweraliikirira okweyongera, naddala mu kiseera ky'obukulembeze bwa pulezidenti eyaliko Daniel arap Moi, nti ekikola ku nsonga z'eggwanga kyali kyeyongera okweyingiza mu nsonga z'ekitongole ekiramuzi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novak |first=Andrew |title=The Criminal Justice System and Eroding Democracy After Independence – Page 12 |url=http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603102544/http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:mandatorydeathpenalty03&catid=140&Itemid=155&showall=&limitstart=11 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=racism.org}}</ref> Kenya erina obulyi bw'enguzi bungi okusinziira ku Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), omuwendo ogugezaako okupima obunene bw'obuli bw'enguzi mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Mu 2019, eggwanga lyali mu kifo kya 137 ku nsi 180 mu lukalala, n'obubonero 28 ku 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=transparency.org |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Naye waliwo ebintu bingi eby'enkizo ebikoleddwa okusobola okukendeeza obuli bw'enguzi mu gavumenti ya Kenya, gamba ng'okutandikawo akakiiko akapya era aketengeredde akalwanyisa enguzi aka Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Kenya |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu 1997, etteeka erya Constitution of Kenya Review Act, eryali litegekeddwa okutereeza obulungi mu ssemateeka wa Kenya, lyayisibwa Paalamenti ya Kenya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030152612/http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/|date=30 October 2012}}. kenyaconstitution.org</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2002, Kenya yafuna okulonda okw'amazima n'obwenkanya, okwalabibwa ng'okw'amazima era okw'obwenkanya okusinziira ku balabi b'ensi yonna<ref>{{cite news|title=International observers declare Kenyan elections fair|work=cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/international-observers-declare-kenyan-elections-fair-1.349882|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> TOkulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa makulu nnyo era nga kulaga enkyukakyuka. Okulonda kwa 2002 kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kukyusa enkola ya demokulasiya mu Kenya mu ngeri nti obuyinza bwakyusibwa mu mirembe okuva mu Kenya African National Union (KANU), eyali efuze eggwanga okuva ku bwetwaze, okudda mu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), omukago gw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Mwai Kibaki, omukago omupya ogufuga gwasuubiza okussa amaanyi gaagwo ku kuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi, okulongoosa eby'enjigiriza, n'okuddamu okuwandiika Ssemateeka waagwo. Ebimu ku bisuubizo bino bituukiriziddwa. Waliwo okusoma kwa pulayimale okw'obwereere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Turning Point: Free Primary Education in Kenya – NORRAG |url=https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085234/https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=norrag.org}}</ref> Mu 2007, gavumenti yafulumya ekiwandiiko ng'erangirira nti okuva mu 2008, okusoma kwa sekendule tekwali kwa kusasulirwa ssente nnyingi, nga gavumenti esasula ebisale by'essomero byonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2008|title=Africa &#124; Free secondary schools for Kenya|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> '''Okulonda kwa 2013 ne gavumenti empya''' Mu Ssemateeka omupya era ne Pulezidenti Kibaki yagaanibwa olw'ekkomo ku bisanja obutaddamu kwesimbawo mu kisanja eky'okusatu, Omumyuka wa Ssaabaminisita Uhuru Kenyatta yeesimbawo mu woofiisi. Yawangula n'ebitundu 50.51% eby'obululu mu Gwokusatu 2013. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2014, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yassa omukono ku tteeka erikwata ku by’okwerinda eryali likyusiddwaamu, abawagizi b’etteeka lino abaali balikkiririzaamu baagamba nti lyali lyetaagisa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bibinja by’abayeekera. Bannabyabufuzi ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu, n’amawanga mwenda ag’omu Bulaaya baavumirira etteeka eryo, nga bagamba nti lyali likosa eddembe ly’obuntu. Gavumenti ya America, Bungereza, Bugirimaani, ne Bufaransa nazo zaawera ekiwandiiko ky'awamu eri bannamawulire nga balabula ku ngeri etteeka lino gye liyinza okukosaamu abantu. Okuyitira mu Jubilee Coalition, etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyayisibwa nga 19 Ogwekkumineebiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu mbeera embi ennyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=Kenya president signs tough 'anti-terror' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222200412/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kenya-passes-divisive-anti-terror-law-090047236.html|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:President Obama's visit to Kenya (20062221510).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Obama ng'akyaddeko mu Kenya]] Enkolagana ne Somalia ebadde nzibu nnyo mu byafaayo, wadde nga wabaddewo okukolera awamu mu by'amagye okulwanyisa abayeekera ab'obusiraamu. Kenya erina enkolagana ennungi ne Bungereza.<ref name="upenn">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm Kenya – Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423011916/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kforeignrelation.htm|date=23 April 2016}}. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> Kenya y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okuwagira Amerika mu Afirika, n'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=Opinion of the United States |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225516/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/113/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Pewglobal.org}}</ref> Nga ennaku z’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y’ensi yonna zitegekeddwa mu 2013 ku Pulezidenti Kenyatta n’omumyuka we Pulezidenti William Ruto ku bikwata ku byava mu kulonda kwa 2007, Pulezidenti wa Amerika Barack Obama, alina obuzaale bwa Kenya, yasalawo obutakyalako mu ggwanga eryo mu lukyala lwe olw’omu makkati ga 2013 mu Afirika.<ref>Epatko, Larisa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html "Why Obama Is Visiting Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania But Not Kenya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121185125/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/06/africa-tour.html|date=21 January 2014}}, ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', 25 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Oluvannyuma mu biseera by'omusana, Kenyatta yakyalira China ku kuyitibwa kwa Pulezidenti Xi Jinping oluvannyuma lw'okuyimirirako mu Russia era nga yali tannakyalako mu United States nga pulezidenti.<ref name="wp01">Raghavan, Sudarsan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html "In snub to Washington, Kenyan president visits China, Russia first"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129115608/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-snub-to-washington-kenyan-president-visits-china-russia-in-first-official-visit-outside-africa/2013/08/17/baaed162-06a4-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|date=29 November 2014}}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 August 2013. Ambassador Liu's comments at capitalfm.co.ke linked to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/ capitalfm.co.ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818125924/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/eblog/2013/08/16/kenya-and-china-achieving-shared-dreams-hand-in-hand/|date=18 August 2013}}. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</ref> Mu Gwomusanvu 2015, Obama yakyalira Kenya, pulezidenti wa America eyasooka okukyalira eggwanga eryo ng'akyali mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |last=George Kegoro |title=Circumstances created need that made visit possible |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828050809/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Barack-Obama-Visit-Uhuru-Kenyatta-William-Ruto-ICC/-/440808/2808378/-/dmt8p2/-/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=Nation.co.ke}}</ref> Ekitongole kya British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) kikozesebwa mu kutendeka amagye ga Bungereza agalwanyira ku ttaka mu bitundu eby'ekyeya era ebirimu ensozi mu Great Rift Valley.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world Britain's secret killing fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806113032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/01/politics.world|date=6 August 2019}}". ''The Guardian''. 1 July 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Army in Africa |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=army.mod.uk/ |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> '''Amagye''' Amagye ga Kenya Defence Forces ge gakuuma Kenya. Amagye ga Kenya, Amagye ga Kenya ag'okumazzi, n'amagye agalwanira mu bbanga ge gakola amagye g'Eggwanga gonna. Amagye ga Kenya agaliwo kati gaatandikibwawo, era enkola yaago n'erambikibwa, mu Kawaayiro 241 ak'endagaano ya 2010 eya Ssemateeka wa Kenya; eggye lya KDF lifugibwa etteeka lya Kenya Defence Forces Act erya 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |title=Kenya Defence Forces Act – No. 25 of 2012 |url=http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003132740/http://www.mod.go.ke/pubs/kdfAct.pdf/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}</ref> Pulezidenti wa Kenya ye muduumizi w'amagye maggye gonna. Amagye gatera okusindikibwa okukuuma emirembe okwetooloola ensi yonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwaliwo mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 n'obutabanguko obwaddirira, akakiiko akanoonyereza, Akakiiko ka Waki, kaasiima obwetegefu bwako era ne kakalangirira nti "kakoze obulungi omulimu gwako."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Post Election Violence |url=http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154028/http://www.eastandard.net/downloads/Waki_Report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, wabaddewo okwemulugunya okw'amaanyi ku kutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu, okusinga gye buvuddeko nga bakola ebikwekweto by'okulwanyisa abayeekera mu kitundu kya Mt Elgon<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya National Commission on Human Rights |url=http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072227/http://www.knchr.org/dmdocuments/Mt%20Elgon%20.PDF |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> era ne mu Masekkati ga Disitulikiti y'e Mandera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html Security men accused of torture and rape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703143833/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/486206/-/view/printVersion/-/15cwkg8/-/index.html|date=3 July 2017}} Daily Nation. 11 January 2008.</ref> Amagye ga Kenya, okufaananako ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala mu ggwanga, gakwatiddwako nnyo olw'ebigambibwa nti gaalya enguzi. Olw'okuba emirimu gy'amagye gibadde gikolebwa mu nkukutu olw'okutya nti gisobola okutaataaganyizibwa, obulyi bw'enguzi buno bubadde bukwekeddwa okuva mu bantu, era nga tebusobola kulabibwa bantu, era nga tebumanyiddwa. Kino kikyuse gye buvuddeko awo. Mu ebyo ebitalabwangako mu Kenya, mu 2010, waliwo ebyayogerwa ku buli bw'enguzi ebikwata ku kuwa abantu emirimu<ref>The Standard 31 October 2010 Activists give military 5 days to re-admit recruit INTERNET [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021408&catid=159&a=1 standardmedia.co.ke] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Cited on 3 January 2011</ref> n'okugula ebidduka ebiriko eby'okulwanyisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, amagezi n'okukola okusalawo okulungi eri eby'okulwanyisa ebigulibwa bibadde by'emulugunyizibwako mu lujjudde. '''Engabanya y'obukulembeze.''' Kenya egabanyizibwamu amasaza 47 agalina obwetwaze obutonotono agakulemberwa bagavana. Amasaza gano 47 ge gakola ebitundu bya Kenya ebisookerwako. Ebifo ebisembayo obutono mu Kenya biyitibwa locations. Ebifo bino bitera okuba nga bye bimu n'ebitundu by'okulonderamu. Ebifo bino bitera okutuumibwa amannya g'ebibuga oba ebyalo ebiri mu masekkati gaabyo. Ebibuga ebinene birimu ebifo bingi. Buli kifo kirina omukulu, alondebwa gavumenti. Konsityuwensi bye bifo ebironderwamu, nga buli Ssaza lirimu omuwendo gw'ebifo ebironderwamu. Akakiiko k'ensalo akaakaseera katondebwawo mu 2010 okwekenneenya ebifo ebironderwamu era mu alipoota yaako, kyasemba okutondawo Konsityuwensi endala 80 ezironderwamu. Nga okulonda kwa 2013 tekunnabaawo, waaliwo Konsityuwensi ebironderwamu 210 mu Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Ebikolwa by'okulya ebisiyaga tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Kenya era bitera okubonerezebwa n'okusibwa emyaka 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Laws on Homosexuality in African Nations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211045/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/criminal-laws-on-homosexuality/african-nations-laws.php |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2020 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center, ebitundu 83% ebya Bannakenya bakkiriza nti okulya ebisiyaga tekulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Kent |first2=Nicholas |date=25 June 2020 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu lukungaana lwa bannamawulire olwali wamu ne Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2015, Pulezidenti Kenyatta yagaana okukakasa obumalirivu bwa Kenya eri eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga, ng'agamba nti "ensonga y'eddembe ly'abalyi b'ebisiyaga ddala si nsonga... Naye waliwo ebintu ebimu bye tulina okukkiriza nti tetubirina era tetubigabana. Obuwangwa bwaffe, abantu baffe tebakkiriza."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Kristen|last2=Scott|first2=Eugene|title=Obama lectures Kenyan president on gay rights|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2017|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515205038/https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/politics/obama-kenya-kenyatta/index.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Mu Gwekkuminogumu 2008, WikiLeaks yaleeta okumanyibwa okw'ensi yonna mu alipoota ya ''The Cry of Blood'', eraga okutta abamenyi b'amateeka okw'ebweru w'amateeka okwakolebwa poliisi ya Kenya. Mu alipoota eno, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) kyawaayo okunoonyereza kwakyo mu kuzuula kwakyo okukulu "e)", nga kigamba nti okubula kw'abantu n'okutta abantu okw'ebweru w'amateeka byalabika ng'ebiragiro bya gavumenti ebyawagirwa abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi ne poliisi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances |url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044349/http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010 |publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Was extra-judicial killing of Eastleigh 'thugs' justified? Kenyans divided » Capital News |url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115319/http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/04/was-extra-judicial-killing-of-eastleigh-thugs-justified-kenyans-divided/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Eby'enfuna bya Kenya biraze okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu myaka egiyise, okusingira ddala okuva mu pulojekiti z'enguudo, egaali y'omukka, eby'entambula ey'omu bbanga n'eku mazzi, awamu n'okusiga ensimbi mu tekinologiya ow'empuliziganya n'okutereka obubaka. Eby'enfuna bya Kenya bye bisinga obunene mu East Africa. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze, Kenya yakulaakulanya eby'enfuna byayo mu bwangu ng'eyita mu kusiga ssente za gavumenti, okukubiriza okulima okw'abalimi abatonotono era n'okuteekawo embeera ennungi ey'okusiga ensimbi mu makolero ag'obwannannyini. Kenya y'esinga okutambuza ebyamaguzi n'ensimbi mu East Africa. Ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi mu Kenya kikola bulungi, kikulaakulanye era kirimu eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo nga kino kye kisinga okubaamu abantu abeeyunira eby'enfuna mu kitundu kino era ne mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenyan Economy – The National Treasury |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.treasury.go.ke/kenya-economy/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Okusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu Kenya kusigala nga kunafu nnyoo bw'ogeraageranya n'obunene bw'ebyenfuna byakyo n'omutindo gw'enkulaakulana yaakyo. Mu 2022, omuwendo gwa FDI yonna mu Kenya gwali obuwumbi bwa ddoola za Amerika 10.4, nga kino kikola ebitundu 9.5% byokka ebya GDP y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kenya – International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228125720/https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/kenya/investment |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com}}</ref> Kenya erina Human Development Index (HDI) ya 0.628 (omutono), ng'eri mu kifo kya 143 ku bifo 193 mu nsi yonna mu 2023. Mu 2022, 25.4% ku Bannakenya baali babeera ku ssente ezitasukka $2.15 buli lunaku. Okusinziira ku bubaka obupya okuva mu 2022, ebitundu 25.4% ku bantu bakosebwa obwavu obw’engeri ez’enjawulo era n’abalala 26.4% nga bali mu katyabaga k’okubufuna. Mu 2017, Kenya yali mu kifo kya 92 mu nsi Banka y'ensi yonna ng'ensi ennyangu okukoleramu bizinesi ng'erinnya okuva mu kifo kya 113 mu 2016 (ku nsi 190).<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in Kenya – World Bank Group |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910125004/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kenya |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref> Ekitongole ky'ebyobulimi ekikulu ennyo kikozesa abakozi ng'ebitundu 30% ku bakozi bonna.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=KE |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Kenya etera okutwalibwa ng'akatale ak'omu maaso oba oluusi akatale akavaamu, era y'emu ku nsi ezikyakula. Eby'enfuna birabye okugaziwa okw'amaanyi, nga kino kirabibwa mu nkola ennungi mu by'obulambuzi, eby'enjigiriza ebya waggulu n'eby'empuliziganya era n'ebivaamu ebirungi mu by'obulimi oluvannyuma lw'ekyeya, naddala mu kitongole ky'amajaani ekikulu.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Kenya byakula ebitundu ebisukka mu 7% mu 2007, era amabanja gaayo ag'ebweru gaakendeezebwa nnyo.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov2">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kino kyakyuka amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwali okw'okubuusabuusa mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007, oluvannyuma lw'akavuyo akaaliiwo mu ggwanga. Eby'empuliziganya n'ebyensimbi mu myaka ekkumi egiyise kati bye bisinga okukola ebitundu 62% ebya GDP. Ebitundu 22% ebya GDP bikyava mu by'obulimi ebitali bya lubeerera ebikozesa ebitundu 75% eby'abakozi (ekintu ekirabika mu mawanga agakyakula agatannatuuka ku kufuna mmere emala). Ekitundu ky'abantu ekitono ennyo kyesigama ku buyambi bw'emmere.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Amakolero n'okukola ebintu bye bisinga obutono, nga bikola ebitundu 16% ebya GDP. Eby'obuweereza, amakolero n'okukola ebintu bikozesa abakozi ebitundu 25% byokka naye nga biwa ebitundu 75% ebya GDP.[1] Kenya era etunda ebintu eby'engoye ebisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 400 wansi wa AGOA. Okutunda kampuni za gavumenti nga eyali eya Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, ekyavaamu kkampuni esinga okukola amagoba mu East Africa—Safaricom, kireetedde okuzzaawo kampuni zino olw'okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi okw'abantu ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokutaano 2011, embeera y'ebyenfuna yali nnungi ng'okweyongera kwa GDP kusuubirwa okuba ebitundu 4–5%, okusingira ddala olw'okugaziwa mu by'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, eby'entambula, okuzimba, n'okudda engulu mu by'obulimi. Banka y'Ensi Yonna yateebereza okweyongera kwa 4.3% mu 2012.<ref name="WorldBanki">{{cite web |last=Fengler |first=Wolfgang |date=5 December 2012 |title=Kenya Economic Update |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309030739/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/12/05/energizing-kenya-s-economy-and-creating-quality-jobs |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The [[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 1996 ba Pulezidenti ba Kenya, Tanzania, ne Uganda baddamu okutandikawo omukago gwa East African Community (EAC). Ebigendererwa bya EAC mulimu okutereeza emisolo n'ebikwata ku misolo, okutambula kw'abantu awatali kusibibwa n'okutumbula ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kitundu. Mu Gwokusatu 2004, amawanga asatu ag'omu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika gaassa omukono ku Ndagaano y'omukago gw'omusolo eya Customs Union Agreement. Kenya erina ekitongole ky'ebyensimbi ekikulaakulanye okusinga baliraanwa baayo. Akatale k'emigabo aka Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) ke kali mu kifo eky'okuna mu Afirika mu by'obugagga bw'akatale. Enkola ya banka mu Kenya erabirirwa Banka Enkulu eya Kenya (CBK). Mu Gwomusanvu 2004, enkola eno yalimu banka z'ebyobusuubuzi 43 (nga zino zaali zikendedde okuva ku 48 mu 2001) ne bitongole ebitali bya banka ebiwerako omuli kampuni eziterekera abantu ssente, ebibiina bina ebiteekamu ssente n'okwewola era ne bizinensi nnyingi ezikyusa ssente.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov3">{{cite web |date=June 2007 |title=Country Profile: Kenya |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=23 April 2011 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Wiiki y'okutandikawo enkola empya mu Kenya eya Kenya Innovation Week (KIW) yatandikibwawo mu 2021, okuva nga 6 Ogwekkumineebiri okutuuka nga 10, 2021, ku Kenya School of Government mu Lower Kabete, Nairobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Innovation Week - About |url=https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724013113/https://kenyainnovationweek.com/about |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=kenyainnovationweek.com}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Eby'obulambuzi biyingiza mu Kenya ebitundu nga 6% ku by'enfuna byayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel & Tourism in Kenya Injected KES 1TN to the national economy last year |url=https://wttc.org/news/travel-and-tourism-in-kenya-injected-kes-1tn-to-the-national-economy-last-year |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=wttc.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi mu Kenya bye bisinga okuvaamu ssente eziva ebweru, nga ziddirirwa ssente eziva mu bantu ababeera ebweru w'eggwanga n'ebyobulimi.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Diaspora remittances now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227081004/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-s-diaspora-remittances-rise-to-usd4-027bn-4093616 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The East African}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Kenya Tourism Board kivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obubaka obukwata ku by'obulambuzi mu Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Tourism Board |url=http://www.ktb.go.ke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219014534/http://ktb.go.ke/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KTB.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya Law: January 2017 |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805200519/http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=811 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=KenyaLaw.org}}</ref> Ebintu ebisinga okusikiriza abalambuzi mulimu okulambula ebifo eby'enjawulo nga bayita mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo 60 n'ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo. Ebifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo mulimu Maasai Mara Game Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Solio Game Reserve, Shaba National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve n'ebirala. Ebintu ebirala ebisikiriza mulimu okusenguka kw'ebisolo ebiyitibwa wildebeest ku Masaai Mara; emizikiti gy'ebyafaayo, n'ebigo ebyazimbibwa mu kiseera ky'amatwale e Mombasa, Malindi, ne Lamu; ebifo ebimanyiddwa ennyo gamba nga olusozi Kenya olweru n'ekiwonvu kya Great Rift Valley; ennimiro z'amajaani e Kericho; ennimiro z'emmwanyi e Thika; okulaba obulungi olusozi Kilimanjaro okusala ensalo okuyingira [[Tanzania]]; n'ebbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Swahili, mu Indian Ocean. Abalambuzi, abasinga obungi nga bava mu Bugirimaani ne Bungereza, basikirizibwa nnyo ku bbiici eziri ku lubalama lw'ennyanja n'amakuumiro g'ebisolo, okusingira ddala, East ne Tsavo West National Park, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba. '''Eby'obulimi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi kye ky'okubiri mu kuleeta amagoba mu Kenya oluvannyuma lw'ekitongole ky'obuweereza. Mu 2005, obulimi n'obulunzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibira n'okuvuba, byakola ebitundu 24% ebya GDP, awamu n'ebitundu 18% eby'emirimu egisasulwa era ebitundu 50% eby'ensimbi eziva mu by'amaguzi ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Ebirime ebikulu ebivaamu ssente z'amajaani, ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro, ne kaawa. Ebirime ebirimibwa mu nnimiro y'amajaani bye bitundu ebisinga okukula era nga byombi bye bisinga okuba eby'omuwendo mu byonna eby'ebweru bya Kenya. Okulima emmere enkulu nga kasooli kusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Okukendeera kw'ebirime ebivaamu emmere kitera okwetaagisa obuyambi bw'emmere—okugeza mu 2004, olw'ekimu ku kyeya kya Kenya ekitera okubaawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Drought leaves two million Kenyans in need of food aid |url=http://wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814052428/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/drought-leaves-two-million-kenyans-need-food-aid |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=United Nations World Food Programme}}</ref> Ekitongole ekikulemberwa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) kifunye obuwanguzi obumu mu kuyamba abalimi okulima empiinamiti mu kifo kya kasooli naddala mu bitundu ebikalu. Empiinamiti ky'ekimera ekisobola okusimattuka embeera y'ekyeya, n'olwekyo asobola okulimibwa mu bitundu ebifuna enkuba etali waggulu wa mmiliita 650 (inchi 26) buli mwaka. Pulojekiti ez'enkizo zikubirizza okutunda ebimera eby'ensigo nga zikubiriza okukulaakulanya ensigo ez'omu kitundu n'obukolagano bw'abalimi n'abasuubuzi okugaba n'okutunda. Omulimu guno, ogwazingiramu okugatta abalimi ku batunda ebintu mu bungi, kyayamba okwongeza emiwendo gy'abalimi mu kitundu ekyo ebitundu 20–25% mu Nairobi ne Mombasa. Okutunda empinnamiti kisobozesa abalimi abamu okugula ebintu eby'enjawulo okuva ku masimu ag'omu ngalo okutuuka ku ttaka n'ebisolo, era kibagguliddewo emikisa okuva mu bwavu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329|date=18 July 2014}}. [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref> Amajaani, kaawa, ekigooggwa, senturuma, kasooli, ne ŋŋaano birimibwa mu bitundu eby'obusozi ebirimu ettaka eggimu, ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga okulimibwamu mu Afirika.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |author=CIA |year=2010 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |page=336}}</ref> Okulunda ebisolo kwe kukulembera mu savanna eri mu Bukiikakkono n'Ebuvanjuba. Kooko, ennaanansi, ppamba, ebikajjo, senturuma, ne kasooli birimibwa mu bitundu ebiri ku madaala aga wansi. Kenya tennatuuka ku mutindo gw’okusiga ensimbi n’okukola obulungi mu by'obulimi n’obulunzi ebiyinza okukakasa obukuumi bw’emmere, era nga kino kigattiddwako obwavu obuvaamu (abantu 53 ku buli kikumi babeera wansi w’omutindo gw’obwavu), ekitundu ky’abantu kinene buli kiseera kifa njala era nga kyesigama nnyo ku buyambi bw’emmere.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Kenya |url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135707/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/food-assistance |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=[[USAID]]}}</ref> Enguudo embi, entambula y’eggaali y’omukka etatuukiridde, entambula y’oku mazzi etakozesebwa bulungi, n’entambula y’ennyonyi ey’ebbeeyi ebasudde ebitundu ebisinga obukalu n’ebitali bya nkalakkalira, era abalimi mu bitundu ebirala emirundi mingi basuula emmere mu nnimiro kubanga tebasobola kutuuka ku butale. Kino kyasembyeyo okulabibwa mu Gwomunaana ne mu Gwomwenda 2011, ne kireetera abantu ba Kenya okutandikawo enteekateeka ya Kenya for Kenya eyakolebwa ekitongole kya Red Cross.<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003110/http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf|date=26 January 2012}}. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref> Eby'okufukirira mu Kenya bigabanyizibwamu ebika by'entegeka bisatu: entegeka entonotono ez'abalimi kinnoomu, entegeka za gavumenti eziddukanyizibwa wakati, n'entegeka z'obwannannyini/ezikola bizinensi ez'okufukirira. Enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono zibeera za bantu kinnoomu oba ebibinja by'abalimi abakola ng'abakozesa amazzi oba ebibinja eby'eyamba saako n'okwewanirira. Okufukirira kukolebwa ku faamu z'abantu kinnoomu oba ku faamu z'ebibinja nga buli emu eba ya 0.1–0.4 ha. Waliwo enteekateeka z'okufukirira ez'abalimi abatono nga 3,000 ezibikka ettaka lya 47,000 ha. Eggwanga lirina enkola ennene musanvu ezifukirira, ezikolebwa mu makkati, nga ze Mwea, Bura, Hola, Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala, ne Ahero, nga zikwata ku ttaka lya yiika 18,200 era nga buli nkola ekwata ku yiika 2,600. Enkola zino ziddukanyizibwa National Irrigation Board era nga ze zisinga okufukirira ettaka mu Kenya ebitundu 18%. Ffaamu z'obwannannyini ez'amaanyi ezikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi zirimu yiika 45,000, nga ze zikola ebitundu 40% eby'ettaka erifukirirwa. Zikozesa tekinologiya ow'amaanyi era ne zivaamu ebirime eby'omuwendo ennyo eby'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga, naddala ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref>Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) ''National Irrigation and Drainage Policy'':3–4.</ref> Kenya y'ensi ey'okusatu mu nsi yonna mu kutunda ebimuli ebisaliddwa ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry">{{Cite web |last=Veselinovic |first=Milena |date=16 March 2015 |title=Got roses this Valentine's Day? They probably came from Kenya |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714194025/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/16/africa/kenya-flower-industry/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Kumpi ekitundu kimu kyakubiri ku faamu z'ebimuli 127 mu Kenya zisangibwa okumpi n'Ennyanja Naivasha, kilomita 90 mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bwa Nairobi.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> Okwanguya okutunda kwabwe ebweru w'eggwanga, ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekya Nairobi kirina ekifo ekikola ku ntambuza y'ebimuli n'enva endiirwa.<ref name="kenya-flower-industry" /> '''Amakolero n'okufulumya ebintu''' Wadde nga Kenya nsi eri ku ddaala erya wansi mu by'enfuna, eby'amakolero bitwala ebitundu 14% ebya GDP, ng'emirimu gy'amakolero gikolebwa mu bibuga ebisatu ebisinga obunene, Nairobi, Mombasa, ne Kisumu, era nga gisinga kutwalibwa makolero agakola emmere nga okusa emmere, okukola omwenge, okusiba omuwemba, n'okukola ebintu ebyettanirwa abantu, gamba nga emmotoka okuva mu bitundutundu. Kenya nayo erina amakolero agakola seminti.[1] Kenya erina ekkolero ly'amafuta erikola ku mafuta agaleetebwa okuva ebweru okugafuula ebintu ebikolebwamu amafuta, okusingira ddala okukozesebwa mu ggwanga. Okugatta ku ekyo, ekitongole ekitali mu butongole ekimanyiddwa nga jua kali kikola ebintu ebitonotono mu maka, ebitundu by'emmotoka, n'ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu kulima.[2][3] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[be-x-old:Кенія]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nah:Quenia]] [[nv:Kénya]] [[roa-rup:Kenia]] [[xal:Кенимудин Орн]] 67wk2fwkl3dq4nv9yzewx8i1jn2ughl Kisoga, Mukono 0 5750 64495 20222 2026-07-23T17:07:46Z Ssebuufu 9882 64495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] o1zi687q83r74yantzdbj7fxypjoy15 64496 64495 2026-07-23T17:14:18Z Ssebuufu 9882 Ntaddemu Gyesangibwa 64496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] azmajebitjp795wn65vuqbbqk0rkeqs 64497 64496 2026-07-23T17:18:40Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo{{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] tvk6nembsph4us8bfe6x0ls6594iueh 64498 64497 2026-07-23T17:21:42Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]]{{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] 6sf066bdfp10t0oju1xdlacfbqvvfkn 64499 64498 2026-07-23T17:23:02Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996) {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] ho7rck2y9lkao1ahy6ahe5cv9xp54q7 64501 64499 2026-07-23T17:23:54Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996), <ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] sb0vcp9cig993znm1wnnvaqcdcau73v 64502 64501 2026-07-23T17:24:17Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] 9g8r4mj6c1xngekh08oab51mt8gwirr 64504 64502 2026-07-23T17:31:32Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] 4fnr4tt1uo2r5vuqt1utemgtezl3d27 64505 64504 2026-07-23T17:36:04Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] nx0rve2xp9tvblx66pv2ub2go48c36x 64506 64505 2026-07-23T17:37:28Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] efugmeyflleg1jf9dss3le8knomfltw 64508 64506 2026-07-23T17:44:27Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Gyesangibwa */ 64508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] pzxx5tfn9n69g6lo1hyliw1e3a5lcg0 64509 64508 2026-07-23T17:46:15Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] r4lyqlak40cnucoxbjsjkpwc249ueb1 64510 64509 2026-07-23T17:46:35Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] myrvgsc4dz9t380ux9dw8rtjnxydk6z 64511 64510 2026-07-23T17:47:03Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] luj3086zj6h1atwe2riax6xwf82ndkn 64512 64511 2026-07-23T17:48:04Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] 0s0hawi9g6ag15ravszvlw1tnvb1a6p 64513 64512 2026-07-23T17:49:05Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] ppfcmup5oui62a4m4vdkwkq5zu4h8o3 64514 64513 2026-07-23T17:51:56Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] o7vs2kbi21tp2kwkjyy3ndt4tl1mt7r 64515 64514 2026-07-23T17:54:27Z Ssebuufu 9882 64515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] rqpv5b72nc3t2swgryxxlnrcjloajg2 64517 64515 2026-07-23T18:05:29Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] nj5abft33qqv7qz6ogqst8khb7yrf6b 64518 64517 2026-07-23T18:07:24Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e Njeru {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] 28pjodmpsgxx3ssad3wx2rs4grz183w 64519 64518 2026-07-23T18:08:39Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebifo eby'ensonga */ 64519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. {{stub}} [[Category:Yuganda]] agjdjgysk1wryr0luw9nzf5r8555q2s 64520 64519 2026-07-23T18:10:17Z Ssebuufu 9882 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 64520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Yuganda]] 5kwvmb2gzesegdseb3hj01lw53t522y 64521 64520 2026-07-23T18:11:28Z Ssebuufu 9882 Ntaddemu Laba ne 64521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Yuganda]] saelvhk1aeiggn7flwil90vtdd7c92p 64522 64521 2026-07-23T18:12:36Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Laba ne */ 64522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Yuganda]] ppn8c2gpdbox8mr076gsvyy159ibsek 64523 64522 2026-07-23T18:13:34Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Laba ne */ 64523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Yuganda]] 6nacexhhzpx7ht5rbj9cp0j88vht4d5 64524 64523 2026-07-23T18:14:35Z Ssebuufu 9882 64524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Yuganda]] 9n56n652ndcqz2dvmjmtff0t2vblbrc 64525 64524 2026-07-23T18:15:40Z Ssebuufu 9882 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia 64525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Yuganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == nlk2b74wppq45p28be8dgk9s5wdj44j 64526 64525 2026-07-23T18:18:00Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia */ 64526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Yuganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [http://uganda.watsupafrica.com/news/manya-akabugako-kisoga/ Manya Obubuga bwo: Kisoga , Mukono] 64veksl4w2xa74194ska53o462gxln8 64528 64526 2026-07-23T18:28:57Z Ssebuufu 9882 64528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Yuganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [http://uganda.watsupafrica.com/news/manya-akabugako-kisoga/ Manya Obubuga bwo: Kisoga , Mukono] tmo4tz3w28uo6bn3a3qv2bb32onmloy 64529 64528 2026-07-23T18:30:10Z Ssebuufu 9882 Ngasseeko ettuluba 64529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Yuganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [http://uganda.watsupafrica.com/news/manya-akabugako-kisoga/ Manya Obubuga bwo: Kisoga , Mukono] [[Category:Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] 70234cjom2r39pp4iid3zw9fntzor6s 64530 64529 2026-07-23T18:32:06Z Ssebuufu 9882 64530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Yuganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [http://uganda.watsupafrica.com/news/manya-akabugako-kisoga/ Manya Obubuga bwo: Kisoga , Mukono] [[Category:Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] [[Category:Ebifo ebirimu abantu mu Ttundutundu ly'Amasekkati, Uganda]] r380flenii76s3yt2925ff7m7evfg9p Amama Mbabazi 0 7986 64404 61428 2026-07-23T13:13:26Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 wikilinking and delinking/nterezeza mu mpandiika 64404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Patrick Amama Mbabazi''', amanyiddwa nga Amama Mbabazi yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogusooka 1949. [[Munnayuganda]] era munnabyabufuzi yaweerezaako mu Paalamenti ey'omwenda nga [[Ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|Ssaabaminisita]] wa Uganda okuva nga 24 Ogwokutaano 2011 okutuuka nga 19 Ogwomwenda 2014.yakola omulimu munene nyo mu gavumenti ez'enjawulo ezirwanyisa obufuzi bwa bamusibiramubbwa okuva mu (1972-1986) era y'omu ku batandisi b'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza kati.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti]] akiikirira konsityuwensi y'e Kinziki ey'Obuggwanjuba mu Disitulikiti y'e Kanungu[[Paalamenti.|.]] Yawereza ng'ali ku kifo kino okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 2016<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121002055537/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/1163512/data/262039/-/whf62vz/-/parliament.pdf</ref> lwe yavuganya ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga naye n'awangulwa. == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gye == Yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogwoluberyeberye 1949<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> ku kyalo Mparo mu Ssaza lye Rukiga kati emanyiddwa nga [[Kibaale (disitulikit)|Kabaale Disitulikiti]]. Yasomerako mu matendekero ag'amaanyi era agamanyiddwa ennyo mu ggwanga mu kiseera eky'abafuzi b'amatwale ne mu kaseera nga Uganda efunye obwetwaze nga muno mulimu Kigezi College Butobere [[File:Kigezi College Butobere.jpg|thumb|'''Kigezi College Butobere''']] ne [[Ntare School|Ntare school]] ng'eno gye yasomera [[:en:A-level|siniya ey'omukaaga]] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230626/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694%3Ambabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school</ref>.Mbabazi yafuna diguli y'amateeka okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Ssettendekero wa Makerere.]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> N'oluvanyuma n'afuna dipulooma mu kukozesa amateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre|Law Development center]] mu [[Kampala]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Munnamateeka mu kkooti ya uganda enkulu era abadde mmemba w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka bonna mu Uganda okuviira ddala mu mwaka gwa 1977<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232812/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=18&const=Kinkiizi+County+West&dist_id=65&distname=Kanungu</ref> == Emirimu gye == Nga tanaba kwesogga kisaawe ky'e byobufuzi, yaweerezaako nga [[Saabawolereza wa gavumenti ya Uganda|Ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti]] okuva mu 1976 okutuuka mu 1978 era n'asuumusibwa okufuuka Ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka mu ggwanga okuva mu mwaka gwa 1977 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 1979<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Wakati wa 1986 ne 1992, Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'akulira ekitongole ekirondoola eby'okwerinda bya Uganda n'ebweru waayo (ESO)<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>Wakati wa 1999 ne 2000, yaweerezaako nga Minisita omubeezi mu office y'omukulembeze w'eggwanga avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref><ref>https://www.weforum.org/people/amama-mbabazi/</ref> yafuuka ssaabawandiisi w'akakundi k'ekibiina kya NRM aka Constituent Assembly <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly</ref>akaakola Ssemateeka wa 1995 wakati wa 1986 ne 1992.<ref>https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20210520/114053/profile-who-is-amama-mbabazi-the-nrm-historical-likely-to-bounce-back-as-prime-minister-or-vice-president-in-musevenis-new-cabinet.html</ref> Yaliko Minisita w'eggwanga ow'eby'okwerinda wakati wa 1986 ne 1992<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>era n'aweerezaako nga minisita omubeezi owa regional cooperation okuva mu mwaka gwa 1998 okutuuka mu 2001<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>. yaliko ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti ate nga Minisita w'obwenkanya okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2006 ekifo ekyamuwanguza n'ekitiibwa ky'okubeera minisita asinze okukola obulungi (super minister).mu mwaka gwa 2006 Mbabazi yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'okwerinda ekifo ky'eyabeeramu okutuusa lwe yafuulibwa minisita w'obutebenkevu mu 2009<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695</ref> era nga ekifo kino yakibeeramu okutuusa mu mwezi Gwokutaano mu mwaka gwa 2011 lwe yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabamininsita w'eggwanga. Yaliko ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina kya NRM okuva mu Gwekkuminobumu 2005 okutuusa mu Gusooka 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082932/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/666515</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174439/http://www.theinsider.ug/court-dismisses-mbabazi-nrm-case/</ref> === Okuvuganya ku bwa Pulezidenti === Mukwano gwa Amama Mbabazi ow'omubuto<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659918-ruhakana-rugunda-new-prime-minister.html</ref>,[[Ruhakana Ruganda|Ruhakana Rugunda]], yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabaminisita nga 18 Ogwomwenda 2014 ng'adda mu bigere bya Amama Mbabazi. okugobwa kwa Mbabazi kwalabibwa ng'ekibonerezo Museveni kye yali awadde Mbabazi oluvannyuma lw'engambo ezaali ziyitingana nti Mbabazi yali yegwanyiza entebe y'obukulembeze era yalina enteekateeka okwenyigira mu lw'okaano lw'okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga. Amangu ddala ng'ennaku z'omwezi 15 Ogwomukaaga 2015<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21654666-ugandan-presidents-29-year-rule-coming-end-bored-big-man</ref> Mbabazi yalangirira okwesimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement|NRM]] era nga yali mwetegefu okuvuganya [[Yoweri Museveni]] ku kifo ekyo ky'ennyini era nga kino yakyasanguliza mu lukungana lw'ekibiina olwatuula nga 4 Ogwokutaano 2015. Oluvannyuma Museveni yalangira Mbabazi okweyisa mu ngeri ey'ekito era atakkirizibwa bannakibiina ba NRM.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Elections/Mbabazi-to-stand-as-independent/-/859108/2815094/-/kj26ocz/-/index.html</ref> Nga 31 Ogwomusanvu omwaka ogwo gwenyini,oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okutegeeragana wakati w'abakulembeze ab'okuntikko, Mbabazi yakawangammula bwe yalangirira nga bwe yali agenda okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga nga talina kibiina kyonna mw'ajjidde. wabula nga ekibiina kya the Democratic Alliance(TDA), kye kya muli emabega neewankubadde nga kyalabika nga ekitaalina busobozi bumala kuwangula ntebe ya bukulembeze bwa ggwanga. Mu kalulu kabonna akaakubwa mu mwaka gwa 2016, Mbabazi yakwata ekifo kyakusatu oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obululu ebitundu 1.39 ku buli ku kikumi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012250/http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/default/files/docs/01-Summary_PRESIDENT_1_Final22-FEB-2016.pdf</ref> == Obuweereza bwe mu mawanga g'ebweru. == Mbabazi yakiikirirako Uganda mu mawanga g'ebweru, nga eno yakolerayo bino, yatuula ku kakiiko k'ebyokwerinda ak'amawanga amagatte era ng'eno gye yasabira nti eggye lya uganda ekkuuma ddemmbe (UPDF) likkirizibwe okukwata abayeekera ba Konny ab'eggye lya Lord's Resistance Army. abaali mu [[Democratic Republic of Congo|ggwanga lya congo]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716103827/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/14/494419</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] 641ffnpeekddx1itag68svodhpzxndp 64408 64404 2026-07-23T13:19:32Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created by translating the section "External links" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362505460|Amama Mbabazi]]" 64408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Patrick Amama Mbabazi''', amanyiddwa nga Amama Mbabazi yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogusooka 1949. [[Munnayuganda]] era munnabyabufuzi yaweerezaako mu Paalamenti ey'omwenda nga [[Ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|Ssaabaminisita]] wa Uganda okuva nga 24 Ogwokutaano 2011 okutuuka nga 19 Ogwomwenda 2014.yakola omulimu munene nyo mu gavumenti ez'enjawulo ezirwanyisa obufuzi bwa bamusibiramubbwa okuva mu (1972-1986) era y'omu ku batandisi b'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza kati.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti]] akiikirira konsityuwensi y'e Kinziki ey'Obuggwanjuba mu Disitulikiti y'e Kanungu[[Paalamenti.|.]] Yawereza ng'ali ku kifo kino okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 2016<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121002055537/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/1163512/data/262039/-/whf62vz/-/parliament.pdf</ref> lwe yavuganya ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga naye n'awangulwa. == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gye == Yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogwoluberyeberye 1949<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> ku kyalo Mparo mu Ssaza lye Rukiga kati emanyiddwa nga [[Kibaale (disitulikit)|Kabaale Disitulikiti]]. Yasomerako mu matendekero ag'amaanyi era agamanyiddwa ennyo mu ggwanga mu kiseera eky'abafuzi b'amatwale ne mu kaseera nga Uganda efunye obwetwaze nga muno mulimu Kigezi College Butobere [[File:Kigezi College Butobere.jpg|thumb|'''Kigezi College Butobere''']] ne [[Ntare School|Ntare school]] ng'eno gye yasomera [[:en:A-level|siniya ey'omukaaga]] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230626/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694%3Ambabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school</ref>.Mbabazi yafuna diguli y'amateeka okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Ssettendekero wa Makerere.]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> N'oluvanyuma n'afuna dipulooma mu kukozesa amateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre|Law Development center]] mu [[Kampala]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Munnamateeka mu kkooti ya uganda enkulu era abadde mmemba w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka bonna mu Uganda okuviira ddala mu mwaka gwa 1977<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232812/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=18&const=Kinkiizi+County+West&dist_id=65&distname=Kanungu</ref> == Emirimu gye == Nga tanaba kwesogga kisaawe ky'e byobufuzi, yaweerezaako nga [[Saabawolereza wa gavumenti ya Uganda|Ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti]] okuva mu 1976 okutuuka mu 1978 era n'asuumusibwa okufuuka Ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka mu ggwanga okuva mu mwaka gwa 1977 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 1979<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Wakati wa 1986 ne 1992, Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'akulira ekitongole ekirondoola eby'okwerinda bya Uganda n'ebweru waayo (ESO)<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>Wakati wa 1999 ne 2000, yaweerezaako nga Minisita omubeezi mu office y'omukulembeze w'eggwanga avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref><ref>https://www.weforum.org/people/amama-mbabazi/</ref> yafuuka ssaabawandiisi w'akakundi k'ekibiina kya NRM aka Constituent Assembly <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly</ref>akaakola Ssemateeka wa 1995 wakati wa 1986 ne 1992.<ref>https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20210520/114053/profile-who-is-amama-mbabazi-the-nrm-historical-likely-to-bounce-back-as-prime-minister-or-vice-president-in-musevenis-new-cabinet.html</ref> Yaliko Minisita w'eggwanga ow'eby'okwerinda wakati wa 1986 ne 1992<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>era n'aweerezaako nga minisita omubeezi owa regional cooperation okuva mu mwaka gwa 1998 okutuuka mu 2001<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>. yaliko ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti ate nga Minisita w'obwenkanya okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2006 ekifo ekyamuwanguza n'ekitiibwa ky'okubeera minisita asinze okukola obulungi (super minister).mu mwaka gwa 2006 Mbabazi yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'okwerinda ekifo ky'eyabeeramu okutuusa lwe yafuulibwa minisita w'obutebenkevu mu 2009<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695</ref> era nga ekifo kino yakibeeramu okutuusa mu mwezi Gwokutaano mu mwaka gwa 2011 lwe yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabamininsita w'eggwanga. Yaliko ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina kya NRM okuva mu Gwekkuminobumu 2005 okutuusa mu Gusooka 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082932/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/666515</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174439/http://www.theinsider.ug/court-dismisses-mbabazi-nrm-case/</ref> === Okuvuganya ku bwa Pulezidenti === Mukwano gwa Amama Mbabazi ow'omubuto<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659918-ruhakana-rugunda-new-prime-minister.html</ref>,[[Ruhakana Ruganda|Ruhakana Rugunda]], yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabaminisita nga 18 Ogwomwenda 2014 ng'adda mu bigere bya Amama Mbabazi. okugobwa kwa Mbabazi kwalabibwa ng'ekibonerezo Museveni kye yali awadde Mbabazi oluvannyuma lw'engambo ezaali ziyitingana nti Mbabazi yali yegwanyiza entebe y'obukulembeze era yalina enteekateeka okwenyigira mu lw'okaano lw'okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga. Amangu ddala ng'ennaku z'omwezi 15 Ogwomukaaga 2015<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21654666-ugandan-presidents-29-year-rule-coming-end-bored-big-man</ref> Mbabazi yalangirira okwesimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement|NRM]] era nga yali mwetegefu okuvuganya [[Yoweri Museveni]] ku kifo ekyo ky'ennyini era nga kino yakyasanguliza mu lukungana lw'ekibiina olwatuula nga 4 Ogwokutaano 2015. Oluvannyuma Museveni yalangira Mbabazi okweyisa mu ngeri ey'ekito era atakkirizibwa bannakibiina ba NRM.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Elections/Mbabazi-to-stand-as-independent/-/859108/2815094/-/kj26ocz/-/index.html</ref> Nga 31 Ogwomusanvu omwaka ogwo gwenyini,oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okutegeeragana wakati w'abakulembeze ab'okuntikko, Mbabazi yakawangammula bwe yalangirira nga bwe yali agenda okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga nga talina kibiina kyonna mw'ajjidde. wabula nga ekibiina kya the Democratic Alliance(TDA), kye kya muli emabega neewankubadde nga kyalabika nga ekitaalina busobozi bumala kuwangula ntebe ya bukulembeze bwa ggwanga. Mu kalulu kabonna akaakubwa mu mwaka gwa 2016, Mbabazi yakwata ekifo kyakusatu oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obululu ebitundu 1.39 ku buli ku kikumi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012250/http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/default/files/docs/01-Summary_PRESIDENT_1_Final22-FEB-2016.pdf</ref> == Obuweereza bwe mu mawanga g'ebweru. == Mbabazi yakiikirirako Uganda mu mawanga g'ebweru, nga eno yakolerayo bino, yatuula ku kakiiko k'ebyokwerinda ak'amawanga amagatte era ng'eno gye yasabira nti eggye lya uganda ekkuuma ddemmbe (UPDF) likkirizibwe okukwata abayeekera ba Konny ab'eggye lya Lord's Resistance Army. abaali mu [[Democratic Republic of Congo|ggwanga lya congo]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716103827/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/14/494419</ref> == Emikutu emirala == * [https://amamambabazi.com Amama Mbabazi Omukutu gwe Omutongole] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716113423/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/755641 Olugendo lwa Amama Mbabazi ku bwa ssabaminisita] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636903-uganda-told-to-repay-aid-funds-lost-in-opm-fraud.html Uganda yategeezebwa Okusasula Ssente Z'obuyambi Ezabulira mu Ofiisi Ya Ssaabaminisita mu Emivuyo] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/120/123/658507 Fallout Okuva Mu Mivuyo eTemangalo]  Daily Monitor (2011). "Members of the 9th Ugandan Parliament (2011 - 2016)" (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala, Uganda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2014{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Francis Ayume]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Attorney General of Uganda|years=2004–2006}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kiddu Makubuya]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Yoweri Museveni]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Minister of Defence|years=2006–2009}} {{s-aft|after=[[Crispus Kiyonga]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Wilson Muruuli Mukasa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Minister for Security|years=2009–2011}} {{s-aft|after=[[Wilson Muruuli Mukasa]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Apolo Nsibambi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Uganda]]|years=2011–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ruhakana Rugunda]]}}} {{s-end}}{{Authority control}} == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] buis1o6fitd14rogef1m6cyzqvcinfz 64410 64408 2026-07-23T13:21:47Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 /* Emikutu emirala */ 64410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Patrick Amama Mbabazi''', amanyiddwa nga Amama Mbabazi yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogusooka 1949. [[Munnayuganda]] era munnabyabufuzi yaweerezaako mu Paalamenti ey'omwenda nga [[Ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|Ssaabaminisita]] wa Uganda okuva nga 24 Ogwokutaano 2011 okutuuka nga 19 Ogwomwenda 2014.yakola omulimu munene nyo mu gavumenti ez'enjawulo ezirwanyisa obufuzi bwa bamusibiramubbwa okuva mu (1972-1986) era y'omu ku batandisi b'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza kati.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti]] akiikirira konsityuwensi y'e Kinziki ey'Obuggwanjuba mu Disitulikiti y'e Kanungu[[Paalamenti.|.]] Yawereza ng'ali ku kifo kino okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 2016<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121002055537/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/1163512/data/262039/-/whf62vz/-/parliament.pdf</ref> lwe yavuganya ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga naye n'awangulwa. == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gye == Yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogwoluberyeberye 1949<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> ku kyalo Mparo mu Ssaza lye Rukiga kati emanyiddwa nga [[Kibaale (disitulikit)|Kabaale Disitulikiti]]. Yasomerako mu matendekero ag'amaanyi era agamanyiddwa ennyo mu ggwanga mu kiseera eky'abafuzi b'amatwale ne mu kaseera nga Uganda efunye obwetwaze nga muno mulimu Kigezi College Butobere [[File:Kigezi College Butobere.jpg|thumb|'''Kigezi College Butobere''']] ne [[Ntare School|Ntare school]] ng'eno gye yasomera [[:en:A-level|siniya ey'omukaaga]] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230626/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694%3Ambabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school</ref>.Mbabazi yafuna diguli y'amateeka okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Ssettendekero wa Makerere.]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> N'oluvanyuma n'afuna dipulooma mu kukozesa amateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre|Law Development center]] mu [[Kampala]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Munnamateeka mu kkooti ya uganda enkulu era abadde mmemba w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka bonna mu Uganda okuviira ddala mu mwaka gwa 1977<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232812/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=18&const=Kinkiizi+County+West&dist_id=65&distname=Kanungu</ref> == Emirimu gye == Nga tanaba kwesogga kisaawe ky'e byobufuzi, yaweerezaako nga [[Saabawolereza wa gavumenti ya Uganda|Ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti]] okuva mu 1976 okutuuka mu 1978 era n'asuumusibwa okufuuka Ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka mu ggwanga okuva mu mwaka gwa 1977 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 1979<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Wakati wa 1986 ne 1992, Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'akulira ekitongole ekirondoola eby'okwerinda bya Uganda n'ebweru waayo (ESO)<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>Wakati wa 1999 ne 2000, yaweerezaako nga Minisita omubeezi mu office y'omukulembeze w'eggwanga avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref><ref>https://www.weforum.org/people/amama-mbabazi/</ref> yafuuka ssaabawandiisi w'akakundi k'ekibiina kya NRM aka Constituent Assembly <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly</ref>akaakola Ssemateeka wa 1995 wakati wa 1986 ne 1992.<ref>https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20210520/114053/profile-who-is-amama-mbabazi-the-nrm-historical-likely-to-bounce-back-as-prime-minister-or-vice-president-in-musevenis-new-cabinet.html</ref> Yaliko Minisita w'eggwanga ow'eby'okwerinda wakati wa 1986 ne 1992<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>era n'aweerezaako nga minisita omubeezi owa regional cooperation okuva mu mwaka gwa 1998 okutuuka mu 2001<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>. yaliko ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti ate nga Minisita w'obwenkanya okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2006 ekifo ekyamuwanguza n'ekitiibwa ky'okubeera minisita asinze okukola obulungi (super minister).mu mwaka gwa 2006 Mbabazi yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'okwerinda ekifo ky'eyabeeramu okutuusa lwe yafuulibwa minisita w'obutebenkevu mu 2009<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695</ref> era nga ekifo kino yakibeeramu okutuusa mu mwezi Gwokutaano mu mwaka gwa 2011 lwe yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabamininsita w'eggwanga. Yaliko ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina kya NRM okuva mu Gwekkuminobumu 2005 okutuusa mu Gusooka 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082932/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/666515</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174439/http://www.theinsider.ug/court-dismisses-mbabazi-nrm-case/</ref> === Okuvuganya ku bwa Pulezidenti === Mukwano gwa Amama Mbabazi ow'omubuto<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659918-ruhakana-rugunda-new-prime-minister.html</ref>,[[Ruhakana Ruganda|Ruhakana Rugunda]], yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabaminisita nga 18 Ogwomwenda 2014 ng'adda mu bigere bya Amama Mbabazi. okugobwa kwa Mbabazi kwalabibwa ng'ekibonerezo Museveni kye yali awadde Mbabazi oluvannyuma lw'engambo ezaali ziyitingana nti Mbabazi yali yegwanyiza entebe y'obukulembeze era yalina enteekateeka okwenyigira mu lw'okaano lw'okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga. Amangu ddala ng'ennaku z'omwezi 15 Ogwomukaaga 2015<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21654666-ugandan-presidents-29-year-rule-coming-end-bored-big-man</ref> Mbabazi yalangirira okwesimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement|NRM]] era nga yali mwetegefu okuvuganya [[Yoweri Museveni]] ku kifo ekyo ky'ennyini era nga kino yakyasanguliza mu lukungana lw'ekibiina olwatuula nga 4 Ogwokutaano 2015. Oluvannyuma Museveni yalangira Mbabazi okweyisa mu ngeri ey'ekito era atakkirizibwa bannakibiina ba NRM.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Elections/Mbabazi-to-stand-as-independent/-/859108/2815094/-/kj26ocz/-/index.html</ref> Nga 31 Ogwomusanvu omwaka ogwo gwenyini,oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okutegeeragana wakati w'abakulembeze ab'okuntikko, Mbabazi yakawangammula bwe yalangirira nga bwe yali agenda okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga nga talina kibiina kyonna mw'ajjidde. wabula nga ekibiina kya the Democratic Alliance(TDA), kye kya muli emabega neewankubadde nga kyalabika nga ekitaalina busobozi bumala kuwangula ntebe ya bukulembeze bwa ggwanga. Mu kalulu kabonna akaakubwa mu mwaka gwa 2016, Mbabazi yakwata ekifo kyakusatu oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obululu ebitundu 1.39 ku buli ku kikumi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012250/http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/default/files/docs/01-Summary_PRESIDENT_1_Final22-FEB-2016.pdf</ref> == Obuweereza bwe mu mawanga g'ebweru. == Mbabazi yakiikirirako Uganda mu mawanga g'ebweru, nga eno yakolerayo bino, yatuula ku kakiiko k'ebyokwerinda ak'amawanga amagatte era ng'eno gye yasabira nti eggye lya uganda ekkuuma ddemmbe (UPDF) likkirizibwe okukwata abayeekera ba Konny ab'eggye lya Lord's Resistance Army. abaali mu [[Democratic Republic of Congo|ggwanga lya congo]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716103827/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/14/494419</ref> == Emikutu emirala == * [https://amamambabazi.com Amama Mbabazi Omukutu gwe Omutongole] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716113423/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/755641 Olugendo lwa Amama Mbabazi ku bwa ssabaminisita] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636903-uganda-told-to-repay-aid-funds-lost-in-opm-fraud.html Uganda yategeezebwa Okusasula Ssente Z'obuyambi Ezabulira mu Ofiisi Ya Ssaabaminisita mu Emivuyo] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/120/123/658507 Fallout Okuva Mu Mivuyo eTemangalo]  == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] 86ge1iedpz9btnxovjcbmnc5006mmam 64411 64410 2026-07-23T13:24:56Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 ntaddeko amatuluba 64411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Patrick Amama Mbabazi''', amanyiddwa nga Amama Mbabazi yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogusooka 1949. [[Munnayuganda]] era munnabyabufuzi yaweerezaako mu Paalamenti ey'omwenda nga [[Ssaabaminisita wa Uganda|Ssaabaminisita]] wa Uganda okuva nga 24 Ogwokutaano 2011 okutuuka nga 19 Ogwomwenda 2014.yakola omulimu munene nyo mu gavumenti ez'enjawulo ezirwanyisa obufuzi bwa bamusibiramubbwa okuva mu (1972-1986) era y'omu ku batandisi b'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza kati.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti]] akiikirira konsityuwensi y'e Kinziki ey'Obuggwanjuba mu Disitulikiti y'e Kanungu[[Paalamenti.|.]] Yawereza ng'ali ku kifo kino okuva mu 1996 okutuusa mu 2016<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121002055537/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/1163512/data/262039/-/whf62vz/-/parliament.pdf</ref> lwe yavuganya ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga naye n'awangulwa. == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gye == Yazaalibwa nga 16 Ogwoluberyeberye 1949<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> ku kyalo Mparo mu Ssaza lye Rukiga kati emanyiddwa nga [[Kibaale (disitulikit)|Kabaale Disitulikiti]]. Yasomerako mu matendekero ag'amaanyi era agamanyiddwa ennyo mu ggwanga mu kiseera eky'abafuzi b'amatwale ne mu kaseera nga Uganda efunye obwetwaze nga muno mulimu Kigezi College Butobere [[File:Kigezi College Butobere.jpg|thumb|'''Kigezi College Butobere''']] ne [[Ntare School|Ntare school]] ng'eno gye yasomera [[:en:A-level|siniya ey'omukaaga]] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230626/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694%3Ambabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school</ref>.Mbabazi yafuna diguli y'amateeka okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|Ssettendekero wa Makerere.]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> N'oluvanyuma n'afuna dipulooma mu kukozesa amateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre|Law Development center]] mu [[Kampala]]<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Munnamateeka mu kkooti ya uganda enkulu era abadde mmemba w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka bonna mu Uganda okuviira ddala mu mwaka gwa 1977<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232812/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=18&const=Kinkiizi+County+West&dist_id=65&distname=Kanungu</ref> == Emirimu gye == Nga tanaba kwesogga kisaawe ky'e byobufuzi, yaweerezaako nga [[Saabawolereza wa gavumenti ya Uganda|Ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti]] okuva mu 1976 okutuuka mu 1978 era n'asuumusibwa okufuuka Ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka mu ggwanga okuva mu mwaka gwa 1977 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 1979<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref> Wakati wa 1986 ne 1992, Mbabazi yaweerezaako ng'akulira ekitongole ekirondoola eby'okwerinda bya Uganda n'ebweru waayo (ESO)<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>Wakati wa 1999 ne 2000, yaweerezaako nga Minisita omubeezi mu office y'omukulembeze w'eggwanga avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref><ref>https://www.weforum.org/people/amama-mbabazi/</ref> yafuuka ssaabawandiisi w'akakundi k'ekibiina kya NRM aka Constituent Assembly <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly</ref>akaakola Ssemateeka wa 1995 wakati wa 1986 ne 1992.<ref>https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20210520/114053/profile-who-is-amama-mbabazi-the-nrm-historical-likely-to-bounce-back-as-prime-minister-or-vice-president-in-musevenis-new-cabinet.html</ref> Yaliko Minisita w'eggwanga ow'eby'okwerinda wakati wa 1986 ne 1992<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>era n'aweerezaako nga minisita omubeezi owa regional cooperation okuva mu mwaka gwa 1998 okutuuka mu 2001<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1011194/amama-mbabazi-eur-road-prime-minister</ref>. yaliko ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti ate nga Minisita w'obwenkanya okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2006 ekifo ekyamuwanguza n'ekitiibwa ky'okubeera minisita asinze okukola obulungi (super minister).mu mwaka gwa 2006 Mbabazi yalondebwa okubeera minisita w'eby'okwerinda ekifo ky'eyabeeramu okutuusa lwe yafuulibwa minisita w'obutebenkevu mu 2009<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695</ref> era nga ekifo kino yakibeeramu okutuusa mu mwezi Gwokutaano mu mwaka gwa 2011 lwe yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabamininsita w'eggwanga. Yaliko ssaabawandiisi w'ekibiina kya NRM okuva mu Gwekkuminobumu 2005 okutuusa mu Gusooka 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082932/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/666515</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174439/http://www.theinsider.ug/court-dismisses-mbabazi-nrm-case/</ref> === Okuvuganya ku bwa Pulezidenti === Mukwano gwa Amama Mbabazi ow'omubuto<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659918-ruhakana-rugunda-new-prime-minister.html</ref>,[[Ruhakana Ruganda|Ruhakana Rugunda]], yalondebwa ku kifo ky'obwa ssaabaminisita nga 18 Ogwomwenda 2014 ng'adda mu bigere bya Amama Mbabazi. okugobwa kwa Mbabazi kwalabibwa ng'ekibonerezo Museveni kye yali awadde Mbabazi oluvannyuma lw'engambo ezaali ziyitingana nti Mbabazi yali yegwanyiza entebe y'obukulembeze era yalina enteekateeka okwenyigira mu lw'okaano lw'okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga. Amangu ddala ng'ennaku z'omwezi 15 Ogwomukaaga 2015<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21654666-ugandan-presidents-29-year-rule-coming-end-bored-big-man</ref> Mbabazi yalangirira okwesimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'ekibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement|NRM]] era nga yali mwetegefu okuvuganya [[Yoweri Museveni]] ku kifo ekyo ky'ennyini era nga kino yakyasanguliza mu lukungana lw'ekibiina olwatuula nga 4 Ogwokutaano 2015. Oluvannyuma Museveni yalangira Mbabazi okweyisa mu ngeri ey'ekito era atakkirizibwa bannakibiina ba NRM.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Elections/Mbabazi-to-stand-as-independent/-/859108/2815094/-/kj26ocz/-/index.html</ref> Nga 31 Ogwomusanvu omwaka ogwo gwenyini,oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okutegeeragana wakati w'abakulembeze ab'okuntikko, Mbabazi yakawangammula bwe yalangirira nga bwe yali agenda okwesimbawo ku bukulembeze bw'eggwanga nga talina kibiina kyonna mw'ajjidde. wabula nga ekibiina kya the Democratic Alliance(TDA), kye kya muli emabega neewankubadde nga kyalabika nga ekitaalina busobozi bumala kuwangula ntebe ya bukulembeze bwa ggwanga. Mu kalulu kabonna akaakubwa mu mwaka gwa 2016, Mbabazi yakwata ekifo kyakusatu oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obululu ebitundu 1.39 ku buli ku kikumi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012250/http://www.ec.or.ug/sites/default/files/docs/01-Summary_PRESIDENT_1_Final22-FEB-2016.pdf</ref> == Obuweereza bwe mu mawanga g'ebweru. == Mbabazi yakiikirirako Uganda mu mawanga g'ebweru, nga eno yakolerayo bino, yatuula ku kakiiko k'ebyokwerinda ak'amawanga amagatte era ng'eno gye yasabira nti eggye lya uganda ekkuuma ddemmbe (UPDF) likkirizibwe okukwata abayeekera ba Konny ab'eggye lya Lord's Resistance Army. abaali mu [[Democratic Republic of Congo|ggwanga lya congo]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150716103827/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/14/494419</ref> == Emikutu emirala == * [https://amamambabazi.com Amama Mbabazi Omukutu gwe Omutongole] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716113423/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/755641 Olugendo lwa Amama Mbabazi ku bwa ssabaminisita] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636903-uganda-told-to-repay-aid-funds-lost-in-opm-fraud.html Uganda yategeezebwa Okusasula Ssente Z'obuyambi Ezabulira mu Ofiisi Ya Ssaabaminisita mu Emivuyo] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/120/123/658507 Fallout Okuva Mu Mivuyo eTemangalo]  == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abazalibwa mu 1949]] [[Category:Ababaka ba palamenti eyomunaana]] [[Category:Ababaka ba palamenti eyomwenda]] [[Category:National Resistance Movement]] [[Category:Ssabaminisita wa Uganda]] lewkf1w746ic2gjvl0x50uemr4yl6zb Sheebah Karungi 0 8376 64580 44300 2026-07-24T05:59:34Z Namagembe Christine 10085 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345555042|Sheebah Karungi]]" 64580 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}  '''Sheebah Karungi''' (yazaalibwa 11 November 1989), mu by'ekikugu amanyiddwa nga '''Queen Karma''' ne '''Sheebah''', muyimbi, muzinyi, munnakatemba era omulwanirizi w'abakyala [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|mu Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL. |url=http://mbu.ug/2021/01/09/-sheebah-karungi-states/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> Yasooka kuzannya katemba mu firimu ya ''[[Queen of Katwe]]'' nga Shakira. Oluvannyuma lw'okuva mu kibiina ky'amazina ekya Obsessions kye yeegattako mu 2006, yatandika okukola emiziki era oluvannyuma n'amanyibwa bwe yafulumya oluyimba lwe olwa "Ice Cream". Mu 2014, yafulumya pulojekiti ye eyasooka ''Ice Cream'', [[:en:Extended_play|EP]] ey’ennyimba ttaano eyakola obulungi mu by’obusuubuzi era eyamuleetera okuwangula engule za HiPipo Music Awards Best Female Artist mu 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, ne 2024. Era yawangula engule y’omuyimbi w’omwaka emirundi ebiri, mu 2017, 2018, ne 2019 mu mpaka za HiPipo Music Awards. Mu 2024, yalondebwa okuba omumyuka wa pulezidenti w’ekibiina ekigatta abayimbi mu ggwanga ekya Uganda National Musician Federation ng’ayambako [[Eddy Kenzo]] nga ye pulezidenti w’ekibiina kino.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eddy Kenzo unveils 13 leaders of Uganda National Musicians Federation|url=https://www.pulse.ug/entertainment/celebrities/list-eddy-kenzo-unveils-13-leaders-of-uganda-national-musicians-federation/6s70g9r}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda National Musicians Federation names inaugural leadership|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2023/05/uganda-national-musicians-federation-names-inaugural-leadership.html}}</ref> == Obulamu bw'obuto n’okusoma == Sheebah Karungi yazaalibwa nga 11 November 1989 era yakuzibwa maama ali obwannamunigina Edith Kabazungu e [[:en:Kawempe|Kawempe]], ekitundu ekisangibwa mu disitulikiti y’e [[Kampala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=My mother carried me for seven months - Sheebah reveals |url=https://mbu.ug/2019/08/09/my-mother-carried-me-for-seven-months-sheebah-reveals/}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Naigino |first=Stella |date=18 August 2022 |title=How singer Sheebah Karungi built her sh800m Queendom |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/world/how-singer-sheebah-karungi-built-her-sh800m-q-141013 |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okumaliriza emisomo gye egy'omusingi mu Kawempe Muslim Primary School, yava mu ssomero mu siniya ey'okubiri ng'akyali muyizi mu Midland High School, [[:en:Kawempe|Kawempe]].<ref name="chimp">{{cite news|url=http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/interview-sheebas-journey-from-a-karaoke-girl-to-an-international-star/|title=INTERVIEW: Sheeba's journey from a Karaoke girl to an international start|work=Chimp Reports|author=Orville Muhumuza|date=20 February 2015|accessdate=24 August 2016|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601080237/http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/interview-sheebas-journey-from-a-karaoke-girl-to-an-international-star/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Omulimu == Ku myaka 15, Sheebah yatandika okuzina olw'okunoonya ssente oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kibiina ky'amazina ekiyitibwa Stingers nga tannava mu kibiina kino n'agenda mu kibiina kya Obsessions Music Group mu 2006. <ref>Johnson Grace Maganja (24 July 2015)</ref> Ku Obsessions yafuna obwagazi mu muziki, n'akwata ennyimba bbiri nga tannava mu kibiina kino n'agenda mu mulimu gw'okuyimba yekka. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sqoop.co.ug/features-profiles/sheebah-came-from-rock-bottom.html|title=Sheebah came from rock bottom|work=sqoop.co.ug|author=Edgar. R. Batte|date=3 July 2014|accessdate=24 August 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009080706/http://www.sqoop.co.ug/features-profiles/sheebah-came-from-rock-bottom.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1311592/wife-sheeba|title=I have never thought of being a wife - Sheeba|work=New Vision|date=6 October 2014|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> Mu 2010, Sheebah yafulumya "Kunyenyenza", oluyimba lwe olutongole olwasooka, olwafulumizibwa Washington. Yagenda mu maaso n'afulumya oluyimba olulala lwe yatuumye "Bulikyenkola", nga lulimu amaloboozi okuva mu KS Alpha ne Prince Fahim n'oluvannyuma "Baliwa" nga lulimu Coco Finger. Okutuusa lwe yafulumya oluyimba "Automatic", olwawandiikibwa Sizzaman, omulimu gwe ogwa solo negufuna enkyukakyuka ennene. Ku buwanguzi bwa "Automatic", yaddamu okukwatagana ne Sizzaman okufulumya "Ice Cream" okutuuka ku [[Airplay|mpewo]] ennene n'okumunyumiririza okulungi nga tannagenda mu maaso n'okufulumya oluyimba olulala olwakwatayo, "Twesana". <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2015 |title=INTERVIEW: Billion Reasons To Believe, Sheebah Karungi Shares Her Story |url=http://news.ugo.co.ug/interview-billion-reasons-to-believe-sheebah-karungi-shares-her-story/ |access-date=24 August 2016 |publisher=news.ugo.co.ug}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheebah Karungi |url=http://ugblizz.com/music/artists/sheebah_karungi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000845/http://ugblizz.com/music/artists/sheebah_karungi/ |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=24 August 2016 |publisher=Uganda Blizz}}</ref> Mu 2014, yafulumya pulojekiti ye ey'omuziki eyasooka, ''Ice Cream'', EP ey'ennyimba ttaano nga mulimu ennyimba ezaakwatayo omuli "Ice Cream" ne "Jordan". EP eno yasiimibwa nnyo era n’eyamba okuwangula Best Female Artist mu mpaka za HiPipo Music Awards eza 2014 ne 2015. <ref name="chimp">{{cite news|url=http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/interview-sheebas-journey-from-a-karaoke-girl-to-an-international-star/|title=INTERVIEW: Sheeba's journey from a Karaoke girl to an international start|work=Chimp Reports|author=Orville Muhumuza|date=20 February 2015|accessdate=24 August 2016|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601080237/http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/interview-sheebas-journey-from-a-karaoke-girl-to-an-international-star/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pulojekiti ya Sheebah eyookubiri yatuumiddwa ''Nkwatako'' . [[File:Sheebah_Karungi.jpg|thumb|Omuyimbi Sheebah Karungi.jpg]] Yakola ekivvulu kya Nkwatako mu 2016 n'omwoyo Concert mu 2018 ku Hotel Africana mu Kampala. Ebivvulu byombi byategekebwa abaddukanya emirimu gye,''Team No Sleep''. Omwoyo Concert [[Cathy Patra]] abadde asengeka era nga alabikira mu vidiyo ze ezisinga obungi. Ku kivvulu kye ekyokubiri ekya Omwoyo, Sheebah yavumirirwa olw’obusobozi bw’okuyimba obutono ng’omuyimbi live. <ref>https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=lg&targettitle=Sheebah+Karungi&page=Sheebah+Karungi&revision=1345555042#:~:text=control-,%5B13</ref> <ref>https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=lg&targettitle=Sheebah+Karungi&page=Sheebah+Karungi&revision=1345555042#:~:text=control-,%5B14</ref> Sheebah naye [[:en:Business_woman|mukyala wa bizinensi]] . Mu nteekateeka ye eya Sheebah Investments, agguddewo bizinensi eziwerako okwetoloola [[Kampala]] omuli The Red Bar, Red Events ( [[Cathy Patra]] naye azirinakio obwananyini), bizinensi eyebiviiri eyitibwa ''Sheebah by Natna, Natna Hair Founder Sina Tsegazeab'' n’abalala. <ref>https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=lg&targettitle=Sheebah+Karungi&page=Sheebah+Karungi&revision=1345555042#:~:text=control-,%5B15</ref> <ref>https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=lg&targettitle=Sheebah+Karungi&page=Sheebah+Karungi&revision=1345555042#:~:text=control-,%5B16</ref> == Okutulugunyizibwa mu by’okwegatta == Sheebah Karungi yafulumizza akatambi ku mikutu gye egya ‘social media’ mwe yannyonnyodde omusajja eyalina abakuumi abaabadde n’emmundu nga bamukabasanya nga tannaba kuyimba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matogo |first=Philip |date=15 May 2022 |title=Sheebah and why politics matters |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/sheebah-and-why-politics-matters-3815406 |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=Monitor}}</ref> Yategeeza nti yeeyisa mu ngeri etasaana mu maaso ga ttiimu ye nga tannalinnya ku siteegi mu gumu ku muzannyo gwe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Sheebah nearly boycotts show after being 'sexually harassed' by a man |url=http://mbu.ug/2022/05/09/sheebah-nearly-boycotts-show-after-being-sexually-harassed-by-a-man/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Sheebah yategeezezza nti tagenderera kuwasa wabula ayinza okuzaala abaana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=I'II have babies but I won't be pressured into it – Sheebah |url=https://mbu.ug/2022/12/07/sheebah-iii-have-babies-but-i-wont-be-pressured-into-it |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> Yalaze olubuto lwe bwe yali ayimba mu kivvulu kye ekya Neyanziza nga October 4, 2024 ku Lugogo Cricket Oval, Kampala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=📷 Sheeba's pregnant performance at 'Neyanziza' concert in pictures |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/entertainment/sheebas-pregnant-performance-at-neyanziza-con-NV_197379}}</ref> Yazaala omwana omulenzi omulamu Amir nga November 24, 2024 mu Canada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=Sheebah confirms birth of son, reveals his name and meaning |url=https://mbu.ug/2024/11/25/sheebah-karungi-gives-birth-to-son/#:~:text=Thank%20you%20all%20for%20your%20prayers.%20My%20little%20bird%20and%20I%20are%20doing%20great%2C%20mwebale%20kunsabira.%20My%20heart%20is%20so%20full%20right%20now.%20Mukama%20mulungi.%20Amir%2C%2024.11.24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=VIDEO: Sheebah Karungi heads to Canada to give birth - Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20241016/video-sheebah-karungi-heads-to-canada-to-give-birth/}}</ref> == Abatali bafumbo == * Omulimi (Remix) - Ne Ykee Benda * Ice Cream * Nkwatako * Tunywe * Nakyuka * Kyoyina Omanya * Enyanda * Ekyaama * Nkwatako * John Rambo * Onkutude * Jealousy * Exercise * Mummy yo * mukama yamba * Nkujjukiraa * Somebody * Neyanze == Enkolagana == * [[:en:Orezi|follow]] me ft Harmonize (omuyimbi) * Silwana ft [[Carol nantongo]] * Osobola ft [[Leila Kayondo]] * nkulowozaako ft [[Alvin kizz]] * Leeta ne Ruth Ngendo * Tevunya ft. [[Fik Fameica|Fik Fameica,]] * Weekend ft [[:en:Harmonize_(musician)|Runtown]] * Okuwulira okuwooma ft. Orezi == Discography == === Alubaamu za situdiyo === * [https://www.howwe.ug/KSheebah/album/28976/ice-cream-ep Ice Cream - EP] * [https://www.howwe.ug/KSheebah/album/28975/nkwatako ''Nkwatako'' (2016) Omuwandiisi w'ebitabo.] * [https://www.howwe.ug/KSheebah/album/28974/karma-queen ''Karma'' (2017) nga .] * [https://www.howwe.ug/KSheebah/album/28548/samali ''Samali'' (2021)] == Okukwata firimu == {| class="wikitable" !Omwaka ! Omutwe ! Omugaso ! Ebiwandiiko |- | 2016 | [[Queen of Katwe|''Nnabagereka Wa Katwe'']] | Shakira | Ng'ali wamu ne Lupita Nyong'o, David Oyelowo ne Madina Nalwanga |} == Engule n’okusunsulwa == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Prize !Recipient/nominated work !Result !Ref |- | |The Uganda Music Awards |Female Artist of The Year |Herself |Won |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Online - Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards 2017 Winners |url=http://www.ugandaonline.net/20171112_asfas_2017_winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804041119/https://www.ugandaonline.net/20171112_asfas_2017_winners |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=2017-12-18 |website=www.ugandaonline.net}}</ref> |- |2018 |Abryanz styles and fashion awards |Fashionable music video of The Year |Herself/Mumy Yo |{{nom}} | |- | rowspan="4" |2017 | rowspan="3" |Zzina Awards |Artist of The Year |Herself |Won | |- |Female Artist of The Year |Herself |Won |<ref name="bigeye1" /> |- |Best Collaboration of The Year |Sheebah & Ykee Benda |Won |<ref name="bigeye1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards (ASFAs)|Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards]] |Fashionable Music Video of the Year (Uganda) |"The Way" |{{nom}} | |- | rowspan="14" |2016 |Most Stylish Female Artiste (Uganda) | |{{nom}} | |- |2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best African Female Artist | rowspan="4" |Herself |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howwe |date=17 June 2016 |title=Sheebah Karungi nominated in Nigerian Awards, Best African female artist |url=https://www.howwe.ug/news/music/12484/sheebah-karungi-nominated-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=Howwe.ug}}</ref> |- |Zzina Awards | rowspan="2" |Best Female Artist |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howwe |date=6 March 2016 |title=SHEEBAH KARUNGI Wins 2016 FEMALE ARTISTE of The Year Zzina Award, Full Winners List |url=https://www.howwe.ug/news/music/16244/zzina-awards-2016-2017-complete-winners-list |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=Howwe.ug}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |4th HiPipo Music Awards |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacky Achan |date=31 January 2016 |title=HiPipo Awards: David Lutalo named artist of the year |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1415974/hipipo-awards-david-lutalo-named-artist |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=Sunday Vision}}</ref> |- |Best Artist |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title=#HMA2016: Nominations for the 4th HiPipo Music Awards Released. Lucky Fan to win Convertible Peugeot 207. |url=http://hma.hipipo.com/05/12/2015/hma2016-nominations-for-the-4th-hipipo-music-awards-released-lucky-fan-to-win-convertible-peugeot-207/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917063944/http://hma.hipipo.com/05/12/2015/hma2016-nominations-for-the-4th-hipipo-music-awards-released-lucky-fan-to-win-convertible-peugeot-207/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=hma.hipipo.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Best Afropop Song |"Nipe Yote" |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma" /> |- |"Otubatisa" |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma" /> |- |East Africa Best Video | rowspan="2" |"Siri Zari" |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma" /> |- |Video of The Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2016 |title=Lutalo, Sheebah win big at the HiPiPo awards |url=http://www.ugandaonline.net/news/view/16638/lutalo__sheebah_win_big_at_the_hipipo_awards |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=Uganda Online}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |Uganda Entertainment Awards 2016 |Best Female Artist | rowspan="4" |Herself |{{won}} |<ref name="ug">{{Cite web |last=Nasa Tushabe |date=20 August 2016 |title=Full List of Uganda Entertainment Award Winners 2016 |url=http://ugblizz.com/full-list-uganda-entertainment-award-winners-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827004932/http://ugblizz.com/full-list-uganda-entertainment-award-winners-2016/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=Uganda Online}}</ref> |- |Artist of the Year |{{nom}} |<ref name="ug" /> |- |Best Dance/Live Performance |{{nom}} |<ref name="talk">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2016 |title=UGANDA ENTERTAINMENT AWARDS 2016: HERE'S THE FULL NOMINEES LIST |url=http://talkmediaafrica.com/2016/06/21/uganda-entertainment-awards-2016-heres-full-nominees-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822192211/http://talkmediaafrica.com/2016/06/21/uganda-entertainment-awards-2016-heres-full-nominees-list |archive-date=22 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=talkmedia Africa}}</ref> |- |Best Dancehall Artist |{{nom}} |<ref name="talk" /> |- |Video of the Year |"Nkwatako" |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2016 |title=Full List of nominees in Uganda Entertainment Awards 2016 |url=http://ugblizz.com/full-list-nominees-uganda-entertainment-awards-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826214446/http://ugblizz.com/full-list-nominees-uganda-entertainment-awards-2016 |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=ugblizz}}</ref> |- | rowspan="9" |2015 | rowspan="7" |3rd HiPipo Music Awards |Best Female Artist | rowspan="2" |Herself |{{won}} |<ref name="biz">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2015 |title=2014 Female Artist of The Year is SHEEBAH KARUNGI, Of Course. |url=https://www.howwe.ug/news/music/4514/2014-female-artist-of-the-year-is-sheebah-karungi-of-course |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=howwe.ug}}</ref> |- |Artist of the Year |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma2015">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=Sheebah, Kenzo, Bebe Cool and Radio & Weasel top HiPipo Music Awards 2015 Nomination list. |url=http://hma.hipipo.com/nominees/ |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=HiPipo Awards}}</ref> |- |Best Duo Group Artist |Herself with [[Pallaso]] |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma2015" /> |- |Song of the Year |"Twesana" |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma2015" /> |- |Best Ragga Dancehall Song |"Mundongo" with Pallaso |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma2015" /> |- |Best Afrobeat Song |"Twesana" |{{nom}} |<ref name="hma2015" /> |- |Best Afropop Song |"Go Down Low" with Pallaso |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Winners of the 3rd HiPipo Music Awards |url=http://hma.hipipo.com/08/02/2015/winners-of-the-3rd-hipipo-music-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404132229/http://hma.hipipo.com/08/02/2015/winners-of-the-3rd-hipipo-music-awards/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=HiPipo Awards}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Uganda Entertainment Awards 2015 |Best Female Artist | rowspan="2" |Herself |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Uganda Entertainment Awards 2015: The Full List Of Winners |url=http://www.411ug.com/2015/09/uganda-entertainment-awards-2015-full-list-of-winners.html?m=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911025751/http://www.411ug.com/2015/09/uganda-entertainment-awards-2015-full-list-of-winners.html?m=1 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=411ug}}</ref> |- |Best Dancehall Artist |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alfred Ochwo |date=7 September 2015 |title=Lutalo, Benon Kibuuka shine at Uganda Entertainment awards |url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/39724-lutalo-benon-kibuuka-shine-at-uganda-entertainment-awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101165705/http://observer.ug/lifestyle/39724-lutalo-benon-kibuuka-shine-at-uganda-entertainment-awards |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=The Observer}}</ref> |- |} == [[:en:Meddy_(singer)|Ebikolwa]] ebikwatagana nabyo == # Ykee Benda # [[Fik Fameica|Fik Fameica, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo]] # Roden Y Kabako # [[:en:Chance_Nalubega|Omukisa Nalubega]] # [[:en:Runtown|Runtown]] # [[:en:Solidstar|Solidstar]] # Carol Nantongo # [[:en:Meddy_(singer)|Meddy]] # Alvin Kizz, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo # Aba Ben # [[John Blaq|John Blaq, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo]] # Omukungu wa Grenade # [[Irene Ntale]] # Omusunsuzi Jeff # [[:en:Orezi|Orezi]] # Ahdi weezy ke == Laba ne == * [[Olukalala lw'abayimbi Bannayuganda|Olukalala lw'abayimbi ba Uganda]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == <references /> {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Karungi, Sheebah}}<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] g5sst0h3okewvybzrfpu198umnafpfn Anne Kansiime 0 8399 64429 53749 2026-07-23T14:14:40Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko laba ne 64429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Kansiime Kubiryaba Anne''' yazaalibwa 13 Ogwokuna mu1986, ng'asinga kumannyikwa nga Anne Kansiime, Munnayuganda asannyusa abantu, azannya komedi n'okuzannya ffirimu. Emikutu gya Afrika egisinga gyamukazaako erya 'Naabagereka w'Ebisesa mu Afrika".<ref name="Times">http://allafrica.com/stories/201307040088.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150204083110/http://www.cimamag.com/kansiime-anne-ugandas-queen-of-comedy/</ref><ref name="ALLAF">http://allafrica.com/stories/201412082748.html</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ebimukwatako n'okusoma kwe == Yazaalibwa mu Mparo, enaku zino gyebayita disitulikiti y'e Rukiga, mu kitundu ky'omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda. Mu kaseera beyazaalibwa, Mparo kyali kitundu ku [[Kabale|disitulikiti y'e Kabale]]. Kitaawe yali akola mu baanka, ng'ate maama we yali mukyala eyali takola ng'asiiba waka. Kansiime yasomera ku Kabale Primary School, Siniya ye ey'okuna n'ey'omukaaga yabisomera ku [[Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School]] e [[Bushenyi (disitulikit)|Bushenyi]]. Alina diguli mu bukwatagana ku bantu neebibetoloode gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]].<ref name="Times" /><ref name="MNTR">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222718/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Ann-Kansiime--The-story-of-a-funny-lucky-girl/-/689842/1694010/-/item/0/-/1np61lz/-/index.html</ref> == Okuzannya Katemba == Okutandikira mu 2007, ng<nowiki>'akyasomera ku yunivasite y'e Makerere, Kansiime yatandika okwetaba mu kuzannya katemba n'ekibiina ky'okusiteegi kyebaali bayita ''</nowiki>''Theatre Factory'',<nowiki>''</nowiki> abaazannyira nga ku Uganda National Theatre mu kibuga kya [[Kampala]] wakati. Ekibiina kino ekya Theatre Factory bwekyasaanawo, yeegata ku kyebaali bayita Fun Factory, ekyali kikididde kiri mu bigere. Ekibiina kino kizannya buli Lwakuna ekawungeezi. Obutundu obusinga okunyuma baabulaga nga ku mukutu gwa NTV Uganda mu pulogulaamu ya '<nowiki/>''Barbed Wire'' ey'oku ttivi eyakyusibwa erinya oluvannyuma nebaguyita ''U-Turn''. Yakwatagana ne Brian Mulondo nga bakola nga bakondakita ba takisi abasoya ebibuuzo mu pulogulaamu y'obutundu eyitibwa '<nowiki/>''MiniBuzz''' nga bafuna embeera gyebakubaganyako ebirowoozo nga bali n'abasaabaze.<ref name="MNTR" /> Okusinziira ku bibuuzo byebamusoya ebyakwatibwa ku butamba mu 2014, Anne yatandika okuteeka komedi we gw'azze azannya ku mukutu gwa 'YouTube'. Yafuna obuwagizi okuva mu bantu abaamuzaamu amannyi nebamukubiriza okwongerayo okuteekayo vidiyo endala. Okuvaayo kwe n'amannyikwa nnyo kwajja ku mukutu gwa Citizen TV okuva kumulirwaano e [[Kenya]] ogwamuwa akakisa k<nowiki>'okubeera ng'afulumya, azannyira n'okwolesa komedi we omulundi gumu buli wiiki. Wano weyagira pulogulaamu gyebaali bayita tozannyisa Kansiime ''</nowiki>[[:en:Don't_Mess_With_Kansiime|Don't Mess With Kansiime]]<nowiki>''</nowiki> eyali eya komedi.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20150219073057/http://naibuzz.com/2014/05/10/lillian-mulis-interview-with-anne-kansiime-on-citizen-tv-one-on-one/</ref> Okutuuka mu 2014 Ogwekuminoogumu, omukutu gwe ogwa 'YouTube' gwaali gufunye abalabi abasoba mu bukadde 15. Vidiyo zze ku 'YouTube' zifuna abalabi enkumi n'enkumi, ng'abaddeko ne ku pulogulaamu gyebayita 'BBC Focus on Africa'. Azannye katemba mu mayumba agajudde obulungi mu bitundu okuli; Blantyre, Gaborone, [[Kigali]], Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Lilongwe, London, Lusaka ne Harare.<ref name="ALLAF" /> == Ebirala by'atekako essira == [[File:Ann kansiime2.jpg|thumb|Ann Kansiime nga alimubulamu bwe ewaka]] Wadde alina emirimu gy'okuzannya katemba, Kansiime asigadde azannya katemba n'okutalaaga ng'omuzannyi wa komedi. Engeri Kansiime gy'azannyamu komedi we, esira asinga kuliteeka ku bulamu bwe obw'obuntu. " Njagala nnyo okwogera ku bintu ebigenda mu maaso mu bulamu, kubanga kibeera kigenda kubeera kyanjawulo ng'ate kyaddala.'," bw'agamba. Yafumbirwa Gerald Ojok, enzaalwa za Acholi. Mu 2017, Ogwekuminoogumu, baayawukana mu mateeka. Tebaalina baana, okutuusa mu 2015 Ogwokubiri. Mu kaseera ako, yali munteeka teeka yakumaliriza lutaambi lwaliko nnyimba z'abaana, lweyali agenda okufulumya oluvannyuma mu 2015.<ref name="ALLAF" /> == Firimu zze == {| class="wikitable" !Omwaka !Firimu oba akazannyo k'obutuundu ku ttivi !Yazannya ng'ani !Ogwali omulimu gwe |- |2018 |''Girl From Mparo''<ref>{{cite news |title=Anne Kansiime Debuts New TV Show 'Girl From Mparo|url=https://life.chimpreports.com/anne-kansiime-debuts-new-tv-show-girl-from-mparo/|access-date=13 October 2018|agency=Chimplyfe}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |Anne Kansiime |Sitcom |- |2014 |''Don't Mess With Kansiime'' |Kansiime – Protagonist | |- |2022 |Kanseeme | |Reality Show |- |2024 |Juniors Drama Club | |Sitcom |} == Engule oba Awaadi == * Yasiimbibwa mu bitiibwa aba SIIKETV Rising Star Academy Awards, the "Queen of Comedy" 2018<ref>http://www.ghafla.com/ug/remembering-the-july-11th-world-cup-bombings/s</ref> * Comedy YouTube Sub-Saharan Africa Creator Award 2016<ref>https://face2faceafrica.com/article/google-launches-youtube-sub-saharan-africa-creator-awards</ref> * Mukyala eyasinga okuzannya komedi mu 2016<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042436/http://www.accelerateyourambition.org/nail-like-anne-kansiime-career-lessons-can-learn-african-queen-comedy/</ref> * 'Teeniez Funniest Comedian' mu mwaka gwa 2016<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20170606041859/http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/buzz-teeniez-awards-2016-full-list-of-winners/</ref> * African Entertainment Awards USA, Engule y'asinga okuzannya komedi mu 2015<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004337/https://solangitube.com/watch/x3d89yk/anne-kansiime-scoops-african-entertainment-awards-usa-best-c.php</ref> * Rising Star – Omuzannyi wa komedi eyasinga mu 2015<ref>http://bigeye.ug/rising-star-awards-2015-successful-full-list-of-winners/</ref> * Engule ya African Oscar Award ku lw'omuzannyi wa komedi asinga okwagalwa mu 2015<ref>https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/showbiz/Kansiime-wins-African-Oscarfor-fauvorite-comedian/1950810-2820612-12wst46/index.html</ref> * Engule ya Nollywood & African People's Choice, ku lw'omuzannyi wa komedi eyali asinga okwagalwa mu 2015<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211029140230/https://chano8.com/anne-kansiime-wins-the-nollywood-african-peoples-choice-award-for-favorite-comedian/</ref> * YouTube silver play button 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://pctechmag.com/2015/04/youtube-rewards-anne-kansiime-following-100000-subscribers-milestone/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207181013/https://pctechmag.com/2015/04/youtube-rewards-anne-kansiime-following-100000-subscribers-milestone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AIRTEL Women of Substance Awards 2014<ref>http://bigeye.ug/top-women-receive-airtel-women-of-substance-awards/</ref> * BEFFTA 2013 (Omuzannyi wa komedi eyali asinga) Yawangula<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20211101171155/https://bigeye.ug/ugandas-anne-kansiime-and-dr-jose-chameleone-win-beffta-2013-awards-in-london/</ref> * Lagos International Festival 2013 (Omuzannyi wa katemba omukyala eyali asinga)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140522/http://kansiimeanne.ug/meeee-winner-of-the-lagos-international-film-festival-best-actress-2013-award/</ref> * Yawangula engule mu Social Media Awards (Omuntu omumannyifu eyali asinga okwagalwa)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28642:awards-honour-social-media-enthusiasts |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2021-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101171148/https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28642:awards-honour-social-media-enthusiasts |url-status=dead }}</ref> * African Social Awards Malaysia (ASAM) – 2013<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004902/http://m.howwe.biz/256/kansiime-to-scoop-award-in-malaysia.html</ref> == Okuyamba abataliiko mwasirizi == Anne Kansiime ng'ayita mu kibiina kye ekiyamba abataliiko mwasirize ekiyitibwa, 'The Kansiime Foundation', ayamba abaana abeetaaga obuyambi nga bagezi ng'abakwatirako okusigala musomero. Kati ayamba abaana abasoba mu 35 mu masomero ga pulayimale ne siniya. == Bizineensi zze == Anne Kansiime alina bizineenzi y'okwewumuzaamu. Adukanya kyebayita 'Kansiime Backpackers' esingaanibwa ku myalo gy'enyanja ya Bunyonyi, kwebalengerera enyanja eno mu disitulikiti y'e Kabale mu Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Alex Muhangi]] * [[Patrick Salvador Idringi|Patrick <nowiki>''Salvado''</nowiki> Idringi]] * [[Teacher Mpamire]] == Ebujjuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210731091224/https://kansiimeanne.ug/ Official Website] Byaterekebwa nga 31 Ogwomusanvu mu 2021 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://www.youtube.com/user/KansiimeAnne/about Anne Kansiime on YouTube] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201328/http://kansiimeanne.ug/kansiime-backpackers/ Kansiime Backpackers] Byaterekebwa nga 6 Ogwekumineebiri mu 2017 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180709150053/http://kansiimeanne.ug/the-kansiime-foundation/ The Kansiime Foundation] Byaterekebwa nga 9 Ogwomusanvu mu 2018 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019015426/http://www.afrikanmbiu.com/keeping-up-with-kansiime/ Keeping Up with Kansiime] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170719053130/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Habits-that-keep-me-focused-and-effective/-/689842/2749606/-/item/0/-/11leab5z/-/index.html Kansiime’s Three Habits for Success] Byaterekebwa nga 19 Ogwomusanvu mu 2017 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [http://bigeye.ug/kansiime-anne%EF%BB%BFs-london-interview-on-the-sporah-show-video/ Kansiime Anne’s London interview on The Sporah Show (VIDEO)] [[Category:Bannakatemba]] ng0ihqlpdv9r7w7gdcaolpu0muxdyd7 64432 64429 2026-07-23T14:20:45Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Kansiime Kubiryaba Anne''' yazaalibwa 13 Ogwokuna mu1986, ng'asinga kumannyikwa nga Anne Kansiime, Munnayuganda asannyusa abantu, azannya komedi n'okuzannya ffirimu. Emikutu gya Afrika egisinga gyamukazaako erya 'Naabagereka w'Ebisesa mu Afrika".<ref name="Times">http://allafrica.com/stories/201307040088.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150204083110/http://www.cimamag.com/kansiime-anne-ugandas-queen-of-comedy/</ref><ref name="ALLAF">http://allafrica.com/stories/201412082748.html</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ebimukwatako n'okusoma kwe == Yazaalibwa mu Mparo, enaku zino gyebayita disitulikiti y'e Rukiga, mu kitundu ky'omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda. Mu kaseera beyazaalibwa, Mparo kyali kitundu ku [[Kabale|disitulikiti y'e Kabale]]. Kitaawe yali akola mu baanka, ng'ate maama we yali mukyala eyali takola ng'asiiba waka. Kansiime yasomera ku Kabale Primary School, Siniya ye ey'okuna n'ey'omukaaga yabisomera ku [[Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School]] e [[Bushenyi (disitulikit)|Bushenyi]]. Alina diguli mu bukwatagana ku bantu neebibetoloode gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]].<ref name="Times" /><ref name="MNTR">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222718/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Ann-Kansiime--The-story-of-a-funny-lucky-girl/-/689842/1694010/-/item/0/-/1np61lz/-/index.html</ref> == Okuzannya Katemba == Okutandikira mu 2007, ng<nowiki>'akyasomera ku yunivasite y'e Makerere, Kansiime yatandika okwetaba mu kuzannya katemba n'ekibiina ky'okusiteegi kyebaali bayita ''</nowiki>''Theatre Factory'',<nowiki>''</nowiki> abaazannyira nga ku Uganda National Theatre mu kibuga kya [[Kampala]] wakati. Ekibiina kino ekya Theatre Factory bwekyasaanawo, yeegata ku kyebaali bayita Fun Factory, ekyali kikididde kiri mu bigere. Ekibiina kino kizannya buli Lwakuna ekawungeezi. Obutundu obusinga okunyuma baabulaga nga ku mukutu gwa NTV Uganda mu pulogulaamu ya '<nowiki/>''Barbed Wire'' ey'oku ttivi eyakyusibwa erinya oluvannyuma nebaguyita ''U-Turn''. Yakwatagana ne Brian Mulondo nga bakola nga bakondakita ba takisi abasoya ebibuuzo mu pulogulaamu y'obutundu eyitibwa '<nowiki/>''MiniBuzz''' nga bafuna embeera gyebakubaganyako ebirowoozo nga bali n'abasaabaze.<ref name="MNTR" /> Okusinziira ku bibuuzo byebamusoya ebyakwatibwa ku butamba mu 2014, Anne yatandika okuteeka komedi we gw'azze azannya ku mukutu gwa 'YouTube'. Yafuna obuwagizi okuva mu bantu abaamuzaamu amannyi nebamukubiriza okwongerayo okuteekayo vidiyo endala. Okuvaayo kwe n'amannyikwa nnyo kwajja ku mukutu gwa Citizen TV okuva kumulirwaano e [[Kenya]] ogwamuwa akakisa k<nowiki>'okubeera ng'afulumya, azannyira n'okwolesa komedi we omulundi gumu buli wiiki. Wano weyagira pulogulaamu gyebaali bayita tozannyisa Kansiime ''</nowiki>[[:en:Don't_Mess_With_Kansiime|Don't Mess With Kansiime]]<nowiki>''</nowiki> eyali eya komedi.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20150219073057/http://naibuzz.com/2014/05/10/lillian-mulis-interview-with-anne-kansiime-on-citizen-tv-one-on-one/</ref> Okutuuka mu 2014 Ogwekuminoogumu, omukutu gwe ogwa 'YouTube' gwaali gufunye abalabi abasoba mu bukadde 15. Vidiyo zze ku 'YouTube' zifuna abalabi enkumi n'enkumi, ng'abaddeko ne ku pulogulaamu gyebayita 'BBC Focus on Africa'. Azannye katemba mu mayumba agajudde obulungi mu bitundu okuli; Blantyre, Gaborone, [[Kigali]], Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Lilongwe, London, Lusaka ne Harare.<ref name="ALLAF" /> == Ebirala by'atekako essira == [[File:Ann kansiime2.jpg|thumb|Ann Kansiime nga alimubulamu bwe ewaka]] Wadde alina emirimu gy'okuzannya katemba, Kansiime asigadde azannya katemba n'okutalaaga ng'omuzannyi wa komedi. Engeri Kansiime gy'azannyamu komedi we, esira asinga kuliteeka ku bulamu bwe obw'obuntu. " Njagala nnyo okwogera ku bintu ebigenda mu maaso mu bulamu, kubanga kibeera kigenda kubeera kyanjawulo ng'ate kyaddala.'," bw'agamba. Yafumbirwa Gerald Ojok, enzaalwa za Acholi. Mu 2017, Ogwekuminoogumu, baayawukana mu mateeka. Tebaalina baana, okutuusa mu 2015 Ogwokubiri. Mu kaseera ako, yali munteeka teeka yakumaliriza lutaambi lwaliko nnyimba z'abaana, lweyali agenda okufulumya oluvannyuma mu 2015.<ref name="ALLAF" /> == Firimu zze == {| class="wikitable" !Omwaka !Firimu oba akazannyo k'obutuundu ku ttivi !Yazannya ng'ani !Ogwali omulimu gwe |- |2018 |''Girl From Mparo''<ref>{{cite news |title=Anne Kansiime Debuts New TV Show 'Girl From Mparo|url=https://life.chimpreports.com/anne-kansiime-debuts-new-tv-show-girl-from-mparo/|access-date=13 October 2018|agency=Chimplyfe}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |Anne Kansiime |Sitcom |- |2014 |''Don't Mess With Kansiime'' |Kansiime – Protagonist | |- |2022 |Kanseeme | |Reality Show |- |2024 |Juniors Drama Club | |Sitcom |} == Engule oba Awaadi == * Yasiimbibwa mu bitiibwa aba SIIKETV Rising Star Academy Awards, the "Queen of Comedy" 2018<ref>http://www.ghafla.com/ug/remembering-the-july-11th-world-cup-bombings/s</ref> * Comedy YouTube Sub-Saharan Africa Creator Award 2016<ref>https://face2faceafrica.com/article/google-launches-youtube-sub-saharan-africa-creator-awards</ref> * Mukyala eyasinga okuzannya komedi mu 2016<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042436/http://www.accelerateyourambition.org/nail-like-anne-kansiime-career-lessons-can-learn-african-queen-comedy/</ref> * 'Teeniez Funniest Comedian' mu mwaka gwa 2016<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20170606041859/http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/buzz-teeniez-awards-2016-full-list-of-winners/</ref> * African Entertainment Awards USA, Engule y'asinga okuzannya komedi mu 2015<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004337/https://solangitube.com/watch/x3d89yk/anne-kansiime-scoops-african-entertainment-awards-usa-best-c.php</ref> * Rising Star – Omuzannyi wa komedi eyasinga mu 2015<ref>http://bigeye.ug/rising-star-awards-2015-successful-full-list-of-winners/</ref> * Engule ya African Oscar Award ku lw'omuzannyi wa komedi asinga okwagalwa mu 2015<ref>https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/showbiz/Kansiime-wins-African-Oscarfor-fauvorite-comedian/1950810-2820612-12wst46/index.html</ref> * Engule ya Nollywood & African People's Choice, ku lw'omuzannyi wa komedi eyali asinga okwagalwa mu 2015<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211029140230/https://chano8.com/anne-kansiime-wins-the-nollywood-african-peoples-choice-award-for-favorite-comedian/</ref> * YouTube silver play button 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://pctechmag.com/2015/04/youtube-rewards-anne-kansiime-following-100000-subscribers-milestone/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207181013/https://pctechmag.com/2015/04/youtube-rewards-anne-kansiime-following-100000-subscribers-milestone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AIRTEL Women of Substance Awards 2014<ref>http://bigeye.ug/top-women-receive-airtel-women-of-substance-awards/</ref> * BEFFTA 2013 (Omuzannyi wa komedi eyali asinga) Yawangula<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20211101171155/https://bigeye.ug/ugandas-anne-kansiime-and-dr-jose-chameleone-win-beffta-2013-awards-in-london/</ref> * Lagos International Festival 2013 (Omuzannyi wa katemba omukyala eyali asinga)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140522/http://kansiimeanne.ug/meeee-winner-of-the-lagos-international-film-festival-best-actress-2013-award/</ref> * Yawangula engule mu Social Media Awards (Omuntu omumannyifu eyali asinga okwagalwa)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28642:awards-honour-social-media-enthusiasts |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2021-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101171148/https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28642:awards-honour-social-media-enthusiasts |url-status=dead }}</ref> * African Social Awards Malaysia (ASAM) – 2013<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004902/http://m.howwe.biz/256/kansiime-to-scoop-award-in-malaysia.html</ref> == Okuyamba abataliiko mwasirizi == Anne Kansiime ng'ayita mu kibiina kye ekiyamba abataliiko mwasirize ekiyitibwa, 'The Kansiime Foundation', ayamba abaana abeetaaga obuyambi nga bagezi ng'abakwatirako okusigala musomero. Kati ayamba abaana abasoba mu 35 mu masomero ga pulayimale ne siniya. == Bizineensi zze == Anne Kansiime alina bizineenzi y'okwewumuzaamu. Adukanya kyebayita 'Kansiime Backpackers' esingaanibwa ku myalo gy'enyanja ya Bunyonyi, kwebalengerera enyanja eno mu disitulikiti y'e Kabale mu Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Alex Muhangi]] * [[Patrick Salvador Idringi|Patrick <nowiki>''Salvado''</nowiki> Idringi]] * [[Teacher Mpamire]] == Ebujjuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210731091224/https://kansiimeanne.ug/ Official Website] Byaterekebwa nga 31 Ogwomusanvu mu 2021 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://www.youtube.com/user/KansiimeAnne/about Anne Kansiime on YouTube] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201328/http://kansiimeanne.ug/kansiime-backpackers/ Kansiime Backpackers] Byaterekebwa nga 6 Ogwekumineebiri mu 2017 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180709150053/http://kansiimeanne.ug/the-kansiime-foundation/ The Kansiime Foundation] Byaterekebwa nga 9 Ogwomusanvu mu 2018 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019015426/http://www.afrikanmbiu.com/keeping-up-with-kansiime/ Keeping Up with Kansiime] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170719053130/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Habits-that-keep-me-focused-and-effective/-/689842/2749606/-/item/0/-/11leab5z/-/index.html Kansiime’s Three Habits for Success] Byaterekebwa nga 19 Ogwomusanvu mu 2017 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [http://bigeye.ug/kansiime-anne%EF%BB%BFs-london-interview-on-the-sporah-show-video/ Kansiime Anne’s London interview on The Sporah Show (VIDEO)] [[Category:Bannakatemba]] [[Category:Abaali basomeddeko ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abazannyi ba ffirimu mu kyasa ekya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abawandiisi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abazannya komedi]] [[Category:Abantu abava mu Disitulikiti y'e Rukiga]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu mu Bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakozesa omukutu gwa YouTube]] [[Category:Abantu abaasomesebwa ku Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazannya katemba w'okusiteegi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abawandiisi ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1986]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] bm6l7ah3czfeklff5mpfn1c9f2wk4ht 64433 64432 2026-07-23T14:21:15Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Kansiime Kubiryaba Anne''' yazaalibwa 13 Ogwokuna mu1986, ng'asinga kumannyikwa nga Anne Kansiime, Munnayuganda asannyusa abantu, azannya komedi n'okuzannya ffirimu. Emikutu gya Afrika egisinga gyamukazaako erya 'Naabagereka w'Ebisesa mu Afrika".<ref name="Times">http://allafrica.com/stories/201307040088.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150204083110/http://www.cimamag.com/kansiime-anne-ugandas-queen-of-comedy/</ref><ref name="ALLAF">http://allafrica.com/stories/201412082748.html</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ebimukwatako n'okusoma kwe == Yazaalibwa mu Mparo, enaku zino gyebayita disitulikiti y'e Rukiga, mu kitundu ky'omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda. Mu kaseera beyazaalibwa, Mparo kyali kitundu ku [[Kabale|disitulikiti y'e Kabale]]. Kitaawe yali akola mu baanka, ng'ate maama we yali mukyala eyali takola ng'asiiba waka. Kansiime yasomera ku Kabale Primary School, Siniya ye ey'okuna n'ey'omukaaga yabisomera ku [[Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School]] e [[Bushenyi (disitulikit)|Bushenyi]]. Alina diguli mu bukwatagana ku bantu neebibetoloode gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]].<ref name="Times" /><ref name="MNTR">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222718/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Ann-Kansiime--The-story-of-a-funny-lucky-girl/-/689842/1694010/-/item/0/-/1np61lz/-/index.html</ref> == Okuzannya Katemba == Okutandikira mu 2007, ng<nowiki>'akyasomera ku yunivasite y'e Makerere, Kansiime yatandika okwetaba mu kuzannya katemba n'ekibiina ky'okusiteegi kyebaali bayita ''</nowiki>''Theatre Factory'',<nowiki>''</nowiki> abaazannyira nga ku Uganda National Theatre mu kibuga kya [[Kampala]] wakati. Ekibiina kino ekya Theatre Factory bwekyasaanawo, yeegata ku kyebaali bayita Fun Factory, ekyali kikididde kiri mu bigere. Ekibiina kino kizannya buli Lwakuna ekawungeezi. Obutundu obusinga okunyuma baabulaga nga ku mukutu gwa NTV Uganda mu pulogulaamu ya '<nowiki/>''Barbed Wire'' ey'oku ttivi eyakyusibwa erinya oluvannyuma nebaguyita ''U-Turn''. Yakwatagana ne Brian Mulondo nga bakola nga bakondakita ba takisi abasoya ebibuuzo mu pulogulaamu y'obutundu eyitibwa '<nowiki/>''MiniBuzz''' nga bafuna embeera gyebakubaganyako ebirowoozo nga bali n'abasaabaze.<ref name="MNTR" /> Okusinziira ku bibuuzo byebamusoya ebyakwatibwa ku butamba mu 2014, Anne yatandika okuteeka komedi we gw'azze azannya ku mukutu gwa 'YouTube'. Yafuna obuwagizi okuva mu bantu abaamuzaamu amannyi nebamukubiriza okwongerayo okuteekayo vidiyo endala. Okuvaayo kwe n'amannyikwa nnyo kwajja ku mukutu gwa Citizen TV okuva kumulirwaano e [[Kenya]] ogwamuwa akakisa k<nowiki>'okubeera ng'afulumya, azannyira n'okwolesa komedi we omulundi gumu buli wiiki. Wano weyagira pulogulaamu gyebaali bayita tozannyisa Kansiime ''</nowiki>[[:en:Don't_Mess_With_Kansiime|Don't Mess With Kansiime]]<nowiki>''</nowiki> eyali eya komedi.<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20150219073057/http://naibuzz.com/2014/05/10/lillian-mulis-interview-with-anne-kansiime-on-citizen-tv-one-on-one/</ref> Okutuuka mu 2014 Ogwekuminoogumu, omukutu gwe ogwa 'YouTube' gwaali gufunye abalabi abasoba mu bukadde 15. Vidiyo zze ku 'YouTube' zifuna abalabi enkumi n'enkumi, ng'abaddeko ne ku pulogulaamu gyebayita 'BBC Focus on Africa'. Azannye katemba mu mayumba agajudde obulungi mu bitundu okuli; Blantyre, Gaborone, [[Kigali]], Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Lilongwe, London, Lusaka ne Harare.<ref name="ALLAF" /> == Ebirala by'atekako essira == [[File:Ann kansiime2.jpg|thumb|Ann Kansiime nga alimubulamu bwe ewaka]] Wadde alina emirimu gy'okuzannya katemba, Kansiime asigadde azannya katemba n'okutalaaga ng'omuzannyi wa komedi. Engeri Kansiime gy'azannyamu komedi we, esira asinga kuliteeka ku bulamu bwe obw'obuntu. " Njagala nnyo okwogera ku bintu ebigenda mu maaso mu bulamu, kubanga kibeera kigenda kubeera kyanjawulo ng'ate kyaddala.'," bw'agamba. Yafumbirwa Gerald Ojok, enzaalwa za Acholi. Mu 2017, Ogwekuminoogumu, baayawukana mu mateeka. Tebaalina baana, okutuusa mu 2015 Ogwokubiri. Mu kaseera ako, yali munteeka teeka yakumaliriza lutaambi lwaliko nnyimba z'abaana, lweyali agenda okufulumya oluvannyuma mu 2015.<ref name="ALLAF" /> == Firimu zze == {| class="wikitable" !Omwaka !Firimu oba akazannyo k'obutuundu ku ttivi !Yazannya ng'ani !Ogwali omulimu gwe |- |2018 |''Girl From Mparo''<ref>{{cite news |title=Anne Kansiime Debuts New TV Show 'Girl From Mparo|url=https://life.chimpreports.com/anne-kansiime-debuts-new-tv-show-girl-from-mparo/|access-date=13 October 2018|agency=Chimplyfe}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |Anne Kansiime |Sitcom |- |2014 |''Don't Mess With Kansiime'' |Kansiime – Protagonist | |- |2022 |Kanseeme | |Reality Show |- |2024 |Juniors Drama Club | |Sitcom |} == Engule oba Awaadi == * Yasiimbibwa mu bitiibwa aba SIIKETV Rising Star Academy Awards, the "Queen of Comedy" 2018<ref>http://www.ghafla.com/ug/remembering-the-july-11th-world-cup-bombings/s</ref> * Comedy YouTube Sub-Saharan Africa Creator Award 2016<ref>https://face2faceafrica.com/article/google-launches-youtube-sub-saharan-africa-creator-awards</ref> * Mukyala eyasinga okuzannya komedi mu 2016<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042436/http://www.accelerateyourambition.org/nail-like-anne-kansiime-career-lessons-can-learn-african-queen-comedy/</ref> * 'Teeniez Funniest Comedian' mu mwaka gwa 2016<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20170606041859/http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/buzz-teeniez-awards-2016-full-list-of-winners/</ref> * African Entertainment Awards USA, Engule y'asinga okuzannya komedi mu 2015<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004337/https://solangitube.com/watch/x3d89yk/anne-kansiime-scoops-african-entertainment-awards-usa-best-c.php</ref> * Rising Star – Omuzannyi wa komedi eyasinga mu 2015<ref>http://bigeye.ug/rising-star-awards-2015-successful-full-list-of-winners/</ref> * Engule ya African Oscar Award ku lw'omuzannyi wa komedi asinga okwagalwa mu 2015<ref>https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/showbiz/Kansiime-wins-African-Oscarfor-fauvorite-comedian/1950810-2820612-12wst46/index.html</ref> * Engule ya Nollywood & African People's Choice, ku lw'omuzannyi wa komedi eyali asinga okwagalwa mu 2015<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211029140230/https://chano8.com/anne-kansiime-wins-the-nollywood-african-peoples-choice-award-for-favorite-comedian/</ref> * YouTube silver play button 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://pctechmag.com/2015/04/youtube-rewards-anne-kansiime-following-100000-subscribers-milestone/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207181013/https://pctechmag.com/2015/04/youtube-rewards-anne-kansiime-following-100000-subscribers-milestone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AIRTEL Women of Substance Awards 2014<ref>http://bigeye.ug/top-women-receive-airtel-women-of-substance-awards/</ref> * BEFFTA 2013 (Omuzannyi wa komedi eyali asinga) Yawangula<ref>{{Cite web}}https://web.archive.org/web/20211101171155/https://bigeye.ug/ugandas-anne-kansiime-and-dr-jose-chameleone-win-beffta-2013-awards-in-london/</ref> * Lagos International Festival 2013 (Omuzannyi wa katemba omukyala eyali asinga)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140522/http://kansiimeanne.ug/meeee-winner-of-the-lagos-international-film-festival-best-actress-2013-award/</ref> * Yawangula engule mu Social Media Awards (Omuntu omumannyifu eyali asinga okwagalwa)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28642:awards-honour-social-media-enthusiasts |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2021-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101171148/https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28642:awards-honour-social-media-enthusiasts |url-status=dead }}</ref> * African Social Awards Malaysia (ASAM) – 2013<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004902/http://m.howwe.biz/256/kansiime-to-scoop-award-in-malaysia.html</ref> == Okuyamba abataliiko mwasirizi == Anne Kansiime ng'ayita mu kibiina kye ekiyamba abataliiko mwasirize ekiyitibwa, 'The Kansiime Foundation', ayamba abaana abeetaaga obuyambi nga bagezi ng'abakwatirako okusigala musomero. Kati ayamba abaana abasoba mu 35 mu masomero ga pulayimale ne siniya. == Bizineensi zze == Anne Kansiime alina bizineenzi y'okwewumuzaamu. Adukanya kyebayita 'Kansiime Backpackers' esingaanibwa ku myalo gy'enyanja ya Bunyonyi, kwebalengerera enyanja eno mu disitulikiti y'e Kabale mu Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Alex Muhangi]] * [[Patrick Salvador Idringi|Patrick <nowiki>''Salvado''</nowiki> Idringi]] * [[Teacher Mpamire]] == Ebujjuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210731091224/https://kansiimeanne.ug/ Official Website] Byaterekebwa nga 31 Ogwomusanvu mu 2021 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://www.youtube.com/user/KansiimeAnne/about Anne Kansiime on YouTube] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201328/http://kansiimeanne.ug/kansiime-backpackers/ Kansiime Backpackers] Byaterekebwa nga 6 Ogwekumineebiri mu 2017 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180709150053/http://kansiimeanne.ug/the-kansiime-foundation/ The Kansiime Foundation] Byaterekebwa nga 9 Ogwomusanvu mu 2018 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019015426/http://www.afrikanmbiu.com/keeping-up-with-kansiime/ Keeping Up with Kansiime] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170719053130/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Habits-that-keep-me-focused-and-effective/-/689842/2749606/-/item/0/-/11leab5z/-/index.html Kansiime’s Three Habits for Success] Byaterekebwa nga 19 Ogwomusanvu mu 2017 mu kyuma kya Wayback * [http://bigeye.ug/kansiime-anne%EF%BB%BFs-london-interview-on-the-sporah-show-video/ Kansiime Anne’s London interview on The Sporah Show (VIDEO)] [[Category:Bannakatemba]] [[Category:Abaali basomeddeko ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abazannyi ba ffirimu mu kyasa ekya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abawandiisi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abazannya komedi]] [[Category:Abantu abava mu Disitulikiti y'e Rukiga]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu mu Bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakozesa omukutu gwa YouTube]] [[Category:Abantu abaasomesebwa ku Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazannya katemba w'okusiteegi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abawandiisi ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1986]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] k21f8qk5b2x2uqx3cvq1og1fxtayk4z Annette Nkalubo 0 10180 64452 64234 2026-07-23T15:15:36Z Berniter 10779 64452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[:en:Law_Development_Centre|Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[:en:Lieutenant|lieutenant]], yaweerezako [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|ng'omubaka wa paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu UPDF. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] mynydq7v491ou9zxvo5f762kvc0467n 64455 64452 2026-07-23T15:18:22Z Berniter 10779 64455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[:en:Lieutenant|lieutenant]], yaweerezako [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|ng'omubaka wa paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu UPDF. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] 9h5orak2s72m38u4szhekaae1kuyxuk 64456 64455 2026-07-23T15:19:26Z Berniter 10779 /* Omulimu gwe */ 64456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|ng'omubaka wa paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu UPDF. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] j7e1en1tjfutoccwqi5swjdwu4znjj3 64457 64456 2026-07-23T15:19:51Z Berniter 10779 /* Omulimu gwe */ 64457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa paalamenti, akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu UPDF. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] effdvbl04dv5d9z384tbo4htbrm6u44 64458 64457 2026-07-23T15:21:01Z Berniter 10779 /* Omulimu gwe */ 64458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu UPDF. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] 31j9pitmyu1s47cwtu8h8mwwoko3xws 64462 64458 2026-07-23T15:23:35Z Berniter 10779 64462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] 0m1qndqhyqs27in5ul61si2mjwb4w5l 64463 64462 2026-07-23T15:27:32Z Berniter 10779 /* Omulimu gwe */ 64463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] py7lbwx51ahjhdculsch41ze9mkx1n9 64464 64463 2026-07-23T15:28:12Z Berniter 10779 64464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] [[Category:Abakyala abaganda]] gnpdtv8ob6myt6ayeq5qpew7o3eupe9 64465 64464 2026-07-23T15:30:13Z Berniter 10779 64465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] [[Category:Abakyala abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala ab'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri]] 352l24kfmdxjmrg1i8d088e3kto9ov8 64466 64465 2026-07-23T15:32:51Z Berniter 10779 64466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] [[Category:Abakyala abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala ab'ekyasa ky'amakumi abiri mu kimu]] 7u3h1z9tyof3gv69ggu8u77oryqiyed 64467 64466 2026-07-23T15:33:33Z Berniter 10779 64467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] [[Category:Abakyala abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala ab'ekyasa ky'amakumi abiri mu kimu]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] ltspzyvx3j9zwfsv31zxqqrwh84g5pu 64469 64467 2026-07-23T15:40:16Z Berniter 10779 64469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] [[Category:Abakyala abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala ab'ekyasa ky'amakumi abiri mu kimu]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] [[Category:Abantu abava mu kitundu kya masekkati ga Uganda.]] ar7yb35qtdtmszs471rvy70pgalgub4 64470 64469 2026-07-23T15:40:52Z Berniter 10779 64470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Colonel]] '''Annette Nkalubo''', munayuganda musirikale mukungu wa magye ga Uganda omukulu.Ye mukyala omujaasi ali ku ddaala ery'okubiri mu ggye lya Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF).<ref name="Top">{{cite web |last=Kaasira |first=Risdel |date=1 January 2013 |title=90 UPDF soldiers get promotion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/90-UPDF-soldiers-get-promotion/688334-1654982-jdkrahz/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma == Nkalubo alina Ddiguli esooka mu mateeka okuva mu yunivasite y'e Makerere, era alina ne Dipulooma mu mateeka okuva mu [[Law Development Centre]], mu Kampala.<ref name="Her">{{cite web |last=Anne Mugisa |first=and Hillary Kiirya |date=16 June 2005 |title=New army MP elected |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1123128/army-mp-elected |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Omulimu gwe == Nkalubo, ng'ali ku mutendera ogwa [[lieutenant]], yaweerezako ng'omubaka wa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|paalamenti]], akiikirira UPDF mu paalamenti ey'omukaaga (1996 okutuuka mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 1998|accessdate=1 November 2017|title=Workshop Wants Talks With Rebels|url=http://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/national-news/131-uganda-workshop-wants-talks-with-rebels-talks|newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|format=Archived from the original|first=Josephine|last=Maseruka|location=Kampala|publisher=[[Vision Group]]}}</ref> Yakuzibwa okuva ku ddaala lya meja n'afuuka luteenanti colonel  mu Gwekkumi  2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vision Reporter |date=28 October 2008 |title=UPDF needs more female officers |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1178109/updf-female-officers |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Vision Group]] |location=Kampala |newspaper=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> Mu 2010, nga ali ku ddaala lya lieutenant colonel,yaweereza okumala ekiseera mu [[kitongole ky'Amawanga amagatte]] (United Nations).<ref>{{cite web |last=Emmanuel Gyezaho |first=and Evelyn Lirri |date=9 March 2010 |title=Gender imbalance still plagues government |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/875764/-/item/1/-/6sg7wyz/-/index.html |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mu Ogw'Okusatu 2011, Annette Nkalubo, ng'ali ku kifo ekya lieutenant colonel, yaweerezako nga dayirekita w'ensonga z'abakyala mu [[UPD]]F. <ref name="Move">{{cite web |author=Monitor Staff |date=8 March 2011 |title=Today's Uganda top fifty women movers |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1120990-ap66lmz/index.html |accessdate=24 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref>Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2013,yalinnyisibwa eddaala okuva ku lya lieutenant colonel okutuuka ku colonel, ekyamufuula omukyala ow'okubiri mu magye okuba n'eddaala erisingayo obunene, ng'ali emabega wa [[Major General]] [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]]. == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwokusatu 2011, y'omu kubalondebwa ku "Bakyala ba Uganda atano abakoleredde ennyo e ggwanga ", mu kiseera ekyo. == Laba ne == * [[Proscovia Nalweyiso]] * [[:en:Flavia_Byekwaso|Flavia Byekwaso]] * [[:en:Edith_Nakalema|Edith Nakalema]] * [[:en:Rebecca_Mpagi|Rebecca Mpagi]] * [[:en:Christine_Nyangoma|Christine Nyangoma]] * [[:en:Naomi_Karungi|Naomi Karungi]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Daredevil-women-on-the-frontline-in-Somalia/689842-1965744-7ppl7f/index.html Abakyala ab'obuvumu mu Somalia] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201610311208.html Uganda: UPDF yannyonnyola nti abakazi batono nnyo abaayingizibwa mu magye] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Army-Spokesman-Ankunda-dropped-Nalweyiso-Major-General/688334-3515976-trb16bz/index.html Kulayigye, Ankunda yaggyibwawo nga Nalweyiso afuuka Major General] [[Category:Abakyala abaganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala ab'ekyasa ky'amakumi abiri mu kimu]] [[Category:Abantu Abaganda]] [[Category:Abantu abava mu kitundu kya masekkati ga Uganda.]] [[Category:Abajaasi ba Uganda]] hwpydjl3ywp1bm31e2bz19lq5b4j3z6 Aisa Black Agaba 0 10454 64544 61203 2026-07-23T19:22:05Z Kisakye Jane 9195 Ntaddemu category 64544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agaba Aisa Black''' [[:en:Uganda|Munnayuganda]], [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] era [[:en:Legislator|mubaka wa Palamenti]]. Akiikirira abantu b’e Bugangaizi ow'ebuvanjuba mu Disitulikiti y’e Kakumiro ng’omukiise wa konsityutyuwensi (MP) mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|palamenti ya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agaba Aisa - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/agaba-aisa-7413/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tushabe |first=Nasa |date=2021-01-18 |title=Full List of Winners and Losers of 2021 Member of Parliament Elections |url=https://pearlpost.co.ug/news/politics/list-of-winners-and-losers-of-2021-member-of-parliament-elections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308132912/https://pearlpost.co.ug/news/politics/list-of-winners-and-losers-of-2021-member-of-parliament-elections/ |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Pearl Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Hon. Agaba Aisa taking parliamentary oaths|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFKKFDuaYnw|language=en|access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament Swearing in Day two: who is on the list |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407092227/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102763 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Bukedde |language=en}}</ref> == Obuvo == Agaba mmemba mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]] (NRM) ekibiina ekikulemberwa [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] pulezidenti wa Uganda. Yawangula eyali omubaka wa Palamenti Twinamatsiko Onesmus mu kamyuufu ka NRM ne mu kulonda kwa Uganda okwabonna okwa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AISA AGABA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, BUGANGAIZI EAST |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=2890 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakumiro records high voter turnout |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1526636 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tumusiime |first=Alex |title=Chaos As Kibaale NRM Results Are Announced |url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/chaos-as-kibaale-nrm-results-are-announced |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Battleground constituencies to watch in NRM primaries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/battleground-constituencies-to-watch-in-nrm-primaries-1928634 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Emirimu == Mu palamenti ya Uganda, Agaba aweereza ku bukiiko bubiri okuli akakwata ku by'okuzimba n’eby’enfuna by’eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AISA AGABA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, BUGANGAIZI EAST |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=2890 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[:en:Uganda Women Parliamentary Association|Uganda Women Parliamentary Association]] * [[Susan Jolly Abeja]] * [[Bako Christine Abia]] * [[Dorcus Acen]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi abakyala]] dx2n2xd1vzkoqstnxdkogadpdprlc42 Nakasero Market 0 11013 64595 44253 2026-07-24T11:19:56Z Halimah Nampiima 11015 Ngaseeko Databox 64595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akatale ka Nakasero''' oba '''Nakasero Market''' kamu ku butale mu [[Kampala]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]], akasangibwa wansi w’olusozi Nakasero. Mu katale kano mutundibwamu emmere ensu nga yakava mu nnimiro, engoye, engatto, ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze n'ebirala. <ref>[http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/nakasero-hill.html Uganda Travel Guide]</ref> Akatale ka Nakasero ka}}sangibwa mita 50 okuva ku luguudo Entebbe Road mu kibuga kampala wakati. kano era kekamu ku butale obusinga obunene mu kibuga Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.pulse.ug/lifestyle/top-5-famous-markets-in-kampala-and-what-they-are-famous-for/6wfx6tb |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2024-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918130124/https://www.pulse.ug/lifestyle/top-5-famous-markets-in-kampala-and-what-they-are-famous-for/6wfx6tb |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Akatale ka [[:en:Nakasero|Nakasero]] kaatandika mu mwaka 1895 nga kasooka kubeera mu [[:en:Lubiri|Lubiri]] . Oluvannyuma mu 1905, Akatale kano kaasengulwa n'ekajjibwa mu lubiri nekatwaliibwa mu kitundu ekiyitibwa Kagugube okumpi ne Makerere era wano nga kaali mu kyangaala kuba ekifo ekyo tekyali kizimbe<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livinginkampala.com/area-guides/living-in-nakasero/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925225913/https://www.livinginkampala.com/area-guides/living-in-nakasero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oluvannyuma akatale kajjibwa e Kagugube mu mwaka 1927 nekateekebwa wakati mu kibuga Kampala wekali ne leero era ke katale akasinga obukadde mu kibuga [[Kampala]]. <ref name=":0">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291531381</ref> Mu katale ka Nakasero mukolerwamu abantu abasoba mu 10,000 abakola emirimu egyenjawulo omuli obusuubuzi bwebyamaguzi, abatessi b'emigugu, abasabaaza abantu, abawooza b'omusolo nabalala era nga bano ba mu bitundu bya Uganda ebyenjawulo kwossa naabo abava mu mawanga g'obuvanjuba bwa [[Afirika]] .<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|issue=86–94}}</ref> == Enzimba == Akatale ka Nakasero kaawuddwamu ebitundu bibiri;waliwo ekitundu ekitali kizimbe era nga wano abasuubuzi batuula mu bu manvuli nebanjala ebyamaguzi byabwe nga ebiseera ebisinga biba birime nga enyanya, obutunda entula, nebirala. Mu kitundu ekirala ekyakatale kano abasuubuzi bakolera mu kizimbe ekikadde era nga bano abasinga batunda bintu byeyambisibwa mu kuzimba, engoye, ebintu ebyettanirwa abalambuzi nebirala ebiringa ebyo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/nakasero-market/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214193819/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/nakasero-market/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Obwannannyini == Akatale ka Nakasero kaddukanyizibwa kampuni eyitibwa Nakasero Market Vendors and Traders Association, Ltd.<ref>https://diiuganda.org/nakasero-market/</ref> == Ebyamaguzi ebitundibwa mu katale e Nakasero == * [[:en:Fruits|Ebibala]] * [[Enva|Enva endirwa]] * [[:en:Meat|Ennyama]] * [[:en:Poultry|Ebinyonyi]] * Eby’okwambala * Ebyamasanyalaze * [[Matoke|Matooke]] * [[:en:Egg_(food)|Amaji]] * [[:en:Coffee|Emmwanyi]] * [[:en:Spices|Ebirungo ebikozesebwa mu kufumba]] == Ebiwandiiko ebijuliziddwa == 1433fl0tmsxhvk0cyxkk4tjpq6ke07o Lepono Ndhlovu 0 11421 64543 39230 2026-07-23T19:19:10Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] b1ddbrs58hz0hsretbo4vhdqn9lxhfj 64545 64543 2026-07-23T19:30:22Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 5kw46vciy1zczbh9nf06gi9lekhcdp0 64546 64545 2026-07-23T19:32:48Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] cl2ta2rxnxgc1x983jpwl7lig7i7jf5 64547 64546 2026-07-23T19:34:09Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] in010xayutos9wijq75225mkal1kfew 64548 64547 2026-07-23T19:48:05Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] jbcwvr5vo0aeyzw3fwcxxcykrsq0l95 64549 64548 2026-07-23T19:50:09Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] ptq98z2rkqy3ephawxlymoa11s61712 64550 64549 2026-07-23T19:51:22Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] o92yksrkbo6htqib1tg0jx8yi93tr3j 64551 64550 2026-07-23T19:57:59Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] nzqzmkxxlmjoccfs0oeu8rvzr471inh 64552 64551 2026-07-23T19:58:49Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] bisnv33ryygjq6g67em80xpjhi4me15 64553 64552 2026-07-23T19:59:07Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64553 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 3c8bd62x3hdlkb4dkbr7km8anixg9mg 64554 64553 2026-07-23T20:05:07Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] qsqwmmnsammejt5jp8qs2i28naccjbk 64555 64554 2026-07-23T20:05:23Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Ekitiibwa == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 6jy7q7s41v2manxqzb28augfpc79gq9 64558 64555 2026-07-23T20:12:42Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 36krl0f5faqvvk8wxdxav3p4ewebbny 64559 64558 2026-07-23T20:12:53Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 8kiihcsoedknpmxnrqxg0egu8csbo42 64560 64559 2026-07-23T20:14:16Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] a7x0qkutnquz1qyufm317yiuwh7b6qp 64561 64560 2026-07-23T20:14:53Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] avo64ymdldgn43rj2pl1nv4pn0rdcbq 64562 64561 2026-07-23T20:15:13Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 98hdy7zif68wsxax7uqls1wpxuho2ue 64563 64562 2026-07-23T20:16:06Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 837u9wp48csdmhotzcnjfvkci1fhj0a 64564 64563 2026-07-23T20:16:36Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] slmb8xegsvw6mha1c3emxzt6ykce9l5 64565 64564 2026-07-23T20:17:16Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004071|Lepono Ndhlovu]]" 64565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 768ry9skhus3q4b4fmnmoax8z9d40iu 64566 64565 2026-07-23T20:21:54Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 added [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 64566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] g43bhaxkox7ic9w3sutyks9x3c5umho 64567 64566 2026-07-23T20:22:36Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 added [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 64567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] 1xk9bbmq7hfriqg7u4we6tgavh93vwq 64568 64567 2026-07-23T20:24:20Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 added [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 64568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html "Lepono Ndhlovu"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] r54dbb3m6g8y9opsfmnclxicvwrfejd 64570 64568 2026-07-23T20:26:55Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Nterezezza ekijulizo 64570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio" /> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml "Ugandan Designations"]. ''Cricket Europe''. Archived from [https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml the original] on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] htrh9i63yfeblmat609ao7brjor13iv 64571 64570 2026-07-23T20:27:41Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Nterezezza ekijulizo 64571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm "Ugandan Designations"]. ''cricketeuropearchive.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio" /> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1" /> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] o6xdysa3gmktvtrse514hrbqx04zjje 64572 64571 2026-07-23T20:28:37Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Nterezezza ekijulizo 64572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0" /> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0" /> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio" /> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1" /> == Laba ne == * Cricket in Uganda * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * Uganda national cricket team * ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] kfzmn9bl3lf3tb2p7r5ahuttqqtb2ke 64575 64572 2026-07-23T20:31:03Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Nterezezza empandiika 64575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lepono Ndhlovu''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986), era amanyiddwa nga '''Abram Mutyagaba''', [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Munnayuganda]] eyali omuzannyi wa cricket.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221453.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo ate ng’omukwasi wa wicket oluusi. Ndhlovu yakiikirira ttiimu ya [[Uganda]] ey’eggwanga eya cricket, omuli n’empaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 . Ng’oggyeeko okuzannya ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna, yazannya cricket mu mpaka za first-class ne List A mu [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okumala emyaka kkumi, n’azannya emipiira egisukka mu 120 mu mpaka z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201133819/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Cricket Europe}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Designations |url=https://cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES8/articles/000028/002831.shtml?utm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lepono Ndhlovu Overview {{!}} Batting Bowling Stats - Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’ebyafaayo == Ndhlovu yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogwokubiri 1986 mu kibuga [[Jinja]] ,[[Uganda]] . Amanyiddwa mu likodi za cricket mu mannya gombi_ Lepono Ndhlovu ne Abram Mutyagaba _ olw’engeri likodi z’amazaalibwa ge n’okuzannya gye zaawandiikibwa mu mawanga ag’enjawulo ne mu database.<ref name=":0" /> == Okuzannyira ewaka ne South Afrika == Lepono Ndhlovu omulimu gwe ogw’okuzannya cricket yagukulaakulanyiza mu [[South Africa]], gye yatandikira okuzannya cricket na b'emyaka gye mu Notherns, ttiimu y’essaza mu mpaka z’awaka. Nga wayiseewo akaseera katono, yasooka okuzannya mu bakulu mu 2005 ku myaka 19, ne y'enyweza ng’omuzannyi owa bulijjo mu sizoni eziwerako ezaddirira. Mu kiseera kye yamala e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] yalabikira mu nzannya zonna, omuli empaka za first-class, List A, n'emizannyo gya domestic T20, ku ttiimu nga Northerns, Titans, Pretoria University, n’oluvannyuma KwaZula-Natal Inland.<ref name=":0" /> Ebyava mu Cricket Archive n’emikutu gy’okulondoola abazannyi biraga nti Ndhlovu yazannya emipiira egisoba mu 120 mu mpaka za [[South Africa]] ne z’awaka wakati wa 2005 ne 2015, ng’alabikira mu mizannyo gya first-class n’egya List A. == Okuzannyira ku ddaala ly’ensi yonna == Ndhlovu yasooka okuzannyira ku ddaala ly'ensi yonna mu [[Uganda]] oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya ebbanga, ng’akiikirira eggwanga lye enzaalwa mu mpaka ennene eza ICC . Yali ku ttiimu ya Uganda mu mpaka za ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier eza 2014 ezaategekebwa mu New Zealand, empaka ezirimu amawanga agakolagana nga gavuganya okuyitamu okugenda mu mpaka za Cricket World Cup 2015. Mu mpaka ezo yalabikira mu mipiira mingi, omuli n’okuteeba emipiira 16 ku [[Nepal]] mu mupiira gw’ekibinja. Wadde [[Uganda]] teyayitamu kuzannya World Cup ya 2015, Ndhlovu okuyingizibwa mu ttiimu n’okwetaba mu mpaka z’okusunsulamu biraga nti y’omu ku bazannyi ba Cricket mu [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]] abakulembedde mu mulembe gwe. == Omusono gw’okuzannya == Ndhlovu yasiimibwa ng’omuteebi ow’omukono ogwa ddyo asobola okuddukira mu makkati era ng’omuzannyi akyukakyuka ng’alina obumanyirivu mu kukuba n’okukuuma wiiketi oluusi mu myaka gy'eyazannyira awaka mu South Afrika. Olukalala lwa ggoolo okuva mu mizannyo gya [[:category:Abantu ba Uganda|Uganda]], gamba nga World Cup Qualifier za 2014 - zimulaga nga yateebera [[Uganda]] mu mpaka za ‘associate-level one-day cricket'.<ref name="bio" /> == Omukululo == Enzannya ya Lepono Ndhlovu eraga ekyokulabirako ky’ekkubo ly’omuzannyi wa cricket ow’eggwanga eyazimba obukugu bwe mu kuzannyira awaka ([[South Africa]]) nga tannakiikirira ggwanga lye ku mutendera gw’ensi yonna. Obutuuze bwe obw’emirundi ebiri mu likodi, nga Lepono Ndhlovu mu South Afrika ne Abram Mutyagaba mu Uganda, nsonga ya njawulo mu bifo ebitereka amawulire agakwata ku cricket era kireese obuzibu bw’okulondoola abazannyi mu nkola z’ensi yonna n’ez’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name=":1" /> == Laba ne == * [[Raymond Otim]] * [[Joel Olwenyi]] * [[Robinson Obuya]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/patrick-ochan-26147 Omuzannyi wa Cricket Uganda] * [https://www.play-cricket.com/ Play Cricket] [[Category:Bannayuganda abazanyi ba cricket]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Jinja]] [[Category:Bannabyamizannyo ab'ekyasa kya 21]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda]] l8aqyyw02x8i74i1wsr5cetlfwp911z Emmanuel Lumu 0 11500 64557 64313 2026-07-23T20:11:03Z Halimah Nampiima 11015 Ngasseeko amaatuluba 64557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Bijjugo Sajjalyabene Lumu''' (Omwezi ogwokubiri 1916 – 11 Omwezi ogwekumi n'ebiri 2019) yali munnayuganda omusawo era munnabyabufuzi . == Obuto bwe == Emmanuel Bijjugo Sajjalyabene Lumu yazaalibwa mu gwakubiri mu 1916 mu Komamboga mu Uganda. Yeeyali omwana ow'omukaaga ku baana ekkumi aba Mikaili Sajjalyabene ne Hannah Nalwoga. Oluvannyuma lw’okufuna okusoma kwe okw'omutendera ogusooka , Lumu yeewandiisa mu [[King's College, Budo|King’s College, Budo]] mu 1933. Mu 1938, yeewandiisa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite ya Makerere]] . Wadde yayagala kusoma bwa yinginiya, Lumu yateekebwa mu bbanguliro ly'abasawo. Mu nkukutu yagendanga mu bibiina by'obwa yinginiya bweyali tannakwatibwa abaddukanya emirimu. Ng'atikkiddwa mu 1945 ne ddiguli mu busawo, yaweereza emyaka ebiri ng’omuyizi atendekebwa bweyali tannaweebwa mulimu ku [[:en:Arua_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'Arua]] ng'omusawo omuyambi. Yazzaako okukolera ku ddwaaliro e [[Gulu]] n’oluvannyuma [[Mulago National Specialised Hospital|mu ddwaaliro ly'e Mulago]] mu Kampala.<ref name="lubegalegacy2">{{cite news|last=Lubega|first=Henry|title=Uganda’s pioneer Health minister Dr Lumu leaves a lasting legacy|newspaper=Daily Monitor|date=December 13, 2019|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-s-pioneer-health-minister-dr-lumu-leaves-a-lasting-legacy-1864584|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’ebyobufuzi == Lumu yaweereza ng'omubaka ku lukiiko lwa 1961 olwa [[:en:Ugandan_Constitutional_Conference|ssemateeka wa Uganda]] . Yalondebwa okugenda mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|paalamenti ya Uganda]] mu 1962 mu kifo ekikiikirira Kyadondo. Ng'ebula mbale Uganda efune obwetwaze, olukiiko lw'eggwanga lwalonda Lumu okukulembera minisitule y'eggwanga ey'ebyobulamu. Lumu yateebereza nga omukwano gwe ne Kabaka wa Buganda, [[Ssekabaka Mutesa II|Mutesa II]], gwagatta ku kulondebwa kwe.<ref name="musoke">{{cite news|last=Musoke|first=Kizito|title=Lumu headed the best ever health system in Uganda|newspaper=New Vision|date=16 April 2012|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511884/lumu-headed-health-uganda|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> N'obwetwaze bwa Uganda, Lumu yafuuka minisita w'ebyobulamu mu kabineti ya ssaabaminisita [[Milton Obote]] . Yateeka essira ku kukola enteekateeka y’eggwanga namutaayiika ey’okugaziya obuweereza bw'ebyobulamu mu ggwanga lyonna. Ng'okusinga yeesigamye ku bakozi abakugu, yatumbula enteekateeka y’okutondawo amalwaliro mu bitundu agasindikibwa abalwadde abajulidde mu bbanga lya myaka 10.<ref name="musoke2">{{cite news|last=Musoke|first=Kizito|title=Lumu headed the best ever health system in Uganda|newspaper=New Vision|date=16 April 2012|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511884/lumu-headed-health-uganda|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda's first health minister passes on|newspaper=New Vision|date=11 December 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1511881/ugandas-health-minister-passes-away|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Nga 25 Omwezi ogwoluberyeberye 1971, [[:en:1971_Ugandan_coup_d'état|Idi Amin yateekateeka okuwamba]] ,n’amamulako Obote n’eyeddiza obuyinza .<ref>{{cite news|title=Dark memories of 1966 evoked as family, friends celebrate Dr. Lumu’s life|newspaper=The Independent|agency=Uganda Radio Network|date=13 December 2019|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/dark-memories-of-1966-evoked-as-family-friends-celebrate-dr-lumus-life/|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>Yayimbula Lumu wamu n'abasibe b'ebyobufuzi abalala 54 oluvannyuma lw'ennaku ssatu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda's first health minister passes on|newspaper=New Vision|date=11 December 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1511881/ugandas-health-minister-passes-away|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> == Obulamu obw’oluvannyuma == Oluvanyuma lw’okuyimbulwa mu kkomera, Lumu yaggulawo akalwaliro mu Mengo Kisenyi, ke yaddukanya okutuusa mu 1996. Okumala ekiseera yaddukanya ne galagi eyazzangawo n’okuddaabiriza mmotoka enkadde.<ref name="lubegalegacy3">{{cite news|last=Lubega|first=Henry|title=Uganda’s pioneer Health minister Dr Lumu leaves a lasting legacy|newspaper=Daily Monitor|date=December 13, 2019|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-s-pioneer-health-minister-dr-lumu-leaves-a-lasting-legacy-1864584|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Okulumirizibwa nti yafuna eby'obugagga mu ngeri etali mu mateeka mu disitulikiti za Kampala ne Mukono byamuleetera okuyitibwa okuwa obujulizi mu kakiiko k’ebyettaka mu 2018 mu kulabikako kwe okwasembayo mu lujjudde.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dark memories of 1966 evoked as family, friends celebrate Dr. Lumu’s life|newspaper=The Independent|agency=Uganda Radio Network|date=13 December 2019|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/dark-memories-of-1966-evoked-as-family-friends-celebrate-dr-lumus-life/|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda's first health minister passes on|newspaper=New Vision|date=11 December 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1511881/ugandas-health-minister-passes-away|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Ng'abomumaka ge bakyakola enteekateeka okujaguza amazaalibwa ge ag’emyaka 104, Lumu yalwala bweyafuna ekifuba ekikololwa ne lubyamira naafa nga 11 Omwezi ogwekkumi n'ebiri 2019 mu maka ge e Bakuli, mu ggombolola y’e Rubaaga mu Kampala.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda's first health minister passes on|newspaper=New Vision|date=11 December 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1511881/ugandas-health-minister-passes-away|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} # {{cite news|last=Lubega|first=Henry|title=Uganda’s pioneer Health minister Dr Lumu leaves a lasting legacy|newspaper=Daily Monitor|date=December 13, 2019|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-s-pioneer-health-minister-dr-lumu-leaves-a-lasting-legacy-1864584|access-date=12 February 2024}} # {{cite news|last=Musoke|first=Kizito|title=Lumu headed the best ever health system in Uganda|newspaper=New Vision|date=16 April 2012|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511884/lumu-headed-health-uganda|access-date=12 February 2024}} # {{cite news|title=Dark memories of 1966 evoked as family, friends celebrate Dr. Lumu’s life|newspaper=The Independent|agency=Uganda Radio Network|date=13 December 2019|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/dark-memories-of-1966-evoked-as-family-friends-celebrate-dr-lumus-life/|access-date=13 February 2024}} # {{cite news|title=Uganda's first health minister passes on|newspaper=New Vision|date=11 December 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1511881/ugandas-health-minister-passes-away|access-date=13 February 2024}} == Emirimu ejijuliziddwa == * {{Cite book |last=Otunnu |first=Ogenga |date=2016 |title=Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZDLDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319331560}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] [[Category:Baminista bebyobulamu mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abasawo b'ekyasa ekya'makumi abiri]] 7zpgjwsr26whq22okhrzmanbe1alryc Air Uganda 0 11694 64538 41010 2026-07-23T19:05:35Z Kisakye Jane 9195 nterezezaamu mu kiwandiiko era ntaddemu ettuluba 64538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Meridiana Africa Airlines (Uganda) Limited''', ekozesa elinnya '''Air Uganda''',<ref name="government">{{Cite web |last=Thome |first=Wolfgang |date=3 February 2013 |title=Uganda Government Considering Stake In Air Uganda |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/33326/uganda-government-considering-stake-air-uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812132741/http://www.eturbonews.com/33326/uganda-government-considering-stake-air-uganda |archive-date=2014-08-12 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=eTN Global Travel Industry News}}</ref> yali kkampuni y'obwannannyini mu [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2007 okutuuka mu 2014. Yayimiriza emirimu gyayo ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku nnyonyi mu Uganda ekya [[:en:Uganda_Civil_Aviation_Authority|Uganda Civil Aviation Authority]] (UCAA) bwe kyasazaamu [[:en:Air_operator's_certificate|satifikeeti eyali esobozesa ekitongole kino okudukanya emilimu gy'akyo]] .<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657710-air-uganda-suspends-operations.html</ref> Air Uganda yali emanyiddwa nnyo [[:en:National_airline|ng'ennyonyi y'eggwanga]] okuva [[:en:Uganda_Airlines_(1976–2001)|Uganda Airlines]] lwe yagwa mu Gwokutaano 2001.<ref name="domestic">https://web.archive.org/web/20111122163352/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/30185-Air-Uganda-to-begin-domestic-flights.html</ref> Ekitebe kyayo ekikulu kisangibwa mu [[:en:Kampala|Kampala]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070912/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/672433</ref> ng'emirimu gy'akyo gidukanyizibwa ku [[:en:Entebbe_International_Airport|kisaawe ky'ennyonyi Entebbe]], Air Uganda yakozesa obunnyonyi bussatu okudukanya engendo z'ennyonyi ezaali zitegekeddwa wakati wa [[:en:Entebbe|Entebbe]] n'ebifo eby'enjawulo mu [[:en:Eastern_Africa|Buvanjjuba]] [[:en:Central_Africa|n'emasekkati ga Afrika]] . == Ebyafaayo == Air Uganda yatandikibwawo mu 2007 era n’etandika okuteekateeka engendo z'ennyonyi ez’obusuubuzi nga 15 Ogwekkuminogumu 2007.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140811013347/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article24756</ref> Yatambuza abasaabaze abasoba mu 70,000 mu myezi kkumi n’ebiri egyasooka, ng’omugugu gwa bitundu 70 ku buli 100 wakati wa Entebbe ne [[:en:Juba,_South_Sudan|Juba, South Sudan]] . Omugugu wakati wa Entebbe ne [[:en:Nairobi|Nairobi]] gwali wakati wa bitundu 60 ku 100 mu mwaka ogwasooka nga bakola.<ref>Wakabi, Michael (7 November 2008).</ref> Mu mweezi ena egisembayo mu 2011, Air Uganda yalangirira enteekateeka z’okutandika empeereza n'entambula z’omunda mu ggwanga mu 2012. Kino kyali kyetaagisa kkampuni eno okufuna ennyonyi ezisaanira okuweereza akatale k’omunda mu ggwanga.<ref name="domestic"/> Mu 2012, Air Uganda yatandika okwekolera emirimu gyaayo mu kifo kyayo ekikulu ku kisaawe ky’ennyonyi Entebbe era n’ekkirizibwa okukola ku kkampuni endala yonna eyali ekozesa empeereza yaayo ey’okudukanya emirimu gy'ennyonyi. Enkola eno yawonya kkampuni y’ennyonyi eno waakiri ddoola za Amerika 700,000 buli mwaka.<ref>Wakabi, Michael (20 November 2011).</ref><ref>Thome, Wolfgang (11 December 2011).</ref> Mu Gwekkuminebiri 2013, kkampuni eno yaweza emyaka mukaaga bukya etandikibwawo. Mu kiseera ekyo, ye kampuni y’ennyonyi ya Uganda yokka eyalina layisinsi okuva mu kitongole kya UCAA okutambuza ennyonyi ezitegekebwa buli kiseera okugenda mu mawanga ag’omuliraano.<ref>Thome, Wolfgang (16 November 2013).</ref> Mu Gwokutaano 2014, Air Uganda yafuuka mmemba omujjuvu mu kibiina ekigatta ennyonyi ekya [[:en:African_Airlines_Association|African Airlines Association]], ekibiina ky’ebyobusuubuzi eky’amakolero gano ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>http://www.eturbonews.com/46062/air-uganda-joins-african-airline-association-iata-next</ref> Mu mwezi gwe gumu, kkampuni y'ennyonyi eno yakkirizibwa mu kibiina ekigatta entambula y'ennyonyi mu nsi yona ekya[[:en:International_Air_Transport_Association|International Air Transport Association]] .<ref>http://www.eturbonews.com/46174/air-uganda-joins-iata</ref> Nga 17 Ogwomusanvu 2014, Air Uganda yayimiriza emirimu ekiseera ekitali kigere oluvannyuma lw’abaagiwa layisinsi, UCAA, okugwa mu buzibu. UCAA yali eremereddwa okubalirira eby’okwerinda okwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekivunaanyizibwa ku by'ennyonyi ekya [[:en:International_Civil_Aviation_Organization|International Civil Aviation Organisation]] mu Gwomukaaga 2014, ekyaviirako UCAA okuggyayo layisinsi ze yali ewadde abaddukanya ennyonyi.<ref>Juma, Victor (21 July 2014).</ref> Mu kiseera ekyo, Air Uganda yagamba yali etebereza okudamu okufuna satifikeeti yaayo oluvanyuma lwa wiiki entono era nti abapangisa baali bazzeemu okuyita ennyonyi zaabwe, ne kiggulilawo eddirisa eri kkampuni endala ezitwala ennyonyi okufuna abasaabaze mu bitundu byekolelamu. == Ensonga z’ebitongole == === Obwannannyini ne kkampuni ezikwatagana nayo === Kkampuni y’ennyonyi eya Meridiana Africa Airlines (Uganda) Limited yonna yali ya kkampuni ya Celestair Group, nga nayo ya kkampuni ya [[:en:Aga_Khan_Fund_for_Economic_Development|Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development]] (AKFED). AKFED era efuga [[:en:Air_Burkina|Air Burkina]] ne [[:en:Air_Mali_(2005)|Air Mali]], ennyonyi z’eggwanga eza [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] ne [[:en:Mali|Mali]], era erina obwagazi mu Bulaaya mu [[:en:Meridiana|Meridiana]] .<ref name="ownership">{{Cite web |url=http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-08-28 |archive-date=2013-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830064453/http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Emitendera gya bizinensi === Olw’okuba yali kkampuni ya bwannannyini, lipoota z’omwaka eza Air Uganda tezaafulumizibwa. Mu butabeerawo buno, amawulire amatono agaafunikwa geegano wano wamanga; {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! style="background: #472c15;" | ! style="background: #472c15;" |<span style="color:white;">2008</span> ! style="background: #472c15;" | <span style="color:white;">2009</span> ! style="background: #472c15;" | <span style="color:white;">2010</span> ! style="background: #472c15;" | <span style="color:white;">2011</span> ! style="background: #472c15;" | <span style="color:white;">2012</span> ! style="background: #472c15;" | <span style="color:white;">2013. Omuwandiisi w’ebitabo</span> |- | Enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- | Amagoba | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- | Omuwendo gw’abakozi | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | 180. Ebiragiro ! align="center" | |- | Omuwendo gw'abasaabaze (000s) . | align="center" | 70 | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | 155. Ebiragiro ! align="center" | 170. Ebiragiro |- | Omuwendo gw’omugugu gw’abasaabaze (%) . | align="center" | Ebitundu 65% | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- | Omuwendo gw’ennyonyi (ku nkomerero y’omwaka) . | align="center" | 3. 3. | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | 4. 4. ! align="center" | 3. 3. |- | <small>''Ebiwandiiko/ensonda''</small> | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Uganda flies high on code sharing deals |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/index.php/business/business-news/54-business-news/1531-air-uganda-flies-high-on-code-sharing-deals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217010655/http://www.independent.co.ug/index.php/business/business-news/54-business-news/1531-air-uganda-flies-high-on-code-sharing-deals |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref> | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Brochure |url=http://www.air-uganda.com/news/06/12/digital-brochure |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911055743/http://www.air-uganda.com/news/06/12/digital-brochure |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=CAPA |first=Aviation Analysis |date=1 August 2013 |title=Uganda Plans To Relaunch Uganda Airlines And Invest USD400 Million In Airport Developments |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/uganda-plans-to-relaunch-uganda-airlines-and-invest-usd400-million-in-airport-developments-121503 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=CAPA Centre for Aviation & Innovata}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> <ref>https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Three-airlines-suspend-flights-in-Uganda-over-licences-/-/2558/2357164/-/baqpam/-/index.html</ref> ! align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisman-Reynard |first=Hannah |date=2013 |title=Air Uganda |url=http://www.africaoutlookmag.com/content/air-uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729010441/http://www.africaoutlookmag.com/content/air-uganda |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |publisher=Africa Outlook |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |} == Ebifo we bagenda == === Endagaano z’emigabo gya koodi n’enkolagana === Mu kitundu ekyokubiri ekya 2008, Air Uganda yassa omukono ku ndagaano za codeshare ne [[:en:Air_Tanzania|Air Tanzania]] ku kisaawe ky’ennyonyi Entebbe / Kilimanjaro International Airport, Entebbe / Dar es Salaam, n'engendo za Entebbe / [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], kkampuni z’ennyonyi zombi ze zaddukanya. Endagaano z’omugabo gwa koodi nazo zaakolebwa ne kkampuni y'ennyonyi eya [[:en:Brussels_Airlines|Brussels Airlines]] ku luguudo lwa Entebbe / Juba, South Sudan oluddukanyizibwa Air Uganda ne ku luguudo lwa Entebbe / [[:en:Brussels|Brussels]] olukolebwa kkampuni y’ennyonyi eya [[:en:Brussels_Airlines|Brussels Airlines]] . Enteekateeka zino mu bbanga ttono zaddirirwa endagaano ezifaananako bwe zityo wakati wa Air Uganda ne [[:en:Qatar_Airways|Qatar Airways]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=19 October 2008 |title=Air Uganda In Deal for Europe, Far East Routes |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/481832/-/s1bephz/-/index.html |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171907/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/481832/-/s1bephz/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}Wakabi, Michael (19 October 2008).</ref> Ku ntandikwa ya 2009, Air Uganda yakola enteekateeka n’ekitongole [[:en:Marsland_Aviation|kya Marsland Aviation]] nti kkampuni eno etambuza abasaabaze abalina tikiti za Air Uganda wakati wa Juba ne [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]] ne wakati wa Khartoum ne Juba. Air Uganda yatambula oluguudo luno ennaku bbiri mu wiiki. Marsland Aviation yetikka abasaabaze ba Air Uganda ennaku ttaano ezaali zisigaddeyo mu wiiki nga Air Uganda bweyali tekoze ku lugendo olwo.<ref>Thome, Wolfgang (6 February 2009).</ref> Mu Gwomukaaga 2010, Air Uganda yakola endagaano ya codeshare ne Rwandair ku luguudo Entebbe / Kigali. Air Uganda yaweereza oluguudo luno n’ennyonyi ya buli lunaku ku makya, ate Rwandair n’ekola ennyonyi ya buli lunaku akawungeezi. Ennyonyi zombi zaaweereza oluguudo luno n’ennyonyi [[:en:CRJ-200|CRJ-200]] .<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201006010209.html</ref> Enteekateeka ezo zaayimirizibwa kkampuni ya Air Uganda okutandika mu March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thome |first=Wolfgang |date=27 January 2012 |title=Air Uganda Terminates Codeshare Agreement With RwandAir |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/27621/air-uganda-terminates-codeshare-agreement-rwandair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003253/http://www.eturbonews.com/27621/air-uganda-terminates-codeshare-agreement-rwandair |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=eTN Global Travel Industry News}}</ref> Nga 14 Ogwomunaana 2013, endagaano empya eya codeshare yakolebwa wakati wa Air Uganda ne Rwandair ku luguudo Entebbe / Kigali. Endagaano eno yatandika okukola amangu ddala.<ref>http://www.eturbonews.com/37049/more-codeshare-flights-between-air-uganda-and-rwandair</ref> Mu Ogusooka 2014, Air Uganda yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya codeshare ne kampuni ya [[:en:Precision_Air|Precision Air]] eya Tanzania ku nguudo Entebbe / Dar es Salaam ne Entebbe / Kilimanjaro International Airport.<ref>http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/27210-precision-air-partners-with-air-ugandan</ref><ref>http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=63947</ref> Nga Gwekkuminogumu 2013, Air Uganda yakuuma enkolagana wakati waayo ne kkampuni z'ennyonyi endala o wammanga: Brussels Airlines, [[:en:Emirates_(airline)|Emirates]], [[:en:Kenya_Airways|Kenya Airways]], Qatar Airways, [[:en:Gulf_Air|Gulf Air]], Air Mali, Precision Air, Hahn Air, ne RwandAir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7/our-airline-partners |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-08-28 |archive-date=2014-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003042657/http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7/our-airline-partners |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ennyonyi ez'enjawulo == [[File:Air_Uganda_Canadair_CL-600-2B19_Regional_Jet_CRJ-200ER.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ennyonyi ya Air Uganda Bombardier CRJ-200ER ku kisaawe ky'ennyonyi Entebbe]] [[File:Air_Uganda_MD80_at_Entebbe.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Ennyonyi McDonnell Douglas MD-87 ng’egenda mu takisi okutuuka ku runway 17 ku kisaawe ky’ennyonyi Entebbe]] Ennyonyi za Air Uganda zaalimu ennyonyi zino wammanga okutuuka mu Gwokuna 2014, wadde nga mu Gwomusanvu 2014 zaategeezebwa nti zaddizibwa kkampuni ya Bulaaya gye zaali zipangisiddwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-08-28 |archive-date=2013-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830064453/http://www.air-uganda.com/about-u7 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Uganda Fleet In April 2014 |url=http://www.ch-aviation.ch/portal/aircraft/quick?phrase=Air+Uganda |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=CH Aviation}}</ref><ref>http://www.eturbonews.com/34776/air-uganda-takes-delivery-third-crj-200</ref><ref>Oluka, Benon Herbert (21 July 2014).</ref> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse" |- style="background:#472c15;" |+'''Air Uganda''' ! <span style="color:white;">Ennyonyi</span> ! style="width:25px;" | <span style="color:white;">Mu bidduka</span> ! <span style="color:white;">Ku<br /><br /><br /><br /> okulagira</span> ! <span style="color:white;">Abasaabaze</span> ! <span style="color:white;">Ebiwandiiko</span> |- | Ennyonyi ekuba bbomu CRJ200 | align="center" | 3. 3. | align="center" | 0. | align="center" | 50 | align="center" | |- | align="center" | '''Okugatta''' | align="center" | '''3. 3.''' | align="center" | '''0.''' | align="center" | | |} == Ebibaddewo n’obubenje == * Nga 9 Ogusooka 2010, ekitebe kya Amerika e Khartoum mu Sudan, kyalabula ku bunkenke bw’abatujju obwaali butebelezebwa okubaawo ku nnyonyi za Air Uganda ezaali zitambula wakati wa Juba mu South Sudan ne Entebbe mu Uganda. Okusinziira ku kitebe kino, kyali kifunye amawulire agalaga nti "abakulembeze b'ebikolobero mu kitundu kino baali baagala okukola obulumbaganyi obw'amaanyi ku nnyonyi za Air Uganda." Wabula okusinziira ku minisitule ya Sudan ey’ensonga z’ebweru, okutiisatiisa kuno tekwatwalibwa nga kwa maanyi. Eggye lya [[:en:Uganda_People's_Defence_Force|Uganda People's Defence Force]] lyategeeza nti lyaali limanyi ku mawulire ago okuva ku ntandikwa ya Ogwekuminebiri 2009, wadde nga omwogezi wa gavumenti ya Uganda yategeeza nti tewaaliwo bujulizi byonna kuwagira bigambo ng'ebyo.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8449965.stm</ref> == Laba ne == * [[:en:Airlines_of_Africa|Ennyonyi za Afrika]] * [[:en:List_of_airlines_of_Uganda|Olukalala lw'ennyonyi za Uganda]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa n'ebijjuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo eby’ebweru == * [https://www.independent.co.ug/behind-air-uganda-grounding/ Emabega wa Air Uganda okugwa ku ttaka] Okuva nga 25 August 2014. {{Airlines of Uganda}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Eby'obulambuzi mu Uganda]] 2ytpl5gtxvddbzok8xe1mtcxtmevtdn Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa 0 12471 64491 64364 2026-07-23T16:57:37Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 64491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa''', era '''Wilberforce Kisamba - Mugerwa''', (yazaalibwa nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1945 - 7 Ogwolubereberye 2021) yali Munnayuganda [[Agricultural economist|omukugu mu by’enfuna by'eby'obulimi]], munnabyabufuzi era omukugu mu by'ensoma, eyaweereza nga ssentebe w’ekitongole kya Uganda Microfinance Support Center, kkampuni ya gavumenti eyatandikibwawo mu 2001, eddukanya enteekateeka z’okuwola ssente entonotono mu Uganda. Enteekateeka zino ziteekebwamu ssente [[African Development Bank]], [[Islamic Development Bank]], ne [[gavumenti ya Uganda]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kisamba-Mugerwa appointed Microfinance Support Centre boss |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kisamba-Mugerwa-appointed-Microfinance-Support-Centre-boss/688334-4314626-format-xhtml-itmg5i/index.html |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> Yaweereza nga ssentebe w'Ekitongole ekiteesiteesi ekya [[National Planning Authority of Uganda]] okumala emyaka kkumi wakati wa 2008 ne 2018.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Kwesiga |first=Pascal |last2=Nakandi |first2=Subaiha |date=15 August 2018 |title=Outgoing NPA Chairman Mugerwa Hands Over Office |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483601/outgoing-npa-chair-mugerwa-hands-office |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma == Mugerwa yazaalibwa nga 5 ogwomusanvu 1945, mu ssaza ly’e Bamunanika, mu [[:en:Luwero_District|Disitulikiti y’e Luwero]], mu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Uganda][[Luweero (disitulikit)|kitundu kya]] [[Central Region, https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central Region, Uganda|Buganda]]. Yasomera mu ssomero lya Muyembe Tree Nursery School e Bamunanika, n’eddirirwa Wampeewo Junior Primary School. Oluvannyuma yakyusibwa n’agenda mu ssomero lya Mukono Bishop’s Senior Secondary School gye yamalira emisomo gye egya siniya eyookuna. Oluvannyuma yamaliriza emisomo gye egya siniya eyoomukaga ku Kololo High School e [[:en:Kololo|Kololo]], Kampala, n’atikkirwa [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_diploma dipulooma ya siniya].<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 1968 Mugerwa yayingira mu kiseera ekyo eyali eyitibwa Makerere College, kati [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere yunivasite]], [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university eya gavumenti] esinga obukadde n'obunene mu Uganda. Ekitundu kye yalonda okusoma kyali [[Agricultural economics|kya byanfuna]] [[:en:Public_university|eby'obyobulimi]]. Yafuna diguli esooka eya sayansi , n’eddirirwa diguli eyokubiri mu ssomo lino. Oluvannyuma yaweebwa diguli eyokusatu mu ssomo lye limu, nga nayo eva Makerere.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Oluvannyuma lwa diguli esooka, Mugerwa yeegatta ku bakozi ba gavumenti mu Uganda. Okutandika mu 1971, yaweereza ng’omukungu omukulu mu by’obulimi mu [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakiso_District buvanjuba bwa Mengo,] [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region,_Uganda mu bugwanjuba bwa] Uganda. Oluvannyuma yakuzibwa n’afuulibwa omukugu omukulu muby'enfuna by'ebyobulimi mu ssaza lyonna.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 1980, yayingira ebyobufuzi bya Uganda eby’okulonda, n’aweerezayo okutuusa lwe yalekulira mu 2004, bwe yakkiriza omulimu mu [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute kitongole ky’ensi yonna ekinoonyereza ku nkola y’emmere] (IFPRI), nga Dayirekita w’ekitongole ekipya ekya IFPRI, International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), ekisangibwa mu [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa Addis Ababa], [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Kiwawulo |first=Chris |last2=Wasike |first2=Alfred |date=15 July 2004 |title=Uganda: Kisamba Mugerwa to Step Down |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200407150108.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 2008, yalondebwa okuba Ssentebe w’e[[:en:National_Planning_Authority_of_Uganda|kitongole ekivunanyizibwa ku kutegeka eggwanga ekya Uganda,]] ekifo kye yakuuma okumala emyaka kkumi egyaddirira. Bwe yali eyo, yavunaanyizibwa ku kuteekawo enteekateeka ya Uganda Vision 2040 n’enteekateeka z’enkulaakulana y’eggwanga ebbiri, (NDP I ne NDP II).<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=11 August 2018 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa Ends Term As Planning Authority Boss |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483311/kisamba-mugerwa-term-planning-authority-boss |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’ebyobufuzi == Mu 1980, Mugerwa yavuganya ku bubaka bwa palamenti , ku tikiti y’ebyobufuzi eya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Democratic Party (Uganda)]], okukiikirira Luweero bukiika kkono buvanjuba . Empaka ezo yaziwangula, wadde nga yakubwa amasasi mu mukono mu lumu ku nkungaana ze eza kampeyini. Yaweereza ekisanja kye (1980–1985). Ekibiina kya [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Movement National Resistance Movement] bwe kyatwala gavumenti mu 1986, Kisamba Mugerwa yakola bulungi nga ssentebe wa Local Council 5 eyasooka okulondebwa ku [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luweero_District Disitulikiti y’e Luweero] (1986–1991). Olwo n'alondebwa ng[./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda 'omubaka wa Palamenti] ng'akiikirira essaza lya Bamunanika, okutandika mu 1991.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu bbanga ly'emyaka 13 okuva mu 1991 okutuuka mu 2004, Kisamba Mugerwa yaweereza ng'omubaka wa [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uganda kabineti ya Uganda,] ku mitendera egy'enjawulo, omuli nga Minisita atalina Portfolio mu ofiisi ya Ssaabaminisita, Minisita w'eggwanga ow'ebyensimbi n'okuteekateeka ebyenfuna, era nga Minisita w'ebyobulimi, amakolero g'ebisolo, n'obuvubi. Yalekulira okutwala omulimu gw'ensi yonna ebweru wa Uganda mu 2004.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okulowoozaako == Mugerwa yaliko omukugu omuyambi mukunonyereza mukitongole kya [[:en:Makerere_Institute_of_Social_Research|Makerere ekikola kukunonyereza ku mbeera z'abantu]] , ku yunivasite e Makerere, mu Kampala. Mu kiseera we yafiira yali Cansala wa [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], yunivasite ey’obwannannyini ey’Abakristaayo ng’esangibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero; disitulikiti ey’ewaabwe. Yalina ffaamu y’ebyobulimi ebitabuddwamu eby’obusuubuzi (ebirime n’ebisolo by’awaka) ku kyalo Kikonda, gombolola ye Bamunanika mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero, mu kitundu kya [[:en:Buganda|Buganda]] ekiri mu Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kisamba-Mugerwa appointed Microfinance Support Centre boss |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kisamba-Mugerwa-appointed-Microfinance-Support-Centre-boss/688334-4314626-format-xhtml-itmg5i/index.html |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Okufa == Mugerwa yafa olw'ebizibu ebyava mu [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]] mu [[:en:Mulago_National_Specialised_Hospital|ddwaliro lya Mulago National Referral Hospital]] nga 7 Ogwolubereberye mu 2021, mu kiseera [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda|kyekirwadde kya COVID-19 mu Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=8 January 2021 |title=Luweero mourns former minister Kisamba Mugerwa |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/luweero-mourns-former-minister-kisamba-mugerwa-3250784 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukuri |first=Charles |date=7 January 2021 |title=Former minister Kisamba Mugerwa succumbs to COVID-19 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1537336/former-minister-kisamba-mugerwa-succumbs-covid-19 |website=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukuri |first=Charles |date=7 January 2021 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa died before receiving award for his book |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1537353/kisamba-mugerwa-died-receiving-award-book |website=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda]] – Kabineeti ya Uganda * [[Palamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Luweero Triangle]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://mulengeranews.com/npa-sees-off-kisamba-mugerwa-in-style/ NPA Elabye Kisamba Mugerwa Mu Sitayiro] Nga 13 ogwomunaana 2018. * [https://www.softpower.ug/poor-fiscal-discipline-and-prioritization-affecting-ugandas-growth-kisamba-mugerwa/ Empisa Embi Ensimbi N’okukulembeza Ebikosa Enkula Ya Uganda – Kisamba Mugerwa] Okuva nga 21 ogwomusanvu mu 2018. soc02w1e28i0d4mvj3hpr4p9246f0hs 64516 64491 2026-07-23T18:00:34Z Judithamos 10087 nterezeza mu kiwandiiko 64516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa''', era '''Wilberforce Kisamba - Mugerwa''', (yazaalibwa nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1945 - 7 Ogwolubereberye 2021) yali Munnayuganda [[Agricultural economist|omukugu mu by’enfuna by'eby'obulimi]], munnabyabufuzi era omukugu mu by'ensoma, eyaweereza nga ssentebe w’ekitongole kya Uganda Microfinance Support Center, kkampuni ya gavumenti eyatandikibwawo mu 2001, eddukanya enteekateeka z’okuwola ssente entonotono mu Uganda. Enteekateeka zino ziteekebwamu ssente [[African Development Bank]], [[Islamic Development Bank]], ne [[gavumenti ya Uganda]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kisamba-Mugerwa appointed Microfinance Support Centre boss |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kisamba-Mugerwa-appointed-Microfinance-Support-Centre-boss/688334-4314626-format-xhtml-itmg5i/index.html |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> Yaweereza nga ssentebe w'Ekitongole ekiteesiteesi ekya [[National Planning Authority of Uganda]] okumala emyaka kkumi wakati wa 2008 ne 2018.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Kwesiga |first=Pascal |last2=Nakandi |first2=Subaiha |date=15 August 2018 |title=Outgoing NPA Chairman Mugerwa Hands Over Office |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483601/outgoing-npa-chair-mugerwa-hands-office |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma == Mugerwa yazaalibwa nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1945, mu ssaza ly’e Bamunanika, mu [[:en:Luwero_District|Disitulikiti y’e Luwero]], mu [[Central Region, https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central Region, Uganda|Buganda]]. Yasomera Muyembe Tree Nursery School e Bamunanika, nadda Wampeewo Junior Primary School. Oluvannyuma yakyusibwa n’agenda ku Mukono Bishop’s Senior Secondary School gye yamalira emisomo gye egya siniya eyookuna. Oluvannyuma yamaliriza emisomo gye egya siniya eyoomukaga ku Kololo High School e [[:en:Kololo|Kololo]], Kampala, n’atikkirwa ne dipulooma.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 1968 Mugerwa yayingira Makerere College nga kati [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere yunivaasite]] eya gavumenti esinga obukadde n'obunene mu Uganda. Yalonda okusoma ekitundu [[Agricultural economics|ky'ebyenfuna by'eby'obulimi]]. Yafuna diguli esooka eya sayansi, n’ eyookubiri mu ssomo lya sayansi. Oluvannyuma yaweebwa diguli eyookusatu mu ssomo lye limu, nga nayo eva Makerere.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Oluvannyuma lwa diguli esooka, Mugerwa yeegatta ku bakozi ba gavumenti mu Uganda. Okutandika mu 1971, yaweereza ng’omukungu omukulu mu by’obulimi mu buvanjuba bwa Mengo n'e bugwanjuba bwa Uganda. Oluvannyuma yakuzibwa n’afuulibwa omukugu omukulu muby'enfuna by'ebyobulimi mu ssaza lyonna.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 1980, yayingira eby'obufuzi bya Uganda eby’okulonda, n’aweerezayo okutuusa lwe yalekulira mu 2004, bwe yakkiriza omulimu gwa Dayirekita w’ekitongole eky’ensi yonna ekya [[International Food Policy Research Institute]](IFPRI), International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), ekisangibwa mu [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Kiwawulo |first=Chris |last2=Wasike |first2=Alfred |date=15 July 2004 |title=Uganda: Kisamba Mugerwa to Step Down |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200407150108.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 2008, yalondebwa okuba Ssentebe w’ekitongole ekya [[National Planning Authority of Uganda]], ekifo kyeyakuuma okumala emyaka kkumi egyaddirira. Bwe yali eyo, yavunaanyizibwa ku kuteekawo enteekateeka ya Uganda Vision 2040 n’enteekateeka bbiri eza National Development Plans, (NDP I ne NDP II).<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=11 August 2018 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa Ends Term As Planning Authority Boss |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483311/kisamba-mugerwa-term-planning-authority-boss |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’ebyobufuzi == Mu 1980, Mugerwa yavuganya ku bubaka bwa paalamenti, ku tiketi y’ebyobufuzi eya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Democratic Party (Uganda)]], okukiikirira Luweero bukiika kkono buvanjuba . Empaka ezo yaziwangula, wadde nga yakubwa amasasi mu mukono mu lumu ku nkungaana ze eza kampeyini. Yaweereza ekisanja kye (1980–1985). Ekibiina kya [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Movement National Resistance Movement] bwe kyatwala gavumenti mu 1986, Kisamba Mugerwa yakola bulungi nga ssentebe wa Local Council 5 eyasooka okulondebwa ku [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luweero_District Disitulikiti y’e Luweero] (1986–1991). Olwo n'alondebwa ng[./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda 'omubaka wa Palamenti] ng'akiikirira essaza lya Bamunanika, okutandika mu 1991.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu bbanga ly'emyaka 13 okuva mu 1991 okutuuka mu 2004, Kisamba Mugerwa yaweereza ng'omubaka wa [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uganda kabineti ya Uganda,] ku mitendera egy'enjawulo, omuli nga Minisita atalina Portfolio mu ofiisi ya Ssaabaminisita, Minisita w'eggwanga ow'ebyensimbi n'okuteekateeka ebyenfuna, era nga Minisita w'ebyobulimi, amakolero g'ebisolo, n'obuvubi. Yalekulira okutwala omulimu gw'ensi yonna ebweru wa Uganda mu 2004.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okulowoozaako == Mugerwa yaliko omukugu omuyambi mukunonyereza mukitongole kya [[:en:Makerere_Institute_of_Social_Research|Makerere ekikola kukunonyereza ku mbeera z'abantu]] , ku yunivasite e Makerere, mu Kampala. Mu kiseera we yafiira yali Cansala wa [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], yunivasite ey’obwannannyini ey’Abakristaayo ng’esangibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero; disitulikiti ey’ewaabwe. Yalina ffaamu y’ebyobulimi ebitabuddwamu eby’obusuubuzi (ebirime n’ebisolo by’awaka) ku kyalo Kikonda, gombolola ye Bamunanika mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero, mu kitundu kya [[:en:Buganda|Buganda]] ekiri mu Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kisamba-Mugerwa appointed Microfinance Support Centre boss |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kisamba-Mugerwa-appointed-Microfinance-Support-Centre-boss/688334-4314626-format-xhtml-itmg5i/index.html |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Okufa == Mugerwa yafa olw'ebizibu ebyava mu [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]] mu [[:en:Mulago_National_Specialised_Hospital|ddwaliro lya Mulago National Referral Hospital]] nga 7 Ogwolubereberye mu 2021, mu kiseera [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda|kyekirwadde kya COVID-19 mu Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=8 January 2021 |title=Luweero mourns former minister Kisamba Mugerwa |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/luweero-mourns-former-minister-kisamba-mugerwa-3250784 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukuri |first=Charles |date=7 January 2021 |title=Former minister Kisamba Mugerwa succumbs to COVID-19 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1537336/former-minister-kisamba-mugerwa-succumbs-covid-19 |website=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukuri |first=Charles |date=7 January 2021 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa died before receiving award for his book |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1537353/kisamba-mugerwa-died-receiving-award-book |website=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda]] – Kabineeti ya Uganda * [[Palamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Luweero Triangle]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://mulengeranews.com/npa-sees-off-kisamba-mugerwa-in-style/ NPA Elabye Kisamba Mugerwa Mu Sitayiro] Nga 13 ogwomunaana 2018. * [https://www.softpower.ug/poor-fiscal-discipline-and-prioritization-affecting-ugandas-growth-kisamba-mugerwa/ Empisa Embi Ensimbi N’okukulembeza Ebikosa Enkula Ya Uganda – Kisamba Mugerwa] Okuva nga 21 ogwomusanvu mu 2018. g8paurgbv1599kntzqtfjm54p6ag53i 64542 64516 2026-07-23T19:15:46Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 64542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa''', era '''Wilberforce Kisamba - Mugerwa''', (yazaalibwa nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1945 - 7 Ogwolubereberye 2021) yali Munnayuganda [[Agricultural economist|omukugu mu by’enfuna by'eby'obulimi]], munnabyabufuzi era omukugu mu by'ensoma, eyaweereza nga ssentebe w’ekitongole kya Uganda Microfinance Support Center, kkampuni ya gavumenti eyatandikibwawo mu 2001, eddukanya enteekateeka z’okuwola ssente entonotono mu Uganda. Enteekateeka zino ziteekebwamu ssente [[African Development Bank]], [[Islamic Development Bank]], ne [[gavumenti ya Uganda]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kisamba-Mugerwa appointed Microfinance Support Centre boss |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kisamba-Mugerwa-appointed-Microfinance-Support-Centre-boss/688334-4314626-format-xhtml-itmg5i/index.html |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> Yaweereza nga ssentebe w'Ekitongole ekiteesiteesi ekya [[National Planning Authority of Uganda]] okumala emyaka kkumi wakati wa 2008 ne 2018.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Kwesiga |first=Pascal |last2=Nakandi |first2=Subaiha |date=15 August 2018 |title=Outgoing NPA Chairman Mugerwa Hands Over Office |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483601/outgoing-npa-chair-mugerwa-hands-office |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma == Mugerwa yazaalibwa nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1945, mu ssaza ly’e Bamunanika, mu [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwero_District Disitulikiti y’e Luwero], mu [[Central Region, https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central Region, Uganda|Buganda]]. Yasomera Muyembe Tree Nursery School e Bamunanika, nadda Wampeewo Junior Primary School. Oluvannyuma yakyusibwa n’agenda ku Mukono Bishop’s Senior Secondary School gye yamalira emisomo gye egya siniya eyookuna. Oluvannyuma yamaliriza emisomo gye egya siniya eyoomukaga ku Kololo High School e [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kololo Kololo], Kampala, n’atikkirwa ne dipulooma.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 1968 Mugerwa yayingira Makerere College nga kati [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere yunivaasite]] eya gavumenti esinga obukadde n'obunene mu Uganda. Yalonda okusoma ekitundu [[Agricultural economics|ky'ebyenfuna by'eby'obulimi]]. Yafuna diguli esooka eya sayansi, n’ eyookubiri mu ssomo lya sayansi. Oluvannyuma yaweebwa diguli eyookusatu mu ssomo lye limu, nga nayo eva Makerere.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Oluvannyuma lwa diguli esooka, Mugerwa yeegatta ku bakozi ba [[gavumenti]] mu [[Uganda|Uganda.]] Yaweereza ng’omukungu omukulu mu by’obulimi mu buvanjuba bwa Mengo n'e bugwanjuba bwa Uganda, okutandika mu 1971 . Oluvannyuma yakuzibwa n’afuulibwa omukugu omukulu muby'enfuna by'ebyobulimi mu ssaza lyonna.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 1980, yayingira eby'obufuzi bya Uganda eby’okulonda, n’aweerezayo okutuusa lwe yalekulira mu 2004, bwe yakkiriza omulimu gwa Dayirekita w’ekitongole eky’ensi yonna ekya [[International Food Policy Research Institute]](IFPRI), International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), ekisangibwa mu [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Kiwawulo |first=Chris |last2=Wasike |first2=Alfred |date=15 July 2004 |title=Uganda: Kisamba Mugerwa to Step Down |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200407150108.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 2008, yalondebwa okuba Ssentebe w’ekitongole ekya [[National Planning Authority of Uganda]], ekifo kyeyakuuma okumala emyaka kkumi egyaddirira. Bwe yali eyo, yavunaanyizibwa ku kuteekawo enteekateeka ya Uganda Vision 2040 n’enteekateeka bbiri eza National Development Plans, (NDP I ne NDP II).<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=11 August 2018 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa Ends Term As Planning Authority Boss |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483311/kisamba-mugerwa-term-planning-authority-boss |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Omulimu gw’ebyobufuzi == Mu 1980, Mugerwa yavuganya ku bubaka bwa paalamenti, ku tiketi y’ebyobufuzi eya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Democratic Party (Uganda)]], okukiikirira bukiikaddyo bw'ebuvanjuba bwa Luweero. Empaka ezo yaziwangula, wadde nga yakubwa amasasi mu mukono mu lumu ku nkungaana ze eza kampeyini. Yaweereza ekisanja kye(1980–1985). Kisamba Mugerwa yakola bulungi nga ssentebe wa LC 5 eyasooka okulondebwa ku [[Disitulikiti y’e Luweero]], ekibiina kya National Resistance Movement bwe kyatwala gavumenti mu 1986,(1986–1991). Olwo n'alondebwa [[ng'omubaka wa Paalamenti]] ng'akiikirira essaza lya Bamunanika, okutandika mu 1991.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Mu bbanga ly'emyaka 13 okuva 1991 okutuuka 2004, Kisamba Mugerwa yaweereza ng'omubaka wa [[kabineti ya Uganda,]] ku mitendera egy'enjawulo, omuli Minisita atalina Portfolio mu ofiisi ya Ssaabaminisita, Minisita w'eggwanga ow'ebyensimbi n'okuteekateeka ebyenfuna, era ne Minisita w'ebyobulimi, amakolero g'ebisolo, n'obuvubi. Yalekulira okutwala omulimu gw'ensi yonna ebweru wa Uganda mu 2004.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okulowoozaako == Mugerwa yaliko omuyambi omukugu mukunonyereza mukitongole kya [[:en:Makerere_Institute_of_Social_Research|Makerere Institute of Social Research]], ku yunivasite e Makerere, mu Kampala. We yafiira nga ye Cansala wa [[:en:Ndejje_University|Ndejje University]], ey’obwannannyini ey’Abakulistaayo ng’esangibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero; ey’ewaabwe. Yalina ffaamu y’ebyobulimi n'eby’obusuubuzi(ebirime n’ebisolo by’awaka) ku kyalo Kikonda, gombolola ye Bamunanika mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero, mu kitundu kya [[:en:Buganda|Buganda]] ekiri mu Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kisamba-Mugerwa appointed Microfinance Support Centre boss |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kisamba-Mugerwa-appointed-Microfinance-Support-Centre-boss/688334-4314626-format-xhtml-itmg5i/index.html |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=20 July 2015 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa: the family man, politician and economist |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Kisamba-Mugerwa-the-family-man-politician-and-economist/691232-2798800-14xpscx/index.html |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> == Okufa == Mugerwa yafa olw'ebizibu ebyava mu [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]] mu [[:en:Mulago_National_Specialised_Hospital|ddwaliro lya Mulago National Referral Hospital]] nga 7 Ogwolubereberye mu 2021, mu kiseera [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda|kyekirwadde kya COVID-19 mu Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wandera |first=Dan |date=8 January 2021 |title=Luweero mourns former minister Kisamba Mugerwa |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/luweero-mourns-former-minister-kisamba-mugerwa-3250784 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukuri |first=Charles |date=7 January 2021 |title=Former minister Kisamba Mugerwa succumbs to COVID-19 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1537336/former-minister-kisamba-mugerwa-succumbs-covid-19 |website=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukuri |first=Charles |date=7 January 2021 |title=Kisamba Mugerwa died before receiving award for his book |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1537353/kisamba-mugerwa-died-receiving-award-book |website=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda]] – Kabineeti ya Uganda * [[Palamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Luweero Triangle]] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://mulengeranews.com/npa-sees-off-kisamba-mugerwa-in-style/ NPA Elabye Kisamba Mugerwa Mu Sitayiro] Nga 13 ogwomunaana 2018. * [https://www.softpower.ug/poor-fiscal-discipline-and-prioritization-affecting-ugandas-growth-kisamba-mugerwa/ Empisa Embi Ensimbi N’okukulembeza Ebikosa Enkula Ya Uganda – Kisamba Mugerwa] Okuva nga 21 ogwomusanvu mu 2018. aip83l7bcijv9h59j6ngs34g9ff0wxp William Canby 0 12674 64493 64355 2026-07-23T17:01:59Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Solomon Suubi moved page [[William Canby, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo]] to [[William Canby]]: Misspelled title: Nteerezezza omutwe 64355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ozell Miller Trask]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]}}|years=1980–1996}} {{s-aft|after=[[Barry G. Silverman]]}} {{s-end}} {| class="infobox vcard" |- class="infobox-image" colspan="2" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Canby, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo</div> |- class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:William_C._Canby_Jr.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} '''William Cameron Canby Jr.''' (yazaalibwa mugwokutaano nga 22, 1931) mulamuzi [[omukulu ow’ekitundu]] mu [[Amerika]], ng’atudde mu [[Phoenix]], [[Arizona]]. Nga pulofeesa mu [[Arizona State University]] ettendekero lyamateeka era nga ye mulamuzi w’ekitundu mu kkooti ejurirwamu mu Amerika mu kkooti ey’omwenda, Canby amanyiddwa ng’omuntu alina obuyinza ku mateeka [[g’Abayindi mu Amerika]]. Abadde awandiise emiko [[egy’okuddamu okwetegereza amateeka]], ekitabo ekikulu eky’okusoma, n’ekitabo kya West Nutshell Series ekisookerwako ku nsonga eno. Ng'akyali pulofeesa mu ASU, Canby yawakanya bulungi omusango gwa ''[[Bates v. State Bar of Arizonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates v. State Bar of Arizona|Bates]] v. State Bar of Arizona'', Kkooti Enkulu mwe yagamba nti [[Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekkiriza bannamateeka okulanga mu ngeri etabuzaabuza bantu bonna. == Okusomesa n’okutendekebwa mu by’amateeka == Yazaalibwa mu [[Saint Paul, Minnesotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], Minnesota, Canby yafuna [[diguli esooka mu by'emikono]] okuva mu yunivasite ya Yale mu 1953 ku sikaala ya ROTC, n’atikkirwa mu ngeri [[ya summa cum laude]] ne [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. Oluvannyuma yafuna [[diguli esooka mu mateeka]] okuva mu [[Yunivasite y’e Minnesota ey'amateeka]] mu 1956, n’atikkirwa [[mu nsengeka ya Coif]], nga tannaba [[muwandiisi]] wa mulamuzi [[Charles Evans Whittaker]] owa [[Kkooti Enkulu mu Amerika]]. == Emirimu gye == Canby yali [[lieutenant]] mu [[JAG Corps]] [[amagye gomubbanga mu amerika]] okuva mu 1956 okutuuka mu 1958. Yali mu kwegezaamu okwenjawulo mu Saint Paul okuva mu 1959 okutuuka mu 1962 nga tannaba kwegatta ku [[Peace Corps]]. Yaliko omuyambi wa Dayirekita wa Peace Corps owa [[Ethiopia]] okuva mu 1962 okutuuka mu 1963 n’oluvannyuma omumyuka wa Dayirekita wa Ethiopia okuva mu 1963 okutuuka mu 1964. Olwo yali Dayirekita wa [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 1964 okutuuka mu 1966. Yali muyambi wa njawulo wa [[Senator wa Amerika]] [[Walter Mondale]] mu 1966 nga tannava mu buweereza bwa gavumenti. Yali muyambi wa njawulo wa Pulezidenti [[Harris Wofford]] owa [[Yunivasite yeggwanga e New York]] mu 1967 n'oluvannyuma n'afuuka pulofeesa w'amateeka mu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University][[Arizona State University|Yunivasite y'eggwanga]] [[Arizona State University|Arizona]][[Arizona State University|.]] okuva mu 1967 okutuuka mu 1980 era mu kiseera ekyo yali Dayirekita wa ofiisi y'amateeka g'Abayindi mu Yunivasite y'eggwanga [[Arizona State University|Yunivasite y'eggwanga]] [[Arizona ettendekero ly'amateeka]]. Okuva mu 1970 okutuuka mu 1971 yali pulofeesa w’amateeka mu [[Fulbright]] omugenyi mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite e Makerere]] mu Kampala mu Uganda. == Empeereza y’ekitongole ekiramuzi eya Federo == Canby yalondebwa Pulezidenti [[Jimmy Carter]] nga 2 mu gwokuna,1980, ku kifo mu [[kkooti ejulirwamu mu Amerika ey’omu kitundu eky’omwenda]] ekyavaamu omulamuzi [[Ozell Miller Trask]]. Yakakasibwa [[olukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Senate]] nga 21 ogwokutaano, 1980, era n’afuna akakiiko ke nga 23 ogwokutaano, 1980. Canby yafuna [[ekifo eky’okuntikko]] mu gwokutaano nga 23, 1996. == Ensala ezeeyoleka == Mu 1995, Canby yagamba nti [[ennongoosereza ey’ekkumi]] teyamenya bukwakkulizo bw’etteeka lya [[Brady Handgun ery'okuziyiza obutabanguko]] eryali liragira abakuumaddembe mu kitundu n’amasaza okukebera ebyafaayo by’abaguzi b’emmundu. Kkooti Enkulu yakyusa mu musango [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printz_v._United_States]''[[Printz v. United States]]'' . Mu 2001, Canby yawandiika okusalawo kw’olukiiko nga tewali kuwakanya nga kigamba nti [[etteeka ly’Amerika abaliko obulemu]] lyali liragira [[ekibiina ekigatta abazannyi ba Golf abakugu]] okukkiriza omuzannyi wa Golf omulema [[Casey Martin]] okukozesa akagaali ka Golf ng’avuganya. Endowooza eno yakakasibwa kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour,_Inc._v._Martin]''[[PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin|musango gwa PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin]]''. Nga 4,ogwokubiri 2017, Canby n’omulamuzi [[Michelle T. Friedland]] baagaana<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canby |first=William |last2=Friedland |first2=Michelle |date=February 4, 2017 |title=Order denying immediate administrative stay pending full consideration of the emergency motion for stay and setting schedule |url=http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2017/02/05/17-35105.pdf |access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> okusaba kwa [[gavumenti ya Trump]] okuyimiriza enzirukanya y’emirimu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Francisco |first=Noel |date=February 4, 2017 |title=Emergency Motion Under Circuit Rule 27-3 for Administrative Stay and Motion for Stay Pending Appeal |url=http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2017/02/04/17-35105%20motion.pdf |access-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> nga bwe balindirira olukiiko olw’omwenda okwekenneenya ekiteeso eky’amangu eky’okuyimiriza ekiragiro kya kkooti y’essaza eky’okuziyiza okumala akaseera mu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_v._Trump_(2017)]''[[Washington v. Trump (2017)|musango gw'essaza lye washington v. Trump]]'', ekitundu ku misango gya kkooti egigenda mu maaso egyekuusa ku [[kiragiro ky'omukulembeze 13769]]. Nga 7 ogwokubiri Canby, Friedland, n’omulamuzi [[Richard Clifton]] bateesa ku kiteeso eky’amangu eky’okusigala, nga waliwo amaloboozi ag’ensonga z’amasimu ezaaweebwa ku mpewo mu ggwanga lyonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motions Panel |url=https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/content/motionspanel.php |access-date=2017-02-07 |website=www.ca9.uscourts.gov |language=en-us |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207003301/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/content/motionspanel.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nga 9 ogwokubiri, abalamuzi abasatu baagaana okusaba okuyimiriza ekiragiro ekiyimiriza ekiragiro eky’ekiseera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Published Order Denying Stay |url=https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2017/02/09/17-35105.pdf |access-date=February 9, 2017 |website=Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals}}</ref> Nga 19 ogwokubiri, 2025, Canby y’omu ku balamuzi basatu abaagaana okusaba kwa gavumenti ya Trump okuyimiriza ekiragiro ekiziyiza okugezaako kwayo okumalawo obutuuze bw’obuzaale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2025 |title=Ninth Circuit rejects Trump administration’s attempt to enforce birthright citizenship order |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/ninth-circuit-rejects-trump-administration-attempt-to-end-birthright-citizenship/ |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=Courthouse News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2025 |title=State of Washington, et al. vs. Donald J. Trump, et al. |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/washington-trump-birthright-ninth-circuit-block.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=Courthouse News}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)|Olukalala lw’abawandiisi b’amateeka mu kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu Amerika (Ekifo 6) .]] * [[List of United States federal judges by longevity of service|Olukalala lw’abalamuzi ba Amerika aba federo okusinziira ku bulamu obuwanvu bwe bamaze mu buweereza]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ozell Miller Trask]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]}}|years=1980–1996}} {{s-aft|after=[[Barry G. Silverman]]}} {{s-end}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ozell Miller Trask]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]}}|years=1980–1996}} {{s-aft|after=[[Barry G. Silverman]]}} {{s-end}} * [[List of United States federal judges by longevity of service|William Cameron Canby Jr]]. at the [[List of United States federal judges by longevity of service|Biographical Directory of Federal Judges]], a publication of the [[List of United States federal judges by longevity of service|Federal Judicial Center.]] {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ozell Miller Trask]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]}}|years=1980–1996}} {{s-aft|after=[[Barry G. Silverman]]}} {{s-end}} p23xi0goz27atyvjcpdb4b409n09n2n Geoffrey Mutiwa 0 13199 64527 61847 2026-07-23T18:25:53Z Kisakye Jane 9195 nterezezaamu mu kiwandiiko 64527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Geoffrey Mutiwa</big>''' amanyiddwa ennyo nga Mutiwa Geoffrey Eric (yazaalibwa 12 Ogwokuna 1982 ) Munnayuganda,Munamawulile era munnabyabufuzi ete nga mubaka wa Paalamenti ow'essaza lya Bunyole ey'obugwanjuba, mu Disitulikiti y'eButaleja mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament {{!}} Parliament |url=https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/home/mp/eyJpdiI6ImtSelBRdzVZL0ZXSG44aGNJOTdBUFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSHg1RUg5SHBKZ0ZaT2pqQ3o2azlidz09IiwibWFjIjoiZDMyOTdkZWU3M2Y0MWFhMGM0NDA2ZDI5N2ZmMTFmNTg1ZmMzM2VkNWU0OTcxOTU0M2E2ZmU2OWJmNjZhY2IxMiIsInRhZyI6IiJ9? |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=mpsdb.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-20 |title=All Butaleja incumbent MPs lose NRM flag in party polls |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/all-butaleja-incumbent-mps-lose-nrm-flag-in-party-polls-5125112 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Member of Palaamenti (MP) mu Ssaza lye Bugwanjuba e Bunyole mu Disitulikiti y’e Butaleja ku tikiti y’ekibiina kya National Resistance Movement (NRM) mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, Mutiwa yali munnamawulire era omukozi wa leediyo ku leediyo emu mu kitundu, [[Tororo]] FM. Mutiwa mulwanirizi w'okumanyisa abantu ku musujja gw'ensiri mu Uganda . Ye muwanika w’akakiiko ka paalamenti ya Uganda akalwanyisa omusujja gw'ensiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okello |first=Dickens H. |date=2020-09-05 |title=MP Waluswaka Defeated by Journalist Mutiwa Geoffrey in Bunyole West |url=https://chimpreports.com/mp-waluswaka-defeated-by-journalist-mutiwa-geoffrey-in-bunyole-west/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MPs call for awareness to curb malaria {{!}} Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/2294/mps-call-awareness-curb-malaria |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MPs advocate for increased malaria funding |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/health/mps-advocate-for-increased-malaria-funding-NV_199780 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=2023-04-23 |title=CHARITY: Uganda Parliament walks against Malaria |url=https://kawowo.com/2023/04/23/charity-uganda-parliament-walks-against-malaria/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutiwa Geofrey Eric - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/mutiwa-geofrey-eric-7124/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> Mutiwa aweereza ku kakiiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by’amawulire, tekinologiya w’empuliziganya n’okulungamya eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on Information, Communication Technology and National Guidance – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-information-communication-technology-and-national-guidance/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=parliamentwatch.ug}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi mu Uganda]] [[Category:Bannamawulire mu Uganda]] m8syfqqd970e7gfmwtnj19u6m410ucz Adam Mugume 0 13208 64385 61937 2026-07-23T12:57:48Z Ssebuufu 9882 64385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big> , mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]] , ekifo ky'eyalimu okuva mu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuuka nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] a2k47dq0zaiw6bem5dta3ouv5wm5pv0 64387 64385 2026-07-23T13:00:11Z Ssebuufu 9882 64387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big> , mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]] , ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuuka nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] r1x9tliv7oznxuw54conxubisa583tg 64388 64387 2026-07-23T13:00:27Z Ssebuufu 9882 64388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big> , mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]] , ekifo kyabaddemu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuuka nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] jha1injsvne547ox213hpjz78ekvbah 64390 64388 2026-07-23T13:00:48Z Ssebuufu 9882 64390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big> , mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuuka nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] lh6iaamlygw53uafhuowznqn6ldldmc 64391 64390 2026-07-23T13:01:42Z Ssebuufu 9882 64391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big> , mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] b4dx7py8xpbbg71ombmtqe9tmzb52lz 64393 64391 2026-07-23T13:03:22Z Ssebuufu 9882 64393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita weby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] nepnvkvex4pts787r8f1l8rhrvx0hfn 64395 64393 2026-07-23T13:04:54Z Ssebuufu 9882 64395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 1flolyi6n3jaj5k8kb4iy774pwi4rfj 64397 64395 2026-07-23T13:05:26Z Ssebuufu 9882 64397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda , [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 0mit0jtf7172kolyou1cne6wc5k1vp4 64398 64397 2026-07-23T13:06:54Z Ssebuufu 9882 64398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] ey’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 73l0ouop2cu3adbazloc6cc5zfw0vuv 64400 64398 2026-07-23T13:07:15Z Ssebuufu 9882 64400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga, mu buyinza,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] h4v8ah01fz5owy9fpuwx6ocefx05ymc 64403 64400 2026-07-23T13:12:16Z Ssebuufu 9882 64403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina diguli y'esookerwako mu Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) mu by'enfuna okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Diguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 8kxfu4yoa9v8glh5pseh43fn9r957dg 64416 64403 2026-07-23T13:28:10Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Okusoma kwe */ 64416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] a99nqrz941qitvbtabr5eengrcmu2ip 64417 64416 2026-07-23T13:28:29Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Okusoma kwe */ 64417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli y'eyookubiri eya [[:en:Master_of_Arts|Master of Arts]] ( MA ) mu by'enfuna yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] aw58mfzt2akabntk8ep3bjgkqx4jhpm 64420 64417 2026-07-23T13:31:00Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Okusoma kwe */ 64420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifunira kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Diguli ye eyookusatu eya [[Doctor of Philosophy]] ( [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), mu by’enfuna, yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] g5plo8sef0zcairghvslub0kdq84d2b 64424 64420 2026-07-23T13:47:36Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Okusoma kwe */ 64424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R"/> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] tnq7hlh2qe5jadxuem7eppts7dla9rd 64425 64424 2026-07-23T13:58:44Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Okusoma kwe */ 64425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yawereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 6nfqpelsymefuiiow83ddoh7poqe23t 64426 64425 2026-07-23T14:00:35Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza nga omukulu w' ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] onnfhvlq4s880aw01db65k9d89imtz6 64427 64426 2026-07-23T14:00:59Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna Theory and Analysis ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] ldvnbyaeqza8r46gb0jsmvj10i6gexy 64428 64427 2026-07-23T14:12:23Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa nga essomo [[Ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna|ly'ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna]] (econometrics), essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga ly'erisinga obuzibu, bwabo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] kqcd9abigf3kiuat5l390vc9enw71pa 64430 64428 2026-07-23T14:15:35Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Omukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 1jnqjuelgztzjhzphxe53y81131msrg 64431 64430 2026-07-23T14:18:58Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu kuteebereza ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] hjytou8fkmgwte79ew04rwg7hxs85bd 64442 64431 2026-07-23T14:28:20Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Ogwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] aivq67luag134nvc5dztrydx9iriyv0 64444 64442 2026-07-23T14:28:50Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala by’olina okutunulira */ 64444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebitundu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu eby'enfuna by'eggwanga lyonna, omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 07lyub9nwcex4qj2f9dxi5gn1zic5j9 64445 64444 2026-07-23T14:38:45Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]),okuteeka ebibalo n'emkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) omuli ebyembalirira n'ebyenfuna, n'enkola ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 3w7fp9ead4basj94uz1085jq8qdcizx 64446 64445 2026-07-23T14:54:04Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]). ya Gavumenti ey'eby'ensimbi n'emisolo awamu n'enkola y'eby'ensimbi n'ebyamabbanja.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Alon Mwesigwa |date=10 July 2015 |title=Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss? |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/38674-who-will-be-bank-of-uganda-boss |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 4upp0tp7g6f5uiw1zjvwo7tu3yul7od 64447 64446 2026-07-23T14:56:37Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]).<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 64nnyk06alqiibuxvht5a5g55pi9nti 64448 64447 2026-07-23T14:57:07Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala by’olina okutunulira == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 0yo0fn77527cc54h7e29kbjx3g7m746 64450 64448 2026-07-23T14:59:16Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Emirimu gye */ 64450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] i6nhk24va26tjxsgkm7ywqunhf6mp6c 64451 64450 2026-07-23T15:12:58Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva mu 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 0xtpk81km47wzf4tfr567dv3dhmrfza 64453 64451 2026-07-23T15:16:59Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Endagaano eno teyazzibwa buggya mukulembeze w’eggwanga; akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] opsi5yr5333oaanzl62zlduxturcxso 64459 64453 2026-07-23T15:21:19Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya akakyiko akavunaanyizibwa ku by'okulonda. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] ag12tez44u73jto8e8te2pax0leshcv 64460 64459 2026-07-23T15:21:47Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu banka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 8jvn9tgi208zzikcz08ryxwbnelz037 64461 64460 2026-07-23T15:23:14Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, nga wayise emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] m770nu4s652pl5z1mu37meumgfkwg6h 64468 64461 2026-07-23T15:38:58Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, akakiiko akaba Diyirekita ba bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okukola ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 6dkx5erz9sey0sif0whv943qeb93t7p 64471 64468 2026-07-23T15:42:52Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] pzjkitjykbr91u87mwgkh54m5f5vn8n 64472 64471 2026-07-23T15:43:40Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] a0kdah4lcch6140mo6lzc9ppn47dy4t 64473 64472 2026-07-23T15:44:36Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Newankubadde, olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] nldfdokn4gfgpoq87hfflghncwvm9bc 64474 64473 2026-07-23T15:45:56Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Covid-19, yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] b64er345jwpuc5fk07fkc4066oqu5s2 64475 64474 2026-07-23T15:47:05Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yali amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] ftd13d5l7zxfznicpjhsidddvo8t7vu 64476 64475 2026-07-23T15:48:33Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako */ 64476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[:en:Emmanuel_Tumusiime-Mutebile|Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Omuyimbi Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] geffs2x95zi1mhdlc513qf0dd7mh0f6 64477 64476 2026-07-23T15:49:23Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Laba ne */ 64477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[:en:Louis_Kasekende|Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] 6qex9aviwj69n7czhzl8pob6b6naquz 64478 64477 2026-07-23T15:49:45Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Laba ne */ 64478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * Michael Atingi-Ego == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] qyp6d9im7dvfbaj3c5bjtoveyym9v9a 64479 64478 2026-07-23T15:50:11Z Ssebuufu 9882 /* Laba ne */ 64479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] evunhxu6gmiqk35edaj9xd6v3nisz76 64480 64479 2026-07-23T15:51:14Z Ssebuufu 9882 64480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] b2ozfzd4kpawrh6kf2abvqajokdbwfu 64483 64480 2026-07-23T16:27:37Z Ssebuufu 9882 64483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] [[Category:Abannyankole]] in3ducvjob6s4e8vgrz8w2unxopkrks 64484 64483 2026-07-23T16:29:37Z Ssebuufu 9882 64484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] [[Category:Abannyankole]] [[Category:Ettundutundu ly'obugwanjuba]] 1wsisamup5wkb2dtcbe5jor3kfbwx37 64485 64484 2026-07-23T16:31:30Z Ssebuufu 9882 64485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] [[Category:Abannyankole]] [[Category:Ettundutundu ly'obugwanjuba]] [[Category:Abasomesa ba yunivasite y'e Makerere]] ns4wn2m567tz295sdnp1ose5mhnlb1k 64486 64485 2026-07-23T16:32:33Z Ssebuufu 9882 64486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] [[Category:Abannyankole]] [[Category:Ettundutundu ly'obugwanjuba]] [[Category:Abasomesa ba yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku yunivasite y'e Oxford]] medh3jtaiws4jwencs9ttb8uclgdswd 64487 64486 2026-07-23T16:33:40Z Ssebuufu 9882 64487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] [[Category:Abannyankole]] [[Category:Ettundutundu ly'obugwanjuba]] [[Category:Abasomesa ba yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku yunivasite y'e Oxford]] [[Category:Bannabyanfuna Bannayuganda]] jzxlsxd93fcxiytk1yo9raka8q8f109 64488 64487 2026-07-23T16:35:29Z Ssebuufu 9882 64488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <big>'''Adam Mugume'''</big>, mukugu mu by'enfuna Munnayuganda era aweereza nga Dayirekita w'eby’okunoonyereza n’enkola mu [[Bank of Uganda|Bank ya Uganda]], ekifo kyabaddemu okuva 2011. Okuva nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020 okutuusa nga 3 Ogwomunaana 2020, Dr Mugume yaweereza ng’akola nga omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bank of Uganda, [[Bank of Uganda|banka enkulu]] y’eggwanga,<ref name="1R">Ismail Musa Ladu (27 March 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Adam-Mugume-perform-deputy-governor-duties-BoU/688334-5506570-7veh5b/index.html "Dr Adam Mugume to perform deputy governor duties at BoU"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> nga [[Michael Atingi-Ego]], Omumyuka wa Gavana ow'enkalakkalira tanayingira ofiisi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Eagle Uganda |date=3 August 2020 |title=Dr. Michael Atingi-Ego assumes role as BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2020/08/03/dr-michael-atingi-ego-assumes-role-as-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Okusoma kwe == Mugume alina ddiguli esooka mu by'enfuna ( Bachelor of Arts in Economics ) mu okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] . Ddiguli ye eyookubiri mu by'enfuna ( [[Master of Arts]] - MA in economics) yagifuna kuva mu [[yunivasite y'e Botswana]] e Gaborone . Ddiguli ye eyookusatu mu by’enfuna ([[Doctor of Philosophy]] - [[:en:PhD|PhD]] ), yamuweebwa [[Yunivasite y’e Oxford]] mu Bungereza.<ref name="1R" /> == Emirimu gye == Adam Mugume yaweereza ng'omukulu w'ekitongole ky'enkola z'eby'enfuna n'okuzinyonyola ([[Economoic theory and Analysis]]) ku yunivasite y’e Makerere. Yasomesa [[econometrics]], essomo eritwalibwa okuba nga lyerisinga obuzibu, eri abo be yasomesa. Mukugu mu nteebereza y'ebyenfuna n’okwekenneenya enkola. Ebintu ebirala byeyakugukamu mulimu enkola ne neeyisa y'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga lyonna wamu ([[Macroeconomics]]), okuteeka ebibalo n'enkola z'okubala mu bikwata ku by'enfuna ([[applied econometrics]] ) n'enkola zi gavumenti ne zi bbanka enkulu zezikozesa okulwanyisa embeera z'ebyenfuna ezikosa eby'enfuna by'eggwanga awamu nga emirimu, okunaabuuka kw'ensimbi n'okukula kw'ebyenfuna ([[Fiscal and monetary policies]]) .<ref>Alon Mwesigwa (10 July 2015). "Who Will Be Bank of Uganda Boss?". ''The Observer (Uganda)''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</ref> == Ebirala eby'okulowoozaako == Mu Gwolubereberye 2020, endagaano y’omulimu eya Louis Kasekende, omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbank ya Uganda okuva 2010 okutuuka mu 2020 yaggwaako, oluvannyuma lw’ebisanja by’emyaka 5 bibiri eby’omuddiriἡἡanwa . Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyiza okubalonda endagaano teyagizza buggya. Bwatyo Kasekende yava mu bbanka enkulu.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Arthur Arnold Wadero |date=20 January 2020 |title=Kasekende bows out, bids farewell to BoU Staff |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kasekende-says-bye-BoU-staff/688334-5424416-h1yb8j/index.html |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Nga 27 Ogwokusatu 2020, oluvannyuma lw'emyezi ebiri ng’ekifo kino kikalu, olukiiko olukulembera bbanka enkulu, nga lukulirwa ssentebe waalwo, lwalonda Mugume okuweereza ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa bbanka enkulu, okutuusa ng’omuntu ow'enkalakkalira alondeddwa pulezidenti wa Uganda.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=27 March 2020 |title=Adam Mugume Named Acting BOU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dr-adam-mugume-named-acting-bou-deputy-governor/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ennaku bbiri, [[Yoweri Museveni|pulezidenti wa Uganda]], yalonda Michael Atingi-Ego ng’omumyuka wa Gavana wa Bbanka ya Uganda omuggya ow'enkalakkalira.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=29 March 2020 |title=Museveni names Dr. Ating-Ego new BoU Deputy Governor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/03/breaking-ating-ego-appointed-new-bou-deputy-governor.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref>Atingi-Ego yakakasibwa [[Palamenti ya Uganda|Paalamenti]] nga 16 Ogwokuna 2020.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Jolly Gwari |date=6 June 2020 |title=Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabula , olw'obukwakkulizo bw'okutambula olw'ekirwadde kya Lumiima Mawugwe (Covid-19) , yali tanaba kuva Zimbabwe kudda Uganda okutwala omulimu gwe, n'olwekyo Mugume yasigala amyuka Gavana okutuuka mu Gwomukaaga 2020.<ref name="7R">Jolly Gwari (6 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614221906/https://redpepper.co.ug/2020/06/covid-19-recovery-banks-to-restructure-loan-portfolio-bou/ "Covid-19 RECOVERY: Banks to restructure loan Portfolios – BoU"]. ''[[:en:Red_Pepper_(newspaper)|Red Pepper]]''. Mukono, Uganda. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref>[[Parliament of Uganda|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Louis Kasekende]] * [[Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile]] * [[Michael Atingi-Ego]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.bou.or.ug/ Banka ya Uganda Homepage] [[Category:Ekitundu ky'e Ankole]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Botswana]] [[Category:Abannyankole]] [[Category:Ettundutundu ly'obugwanjuba]] [[Category:Abasomesa ba yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Abaasomera ku yunivasite y'e Oxford]] [[Category:Bannabyanfuna Bannayuganda]] [[Category:Abamyuka ba Gavana aba Bbanka ya Uganda]] irxgsfl5em4lpe50kle24xglihuj2y0 America 0 14984 64482 64380 2026-07-23T16:23:45Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 64482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1c0ggpord7vd1j18ogvadqx585644dp 64489 64482 2026-07-23T16:39:36Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 530gjftvie8b8xqa32y2w8s673b8ne0 64490 64489 2026-07-23T16:45:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 41v76lcs8eseuw7j7trtapfpxi4vmnl 64492 64490 2026-07-23T17:00:10Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 93mv4wgx5zwiw0zghlhm7xa2bcjfctz 64500 64492 2026-07-23T17:23:16Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gpwzi71zntucnvayvegg80gmgovvvi3 64503 64500 2026-07-23T17:27:25Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 ababalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i6n6uazh28bkckh8rxgimrq7ekimi2c 64507 64503 2026-07-23T17:44:12Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka . <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> 27n4ezfz38e2a9rm2qxrr0b53qgtt9v 64556 64507 2026-07-23T20:10:57Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> t2kllb53qbwtb55iu1nrfrvv1n9lrsk 64573 64556 2026-07-23T20:29:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 64573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'ensoma byayo == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> cpchs26oqd4m4j7qtaqen4snyvb3sob 64574 64573 2026-07-23T20:30:37Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 64574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> 1eoi0h2anzslx31kyg05a34h31w00hi 64576 64574 2026-07-23T20:41:12Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> qvjziru0lwadl9barp0nepytd315iak 64577 64576 2026-07-23T21:38:58Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> [[Higher education in the United States|Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika]] gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> [[Community colleges in the United States|Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America]] agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa [[Open admissions|okuyingira mu lujjudde]], ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu [[Associate degree|diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi]] oba [[Certificate program|satifikeeti etali ya diguli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku [[Public expenditure|nsaasaanya ya gavumenti]] ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: [[United States service academies|abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika]], [[Naval Postgraduate School|essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School]], n'amatendekero [[US military staff colleges|g'abakozi b'amagye]]. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu [[Loan forgiveness|ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja]] ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[Student debt|ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> plf8jcf8xcsssjhlr0v4chol2zf7pkm 64578 64577 2026-07-23T22:18:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 64578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> 1gnf0s1t9q86hjt3qrmcx8lvrmtptoa 64579 64578 2026-07-23T22:28:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> r422o8eh9rd2dk5kgfrqs5lzs9qioec 64590 64579 2026-07-24T10:20:29Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> qxl05qlsusx8awp0i6j9emdtcpz2yhi 64591 64590 2026-07-24T10:29:08Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> oyxbne6ne5owhlwh55zb0i2bpj7u205 64592 64591 2026-07-24T10:31:12Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika." <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> phhpg6cdcmm35ex8cdg8evh4n3hunul 64593 64592 2026-07-24T10:33:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 64593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika." <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> == Ebyagiwandiikibwako == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> jx9l1gvgtpa6bjnqxqx44fz58xiggtp 64594 64593 2026-07-24T11:17:45Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika." <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> == Ebyagiwandiikibwako == Abawandiisi b’Amerika ab’amatwale baakwatibwako [[John Locke]] n’abawi b'endowooza abalala . Ekiseera ky'enkyukakyuka mu Amerika (175–1783) kyeyoleka nnyo olw'ebiwandiiko by'ebyobufuzi ebya [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Paine]], ne [[Thomas Jefferson]] . Akaseera katono [[ng’olutalo lw’enkyukakyuka terunnabaawo]], olupapula luno lwalinnya mu ttutumu, ne lujjuza obwetaavu bw’ebiwandiiko by’eggwanga ebyali biwakanya Bungereza. <ref>Mulford, Carla.</ref> Omuzannyo ogwasooka gwe gwa [[William Hill Brown]] ogwa ''[[The Power of Sympathy]]'', ogwafulumizibwa mu 1791. Omuwandiisi era omuvumirira [[John Neal]] ku ntandikwa okutuuka mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda yayamba okutumbula Amerika okutuuka ku biwandiiko n’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo ng’avumirira abasooka nga [[Washington Irving]] olw’okukoppa bannaabwe ab’e Bungereza, era ng’akwata ku bawandiisi nga [[Edgarn Poe]], eyatwala ebitontome by’Amerika n’ebitontome ebimpi mu makubo amapya. [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ne [[Margaret Fuller be]] baatandikawo ekibiina kya [[Transcendentalism]] ekyalina amaanyi mu bantu; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finseth |first=Ian Frederick |title=The Emergence of Transcendentalism |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2014 |website=American Studies @ The University of Virginia |publisher=[[The University of Virginia]]}}</ref> [[Henry David Thoreau]], omuwandiisi w'ekitabo ''[[Walden]]'', yasikirizibwa ekibiina kino. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> 691xajoo1xwgrro81gy9l8ui8mzoixt 64596 64594 2026-07-24T11:28:16Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph and dewikilinked 64596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika." <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> == Ebyagiwandiikibwako == Abawandiisi b’Amerika ab’amatwale baakwatibwako [[John Locke]] n’abawi b'endowooza abalala . Ekiseera ky'enkyukakyuka mu Amerika (175–1783) kyeyoleka nnyo olw'ebiwandiiko by'ebyobufuzi ebya [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Paine]], ne [[Thomas Jefferson]] . Akaseera katono [[ng’olutalo lw’enkyukakyuka terunnabaawo]], olupapula luno lwalinnya mu ttutumu, ne lujjuza obwetaavu bw’ebiwandiiko by’eggwanga ebyali biwakanya Bungereza. <ref>Mulford, Carla.</ref> Omuzannyo ogwasooka gwe gwa [[William Hill Brown]] ogwa ''[[The Power of Sympathy]]'', ogwafulumizibwa mu 1791. Omuwandiisi era omuvumirira [[John Neal]] ku ntandikwa okutuuka mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda yayamba okutumbula Amerika okutuuka ku biwandiiko n’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo ng’avumirira abasooka nga [[Washington Irving]] olw’okukoppa bannaabwe ab’e Bungereza, era ng’akwata ku bawandiisi nga [[Edgarn Poe]], eyatwala ebitontome by’Amerika n’ebitontome ebimpi mu makubo amapya. [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ne [[Margaret Fuller be]] baatandikawo ekibiina kya [[Transcendentalism]] ekyalina amaanyi mu bantu; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finseth |first=Ian Frederick |title=The Emergence of Transcendentalism |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2014 |website=American Studies @ The University of Virginia |publisher=[[The University of Virginia]]}}</ref> [[Henry David Thoreau]], omuwandiisi w'ekitabo ''[[Walden]]'', yasikirizibwa ekibiina kino. Enkaayana ezaali zeetoolodde [[enkola y’okuggyawo abaddu]] zaaluŋŋamya abawandiisi, nga [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], n’abawandiisi abaali boogera ku baddu, nga [[Frederick Douglass]] . Ekitabo kya [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ekiyitibwa ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850) kyanoonyereza ku ludda olw’ekizikiza mu byafaayo bya Amerika, nga bwe kyali mu kitabo kya [[Herman Melville]] ekya ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851). Abayimbi abakulu mu Amerika ab’omu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okuzzaawo eddiini y’Amerika kuliko [[Walt Whitman]], Melville, ne [[Emily Dickinson]]. [[Mark Twain]] ye muwandiisi omukulu Omumerika eyasooka okuzaalibwa mu mawanga g'obugwanjuba. [[Henry James]] yafuna okusiimibwa mu nsi yonna n’ebitabo bye nga ''[[The Portrait of a Lady]]'' (1881). Ng’omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika gweyongera, aba periodicals baafulumyanga byafulumya emboozi endala ezaali zeetooloolera ku bakozi mu makolero, abakyala, n’abaavu ab’omu byalo. Enzikiriza y’obutonde ([[Naturalism]]) enkola y’ebitundu, ([[regionalism]]) n’enkola ey’amazima ( [[realism]]) bye byali ebibiina ebikulu omwaggyibwanga emiramwa mu biwandiiko mu kiseera ekyo.   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> qp0sorsjr0bqw79txq6q1b9chzou8cs 64597 64596 2026-07-24T11:29:13Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings 64597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika." <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> == Ebyagiwandiikibwako == Abawandiisi b’Amerika ab’amatwale baakwatibwako [[John Locke]] n’abawi b'endowooza abalala . Ekiseera ky'enkyukakyuka mu Amerika (175–1783) kyeyoleka nnyo olw'ebiwandiiko by'ebyobufuzi ebya [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Paine]], ne [[Thomas Jefferson]] . Akaseera katono [[ng’olutalo lw’enkyukakyuka terunnabaawo]], olupapula luno lwalinnya mu ttutumu, ne lujjuza obwetaavu bw’ebiwandiiko by’eggwanga ebyali biwakanya Bungereza. <ref>Mulford, Carla.</ref> Omuzannyo ogwasooka gwe gwa [[William Hill Brown]] ogwa ''[[The Power of Sympathy]]'', ogwafulumizibwa mu 1791. Omuwandiisi era omuvumirira [[John Neal]] ku ntandikwa okutuuka mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda yayamba okutumbula Amerika okutuuka ku biwandiiko n’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo ng’avumirira abasooka nga [[Washington Irving]] olw’okukoppa bannaabwe ab’e Bungereza, era ng’akwata ku bawandiisi nga [[Edgarn Poe]], eyatwala ebitontome by’Amerika n’ebitontome ebimpi mu makubo amapya. [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ne [[Margaret Fuller be]] baatandikawo ekibiina kya [[Transcendentalism]] ekyalina amaanyi mu bantu; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finseth |first=Ian Frederick |title=The Emergence of Transcendentalism |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2014 |website=American Studies @ The University of Virginia |publisher=[[The University of Virginia]]}}</ref> [[Henry David Thoreau]], omuwandiisi w'ekitabo ''[[Walden]]'', yasikirizibwa ekibiina kino. Enkaayana ezaali zeetoololera ku [[enkola y’okuggyawo abaddu|nkola y’okuggyawo abaddu]] zaaluŋŋamya abawandiisi, nga [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], n’abawandiisi abaali boogera ku baddu, nga [[Frederick Douglass]] . Ekitabo kya [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ekiyitibwa ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850) kyanoonyereza ku ludda olw’ekizikiza mu byafaayo bya Amerika, nga bwe kyali mu kitabo kya [[Herman Melville]] ekya ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851). Abayimbi abakulu mu Amerika ab’omu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okuzzaawo eddiini y’Amerika kuliko [[Walt Whitman]], Melville, ne [[Emily Dickinson]]. [[Mark Twain]] ye muwandiisi omukulu Omumerika eyasooka okuzaalibwa mu mawanga g'obugwanjuba. [[Henry James]] yafuna okusiimibwa mu nsi yonna n’ebitabo bye nga ''[[The Portrait of a Lady]]'' (1881). Ng’omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika gweyongera, aba periodicals baafulumyanga byafulumya emboozi endala ezaali zeetooloolera ku bakozi mu makolero, abakyala, n’abaavu ab’omu byalo. Enzikiriza y’obutonde ([[Naturalism]]) enkola y’ebitundu, ([[regionalism]]) n’enkola ey’amazima ( [[realism]]) bye byali ebibiina ebikulu omwaggyibwanga emiramwa mu biwandiiko mu kiseera ekyo.   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> ljrsk3uy60msarrv4vlvtmla0jx7ld6 64598 64597 2026-07-24T11:57:45Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings and new paragraph 64598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Country|image_flag=Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg}}'''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), era emanyiddwa nga '''United States'''( '''U.S.''' ) oba '''Amerika''', nsi okusinga esangibwa mu [[North America|Bukiikakkono bwa America]] . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne [[Mexico]] mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska [[n’ekizinga]] kya Hawaii mu [[Pacific Ocean]]. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu [[eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu]], nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ]. Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino . Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861&#x2013;1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga [[Cayina|China]] ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu. Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi . Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna. == Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General [[George Washington]], yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . <ref name="DeLear-20132">{{cite news|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=July 4, 2013|title=Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fay |first=John |date=July 15, 2016 |title=The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html |work=[[IrishCentral]]}}</ref>​​''​'' Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga [[Williamsburg]] olwa ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776.<ref name="DeLear-20132" /> Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,[[Thomas Jefferson]] yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​<ref name="DeLear-20132" />​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba [[Second Continental Congress]] nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. <ref name="Davis72">[[:en:United_States#Davis96|Davis 1996]], p. 7.</ref> Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga;<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Is USA A Noun Or Adjective? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/ |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite dictionary|date=September 27, 2024|title=Stateside|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside|access-date=October 4, 2024|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> "America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya {{Lang|la|Americus Vesputius}}, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|title=Amerigo Vespucci|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 7, 2011|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci|url-status=live}}</ref>[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Szalay |first1=Jessie |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America |url=https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html |access-date=June 23, 2019 |publisher=[[Live Science]]}}</ref><ref name="locnamingofamerica">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Erin |date=July 4, 2016 |title=How Did America Get Its Name? |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=Library of Congress Blog}}</ref> Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za [[North America|North]] ne [[South America]]. == Ebyafaayo byalyo == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Abantu baamu bannansangwa ===   [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275 ]] Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10. === Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 &#x2013; 1765) === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg|left|thumb|Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne [[Spain]] (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750]] Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513.<ref>{{cite book |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |date=2002 |title=A Short History of Florida |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm |publisher=University of South Florida |chapter=Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( [[Saint Louis City, Missouri|St. Louis]], 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620). <ref>{{Harvnb|Bellah|Madsen|Sullivan|Swidler|Tipton|1985|p=220}}</ref> Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene. Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the [[First Great Awakening]], nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa. === Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 &#x2013; 1800) . ===   [[File:Declaration_independence.jpg|alt=See caption.|thumb|Ekifaananyi ''ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze'' kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .]] Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; <ref>Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370</ref> repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya [[Renaissance]] ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.<ref>Becker et al (2002), ch 1</ref><ref name="SEoP-2006">{{cite web |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Republicanism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Hunter |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo. Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. <ref name="BoyerJr.20072">[[:en:United_States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]], pp. 192–193</ref> === Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 &#x2013; 1865) . === [[File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png|alt=Historical territorial expansion of the United States|thumb|Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika]] Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. <ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819. Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel. Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi. Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo. Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 &#x2013; 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba. [[File:US_SlaveFree1858.gif|left|thumb|Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858]] Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Milestone documents: Kansas&ndash;Missouri Act (1854) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act |access-date=January 5, 2025 |agency=National Archives (Washington, D.C.)}}</ref> Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865). Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. <ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.<ref>Davis, Jefferson. </ref> === Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 &#x2013; 1917) === [[File:Emigrants_(i.e._immigrants)_landing_at_Ellis_Island_-.webm|thumb|Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Overview + History {{!}} Ellis Island |url=https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island}}</ref>]] Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |website=National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |language=en}}</ref> N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990|access-date=May 11, 2021|work=Politico|date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870|date=July 15, 2014|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886|access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=The Great Migration (1910–1970) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> [[Alaska yagulibwa]] okuva ku [[Rwasha|Russia]] mu 1867. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |access-date=December 23, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877]] etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma [[lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876]] era n’eviirako Pulezidenti [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, [[Abanunuzi]] [[baatandika]] okugoba bali [[Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza]] ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya [[ly'obukulu bw'abazungu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |last2=Eric Foner |author-link2=Eric Foner |last3=Clarence E. Walker |author-link3=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |website=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola [[mu mawanga mu Amerika]]. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', zaggyamu [[ennongoosereza]] [[ey’ekkumi n’ennya]] n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya [[sundown towns]] mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana [[mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga]], ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola [[y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente]] oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo [[Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba]] . [[Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya]], nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya [[Gilded]] ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. [[Abagagga]] baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo [[g’eggaali y’omukka]], [[amafuta]], [[n’ebyuma]], nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu [[mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2026 |website=OECD}}</ref>[[Robber baron (industrialist)|​]][[Trust (business)|​]][[Monopoly|​]] Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012).</ref>[[Progressive Era|​]] Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], ne [[Guam]] Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu [[lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika]]. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma [[lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert.</ref> [[Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika]] byafunibwa okuva ku [[Denimaaka|Denmark]] mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu [[kalulu ka 1916]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref> == '''Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)''' == Amerika [[American entry into World War I|yayingira Ssematalo I]] ng'eri wamu [[Allies of World War I|n'amawanga ag'omukago]] mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa [[Central Powers|amawanga ag'omu masekkati]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005).</ref> Mu 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka]] yawa [[Women's suffrage in the United States|abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda]] mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo [[Mass communication|ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi]] ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929]] kwali kuleese [[Great Depression in the United States|okusereba kw'eby'enfuna]], Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya [[New Deal]] eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka [[Alphabet agencies|z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo]] era ezisukkiridde ne [[Works Progress Administration|pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu]] nga zigatta wamu [[Regulatory economics|n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanslow |first=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Eyali terina ludda]] mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya [[Military history of the United States during World War II|Ssematalo II]], Amerika yatandika [[Lend-Lease|okugabira]] [[Allies of World War II|amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II]] ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era [[American entry into World War II|n'eyingira olutalo]] mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|okulumba Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " [[Europe first|Bulaaya yeesooka]] ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan [[Fascist Italy|Yitale]] ne [[Nazi Germany|Girimaani]] mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika [[Manhattan Project|yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki]] mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II?|language=en|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|access-date=February 8, 2017|last=Kingston|first=Jeff|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006).</ref> Amerika yali emu ku " [[Four Policemen|Abapoliisi Abana]] " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka [[Aftermath of World War II|ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo]], nga baali wamu ne [[Bungereza]], [[Soviet Union]] ne [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina [[Economic power|amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna]] n'obuyinza [[Sphere of influence|bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989).</ref> == Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 &#x2013; 1991) . == [[Ssematalo II]] bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne [[Soviet Union]] nga ge [[amawanga amanene]], nga buli limu lirina [[obuyinza]] bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako [[Ssematalo ow'endowooza]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref> Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza [[abantu]] egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu [[nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti]]; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko [[n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi]] mu 1969. Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika ly[[Post–World War II economic expansion|afuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna]], [[Urbanization in the United States|okugenda mu bibuga]], n’okukula [[Mid-20th century baby boom|kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II]]. [[Civil rights movement|Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu]] kyavaayo, nga [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Enteekateeka [[Great Society|y'ekibiina ekinene]] eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|mu ssemateeka]] okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu [[Institutional racism|kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole]] okwaliwo. [[Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa]] mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu [[kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu]] [[n’okwegatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Selective Service Records |url=https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> n'[[okuwakanya okw'amaanyi]] ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=October 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref>Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |page=11}}</ref> Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa [[Soviet Union]] okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti [[Ssematalo ow’endowooza]] yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Harvnb|Gaĭdar|2007|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Howell|2006|p=352}}; {{Harvnb|Kissinger|2011|pp=781–884}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|2009|p=432}}{{Harvnb|Hayes|2009}}</ref> Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " [[American Century]] " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=December 24, 2014|title=The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/|access-date=December 10, 2024|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/|title=U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II|work=Politifact|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> == Omulembe gwa kati (1991 &#x2013; kati) == Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu [[1990s United States boom|okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika]], [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika]], n'okukulaakulana [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|mu tekinologiya]]. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga [[World Wide Web]], enkulaakulana ya [[Pentium (original)|Pentium]] microprocessor okusinziira ku [[Moore's law|tteeka lya Moore]], bbaatule za [[:en:Lithium-ion_battery|lithium-ion batteries]] nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa [[:en:Gene_therapy|gene therapy]] okwasooka n'[[Gene therapy|okukola ebintu oba cloning]], kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, [[Human Genome Project|pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project]] yatongozebwa, ate [[Nasdaq]] n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu [[Gulf War|lutalo lwa Gulf]] mu 1991, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika]] gwagoba eggye [[Ba'athist Iraq|lya Iraq]] eryali liwambye [[Kuwait]] ku muliraano. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda]] 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina [[Pan-Islamism|ky'abatujju ekya]] [[War on terror|al]] [[Iraq War|-]] [[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]]. <ref>{{cite news|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|date=December 9, 2008|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=February 15, 2008|title=Overview: The Iraq War|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |year=2005 |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[2000s United States housing bubble|Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika]] kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba [[Great Recession|kw’eby’enfuna]], okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|archive-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye [[Political polarization in the United States|okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> n’okudda [[emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]].<ref name="Grumbach 2021">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu [[bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol]], <ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ekibinja ky'abayeekera <ref name="Pape-2022">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |date=January 5, 2022 |title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]], Chicago Project on Security and Threats}}</ref> abawagira Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] bwe baayingira mu [[United States Capitol|Capitol ya Amerika]] ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> mu [[kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti]]. Gwali [[mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana]] [[okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe]]. <ref name="Multiple Sources"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.}} (p. 3)|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free |hdl=10945/72654 |hdl-access=free}}|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton |editor-first2=Nigel |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760 |quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite court |litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion=8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}|{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}|{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Justine |date=January 6, 2021 |title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/ |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}|{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=August 4, 2021 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=September 22, 2021 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}}}</ref> Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya [[demokulasiya ow'eddembe]] okudda mu [[nfuga ey'ekintabuli]] okuva mu 2025. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[London School of Economics]] kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti [[okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026]] kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " [[eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya]] ".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza [[emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Enkula y’ensi == Amerika y’ensi [[eyookusatu mu bunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] [[Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia]] byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=[[Census.gov]] |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Listing: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=cia.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lew |first=Alan |title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US |url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States |publisher=North Arizona University}}</ref> Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2] Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu [[Colorado]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harms |first=Nicole |title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=USA Today}}</ref> [[Supervolcano|Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu]] oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, [[Yellowstone Caldera]], lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Larry |date=March 14, 2005 |title=America's Explosive Park |url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo [[Great Basin|ekiwonvu ekinene]] eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], n'eddungu lya [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]]. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa [[Arizona]], eyayoolwa [[Colorado River|omugga Colorado]], waliwo [[Grand Canyon]], ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism |url=http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2007 |publisher=Northern Arizona University |format=PDF}}</ref> ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] ne [[Sierra Nevada]] zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama [[West Coast of the United States|lw'ennyanja Pacific]]. [[Extreme points of the United States|Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo]] biri mu Ssaza ly’e California,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Whitney, California |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Peakbagger}}</ref> nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W) |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref>Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), [[Denali]] mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poppick |first=Laura |date=August 28, 2013 |title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained |url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> [[List of volcanoes in the United States|Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika]] zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] ne [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]]. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro [[Physical geography|mu bifaananyi]] [[Ethnology|n’amawanga]] kitundu kya kitundu kya [[Polynesia]] ekya [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km <sup>2</sup> ) ez’ennyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United States is an Ocean Nation |url=https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |website=www.marineregions.org}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa [[100th meridian]], embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa [[Humid continental climate|Humid continental]] mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya [[Humid subtropical climate|humid tropical]] mu bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyden |first=Jennifer |title=Climate Regions of the United States |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina [[Alpine climate|embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi]] . Embeera y’obudde [[Desert climate|nkalu]] mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] mu [[Coastal California|lubalama lw’essaza lya California]], ate eri [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] mu lubalama lw’e[[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], n’obukiikaddyo bwa [[Alaska]] . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] oba [[Polar climate|polar]]. [[Hawaii]], [[ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida]] n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu [[Caribbean]] ne [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] biri mu mbeera ya [[Tropical climate|Tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Amerika efuna ebizibu [[by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde]] ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Doyle |title=USA has the world's most extreme weather |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/ |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya [[Gulf of Mexico]] gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna [[zibeera mu ggwanga lino]], okusinga mu [[Tornado Alley]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|date=May 11, 2002|title=Tornado Alley, USA|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|access-date=September 20, 2006|work=Science News}}</ref> [[Olw’enkyukakyuka mu m,beera y’obudde|Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde]], embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo [[Heat waves|gw’ebbugumu]] ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu [[Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika]] kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=December 2024 |title=A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Lucas |last2=Lustgarten |first2=Abrahm |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=Propublica |publisher=Rhodium Group}}</ref> == Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo == US y’emu ku [[nsi 17 ez’enjawulo]] ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika [[Vascular plant|by’ebimera]] nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika [[by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli]] ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. <ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |website=Plants |publisher=National Biological Service}}</ref> Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo [[Mammal|ebizaala]] 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya [[Amphibians]] 295, <ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Liz |title=Number of Native Species in United States |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Current Results Nexus}}</ref> n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |access-date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Waliwo [[amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63]], n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya [[National Park Service]] n’ebitongole ebirala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park FAQ |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm |access-date=May 8, 2015 |website=nps |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . <ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> [[Protected areas of the United States|Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa]], wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye. <ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web |last1=Gorte |first1=Ross W. |last2=Vincent |first2=Carol Hardy. |last3=Hanson |first3=Laura A. |last4=Marc R. |first4=Rosenblum |title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |access-date=January 18, 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development |url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2015 |website=doi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}}</ref> Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya [[n'amaanyi ga nukiriya]], obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema [[Deforestation in the United States|ebibira]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=The National Atlas of the United States of America |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Forest Resources of the United States |url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050 |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in the United States|n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde]] . <ref>[[United States#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref> <ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000).</ref> Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya [[Environmental Protection Agency]]<nowiki/>i (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku [[Environmental policy of the United States|nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi]]. [[Endowooza y’ettale]] ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka [[Wilderness Act|ly’ettale]]. <ref>Turner, James Morton (2012).</ref> [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973]] liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. <ref name="Office">{{cite book |year=2003 |title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1 |publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4 |pages=1–3, 42 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu [[muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> == Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo == Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. <ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> era [[enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti]] eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'[[okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale]]. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga [[ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko]] mu ggwanga. Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika [[Liberal democracy|mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe]] okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda [[Democratic backsliding in the United States|emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya]] n’okukyuka okudda mu [[Hybrid regime|nfuga ey’ekintabuli]] nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu [[Authoritarianism|eby’obwannakyewa]] ne [[Democracy|demokulasiya]]. <ref name="Grumbach 20212">{{Harvnb|Grumbach|2021}}.</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref> [[Gerrymandering in the United States|Gerrymandering]], nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya [[Electoral autocracy|demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda]] oba [[Illiberal democracy|demokulasiya atali mu ddembe]], nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Langfitt|first=Frank|date=2025-04-22|title=Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist|access-date=2026-05-25|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|quote=A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.}}</ref> <ref name=":52" /> == Gavumenti ya federo == Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo [[Separation of powers|okwawula obuyinza]] okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera [[Checks and balances|n’okutebenkeza]] okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. <ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. Ed |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga [[Presidential system|enkola ya pulezidenti]], okwawukana ku [[Parliamentary system|nkola ya palamenti]] ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika [[Postcolonialism|ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale]]. == Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti == [[Olukiiko lwa Amerika]] olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa [[Senate]] [[n'olukiiko lw'ababaka]]. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya [[disitulikiti ya congress]] gye babeera. [[Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe]] lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legislative Branch |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany}}</ref> era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Process for impeachment |url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=ThinkQuest}}</ref> Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t11">{{Cite web |title=US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro.<ref name="tws2010Sep11t13">{{cite news|author=Ferraro|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2007|title=House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct |url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Akakiko kaalyo akakulu == Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye [[Head of state|mukulembeze w’eggwanga]], [[Commander-in-chief|omuduumizi]] w’okuntikko, era [[Head of government|akulira gavumenti eya federo]]. Pulezidenti alonda [[Cabinet of the United States|abakiise ba kabineti]], nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu [[List of federal agencies in the United States|bitongole byabwe]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Branch |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/ |access-date=February 11, 2017 |website=The White House}}</ref> Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu [[Bill (law)|ku biteeso by'amateeka]] okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula [[Veto power in the United States|obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu]] buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|obw’ebitundu]] bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era [[Federal pardons in the United States|asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa]] . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " [[Executive orders|ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu]] " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda [[Judicial review in the United States|kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi]] . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu [[Running mate|n’omumyuka]] wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu [[Indirect election|kulonda okutali kwa butereevu]] nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo [[United States Electoral College|ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika]]. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa [[State legislature (United States)|olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka]], okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ]. == Essiga eddamuzi == [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo]], ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu [[Supreme Court of the United States|kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika]], [[United States courts of appeals|kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika]], ne [[United States district court|kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika]]. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" [[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|obuyinza obw'olubereberye]]", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba [[International treaties|endagaano z'ensi yonna]]. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. <ref name="FedJud">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa [[Judicial review in the United States|amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka]].<ref name="FedJud" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Procedure |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/ |access-date=October 20, 2024 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa [[writs of certiorari]] [[Chief Justice of the United States|buli]] mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> == Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono == Mu [[Federalism in the United States|nkola ya Amerika eya federo]], obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], ne [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="HRI-20122">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}} }}</ref> Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa [[State constitutions in the United States|ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga]], ne [[Local government in the United States|gavumenti z’ebitundu]] ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Robert A. |date=October 2011 |title=Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism# |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=Cato Institute}}</ref> Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, [[Federal district of the United States|disitulikiti ya federo]] erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.</ref> Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga. == Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi == Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya [[Anti-Federalist]] . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya ''de facto'' [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ey’ebibiina]] [[Ey’ebibiina ebibiri|ebibiri]], wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.<ref name="Blake-2021">{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Aaron|date=November 25, 2021|title=Why are there only two parties in American politics?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/|access-date=May 4, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde [[Democratic Party]] ne [[Republican Party]]. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi,<ref>{{Harvnb|Martone|Piccio|2023|p=167}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Chinoy|first=Sahil|date=2019-06-26|title=What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html|access-date=2026-04-26|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.}}</ref> n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2026 |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[V-Dem Institute]] |quote=One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the “third wave of autocratization.” Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346 |access-date=April 26, 2026 |ssrn=4739346 |quote=Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala == Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata [[ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu]] we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu [[ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> era nga mwe muli [[ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte]]. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Where is the G7 Headed? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> ne [[OECD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global reach |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> [[Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago]] era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza [[emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka]] ne Amerika, okuggyako [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Fialho|first1=Livia Pontes|last2=Wallin|first2=Matthew|title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=American Security Project|jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> ne [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Wadde [[Taiwan]] terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Amerika bulijjo [[egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye]] okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne [[AUKUS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2026-05-26 |title=Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Wentong |date=2025-12-05 |title=AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership |url=https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=thediplomaticaffairs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " [[ne Bungereza]] n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne [[Canada]], <ref>{{cite web |author1=Ek, Carl |last2=Fergusson |first2=Ian F. |name-list-style=amp |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Canada–U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Australia (ssemazinga)|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Vaughn, Bruce |date=May 27, 2011 |title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Philippines]], <ref>{{cite web |author=Lum, Thomas |date=January 3, 2011 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[Japan]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanlett-Avery, Emma |display-authors=etal |date=June 8, 2011 |title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> [[South Korea]], <ref>{{cite web |last1=Manyin |first1=Mark E. |last2=Chanlett-Avery |first2=Emma |last3=Nikitin |first3=Mary Beth |date=July 8, 2011 |title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Israel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zanotti, Jim |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga [[Bufalansa]], [[Yitale]], [[Girimane|Girimaani]], [[Spain]], ne [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Relations With Poland |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=State.gov}}</ref> Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya [[NATO]] ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku [[Micronesia]], [[ebizinga bya Marshall]] ne [[Palau]] ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association.<ref name="FedJud2">{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne [[Buyindi]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2022 |publisher=White House}}</ref> ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera.<ref>{{cite report|last=Meidan|first=Michal|title=US-China: The Great Decoupling|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]|jstor=resrep33982}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=March 28, 2023 |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Amaje gaayo == Pulezidenti ye [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko]] mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, [[United States Secretary of Defense|omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda]] n’abakulira bann[[Joint Chiefs of Staff|amagye]] . [[United States Department of Defense|Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda]], ekitebe kyayo kiri ku [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu [[United States Army|eggye lya Amerika]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], ne [[United States Space Force|Space Force]] . <ref>{{cite web |title=Our Forces |url=https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> [[United States Coast Guard|Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja]] baddukanyizibwa [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga]] mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu [[United States Department of the Navy|kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi]] mu biseera by’olutalo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lindsay |first=James M. |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard! |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard |access-date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy. |location=New York City}}</ref> Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa. Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2012|title=United States country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057|access-date=July 6, 2025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Missy|last2=Jeong|first2=Andrew|last3=Masih|first3=Niha|last4=Sands|first4=Leo|last5=Somasundaram|first5=Praveena|last6=Wu|first6=Daniel|last7=Haspel|first7=Tamar|last8=Dougherty|first8=Jesse|last9=Nusbaum|first9=Spencer|date=April 1, 2021|title=The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html|access-date=July 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2025 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2 |access-date=26 April 2026 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia.<ref name="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-20242">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2024 |title=Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga [[People's Liberation Army|China People's Liberation Army]] [[Indian Armed Forces|n'amagye ga Buyindi]]. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Johnny |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Vox}}</ref> era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) |url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2010 |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza. [[Amagye g’amasaza|Amagye g’amasaa]] oba [[State defense forces]] (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa [[gavana w'essaza]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title=StateDefenseForce.com |url=https://statedefenseforce.com/ |website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States |url=https://sgaus.org/ |website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 [[eby’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika|ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika]] [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Guard: FAQ |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |publisher=[[United States National Guard]] |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu [[tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933]] ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013 |publisher=Army National Guard}}</ref> Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community |url=https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026 |website=Military OneSource}}</ref> == Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango == Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya [[sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[poliisi mu ssaza]] birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[eddembe ly’obuntu]], ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za [[kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole [[Sheriffs in the United States|bya sheriff]] mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya [[State police (United States)|poliisi mu ssaza]] [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo]], era [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|ebitongole bya federo]] nga [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) ne [[United States Marshals Service|US Marshals Service]] birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma [[Civil rights|eddembe ly’obuntu]], [[National security of the United States|ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga]], okussa mu nkola ensala za [[U.S. federal courts|kkooti za Amerika eza federo]] n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do |url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=Chiff.com}}</ref> [[State court (United States)|Kkooti z’amasaza]] zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2014 |title=Introduction To The Federal Court System |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo [[awagunjulirwa abaana abato]] . <ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |date=April 24, 2014 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C. |bibcode=2014nap..book18613N |doi=10.17226/18613}}</ref> Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). <ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna [[omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango]] era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=July 6, 2023 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa.<ref name="Sawyer-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest].</ref>[[World Health Organization|​]] [[Gun deaths in the United States|Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu]] nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo". Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial [[rule of law]] ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa [[Bright Line Watch]] ne [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-01 |title=Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref> == Ebyenfuna byayo == Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moffatt |first=Mike |date=January 27, 2020 |title=A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |quote="The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important."}}</ref> ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya [[G7]] . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and |website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, [[138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika]] mu 2025,<ref name="Fortune-2025">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United States dollar|Ddoola ya Amerika]] ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa [[mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna]] era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, [[United States Armed Forces|amagye gaayo]], enkola ya [[petrodollar]], akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne [[Eurodollar]] yaayo ekwatagana. <ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye [[De facto currency|ssente ''entuufu'']]. <ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-691-11666-2}}; ''cf''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero,<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza,<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{Cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref> nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Ekibuga New York]] kye [[kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi]] mu nsi yonna,<ref /><ref name="NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 35 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/ |access-date=May 1, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye [[List of cities by GDP|kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna]] mu nsi yonna.<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Iman |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> [[New York Stock Exchange]] ne [[Nasdaq]], zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze [[List of stock exchanges|zisinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi [[n'obusuubuzi]].<ref /><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)].</ref> Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu [[Artificial intelligence|by'obwakalimagezi]]; [[eby'amasannyalaze]] ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula [[Military equipment|n’eby’amagye]].<ref name="CIA-2018">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|ebikozesebwa]] ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed.</ref> Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago [[gwa Bulaaya]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan.<ref /> Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.<ref /> Abamerika be basinga [[List of countries by average wage|okuyingiza ssente]] mu [[Household income|maka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |website=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga [[Median income|okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo]] kyakuna mu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{Cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Society at a Glance 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=978-92-64-20072-2 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nga [[Consumer spending|ensaasaanya y’ensimbi]] z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina nnyo ssente [[Consumer economy|ezitambulira mu baguzi]] nga bano beebaaatambuza [[Consumer economy|ebyenfuna]] era nga ye [[List of largest consumer markets|katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa]]. Amerika [[List of countries by number of billionaires|yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi]] [[List of countries by number of millionaires|n’obukadde]] bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoletano |first=E. |date=October 20, 2023 |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Obugagga mu Amerika]] bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga [[OECD]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |website=OECD}}</ref> Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. <ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ekitongole kya [[Feeding America]] kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. <ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web |title=Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America |url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Amerika erina eggwanga ettono [[Welfare state|eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi]] era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga [[World Bank high-income economy|amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joumard |first=Isabelle |last2=Pisu |first2=Mauro |last3=Bloch |first3=Debbie |year=2012 |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 |access-date=May 21, 2015 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live }}</ref> Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, <ref>{{Cite news|date=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.}}</ref>[[Parental leave in the United States|​]] wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi [[Working class in the United States|abafuna]] ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu [[Collective bargaining|ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu]] n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> == Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo == Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}.</ref> Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond |access-date=February 10, 2025 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Intellectual Property Organization. |year=2021 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |isbn=978-92-805-3329-3 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> Mu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa [[Artificia Intelligence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=hai.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya ''Global Finance'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula == Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2023 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) [[okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula]] . [[Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo]] (1961 &#x2013; 1972) yatuuka ku [[kugwa ku Mwezi]] okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa [[Apollo 11]] ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Space Shuttle program|​]][[Voyager program|​]] ne pulogulaamu ya [[Voyager program]] (1972&#x2013;leero), eya [[Hubble]] n'eya [[James Webb]] [[space telescopes]] [[Hubble Space Telescope|​]][[James Webb Space Telescope|​]]<nowiki/>nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)[[Space telescope|​]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya [[Mars Exploration Program]] (''[[Spirit]]'', ''[[Opportunity]]'', ''[[Curiosity]]'', and ''[[Perseverance]]'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref>[[Mars Exploration Program|​]]''[[Spirit (rover)|​]][[Opportunity (rover)|​]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Mars Exploration – NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya [[International Space Station]] (ISS); <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, ''[[Destiny]]'' (2001), ''[[Harmony]]'' (2007), ne ''[[Tranquility]]'' (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 24, 2022 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en |edition=updated, last}}</ref> Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], ne [[SpaceX]]. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, [[Commercial Resupply Services]], Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=September 5, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali [[y'amafuta ga mafuta]] (38%), n’eddirirwa [[ggaasi ow’obutonde]] (36%),eza [[renewable sources]] (9%), [[amanda]] (9%), [[n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> <ref name="visu">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku [[bantu b'ensi yonna]], naye [[yakozesa ebitundu nga 16%]] ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Environmental Protection Agency |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi [[Nuclear power by country|esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya]] mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Sabina |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors? |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe [[List of countries by road network size|gusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface |url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=United States Department of Transportation}}</ref>[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|​]][[Interstate Highway System|​]] Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa [[State highway#United States|enguudo za gavumenti]] [[Toll road|n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini]] ezisasulwa . Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye]] (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu [[Bike-sharing|gy’okugabana obugaali]]. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humes |first=Edward |date=April 12, 2016 |title=The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Public transportation in the United States|Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika]] erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi [[Car-dependent|ebyesigama ku mmotoka]] . Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa [[Northeast Corridor]], [[High-speed rail in the United States|eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika]] etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. [[Amtrak]], kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=[[Amtrak]]}}</ref> [[Rail transport in the United States|Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino]], [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ogusinga obuwanvu]] mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> esinga kukola [[Freight transport|ku by’emigugu]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data |url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Antiplanner |date=May 13, 2016 |title=Comparing European and American Transport |url=https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847}}</ref> ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Maddock |date=March 7, 2023 |title=US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership |url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/ |access-date=March 9, 2025}}</ref> Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. [[List of airlines of the United States|Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo]] zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; [[American Airlines]] yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya [[US Airways]] mu 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Scheduled Passengers Carried |url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)}}</ref> Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |website=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32}}</ref> Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International]] mu [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref name="BusyAirport">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Marnie |date=April 11, 2022 |title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2022, [[List of airports in the United States|ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |access-date=December 15, 2023 |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}</ref> byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli [[General aviation|n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo]] . [[Transportation Security Administration|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001. [[Inland waterways of the United States|Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga]] ge gakwata [[List of countries by waterways length|ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu]] mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku [[List of busiest container ports|myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi]] mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe [[Port of Los Angeles|mwalo gw’e Los Angeles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]]}}</ref> == Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo == '''<big>Obungi bw'abantu</big>''' Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] <ref name="2020CENSUS">{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |access-date=April 26, 2021 |website=[[United States Census]]}}</ref> ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Dashboard |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard |access-date=February 12, 2026 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. <ref name="Vintage2025">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's [[US Population Clock]], nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali [[bannamwandu]], 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Historical Marital Status Tables |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023 |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Axios |language=en}}</ref>[[Single parents in the United States|​]][[Total fertility rate|​]] era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/ |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en}}</ref>[[Suburb|​]] Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu. Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; [[American ancestries|Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo]] 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. <ref name="An2000">{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Ancestry 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|Abazungu Abamerika]] abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi [[Race (human classification)|mu mawanga]] [[Ethnic group|n'olubu lw'eggwanga]] nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans]] be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. [[African Americans|Abafirika Abamerika]] be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref name="An2000" /> Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, <ref name="An2000" /> era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2024, [[Median age|emyaka gya wakati]] egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kristie |last2=Mackun |first2=Paul |title=Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Okukula kw'ebibuga == Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu [[kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi]] naddala mu [[njegooyego z'ebibuga]] ne mu [[Exurb|byalo]]; <ref name="CIA-20182">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [[Los Angeles|[]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000[[List of United States cities by population#50 states and District of Columbia|​]][[Chicago|​]][[Houston|​]], ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli [[New York City,]] [[Los Angeles,]] [[Chicago]], ne [[Houston County, Texas|Houston]] byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 [[Metropolitan statistical areas#United States|birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo]]. Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte. == Olulimi lwabwe == Wadde ng’ennimi [[n’enjogera]] nnyingi mu Amerika, [[Olungereza]] lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=May 20, 2018 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Olungereza olw'ekika kya ''[[De facto]]'', lwe [[lulimi olutongole]] mu Amerika, era mu 2025, [[Executive Order 14224]] yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. <ref name="EOWP">{{Cite news}}</ref> Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga [[bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands]] galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne [[District of Columbia]] tegalina lulimi lutongole. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 1978 |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |access-date=June 19, 2007 |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> South Dakota ( Sioux ), <ref name="LakotaCommon">{{Cite web |title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language |url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ( [[Samoan]] ), Puerto Rico ( [[Spanish]] ), Guam ( [[Chamorro]] ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( [[Carolinian]] ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siebens |first=Julie |last2=Julian |first2=Tiffany |date=December 2011 |title=Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza. <ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{Cite web |title=Translation in Puerto Rico |url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |website=Puerto Rico Channel}}</ref> Okusinziira ku [[kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika]] (2020), <ref name="ACS2021">{{Cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera [[Olusipeyini]] awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu [[Oluchina]] (obukadde 3.40), [[Olutagalog]] (obukadde 1.71), [[Oluviyetnam]] (obukadde 1.52), [[Oluwarabu]] (obukadde 1.39), [[Olufaransa]] (obukadde 1.18), [[Olukorea]] (obukadde 1.07), [[n’Olurussia]] (obukadde 1.04). [[Olugirimaani]], olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020. <ref>{{cite report|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over|website=data.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020|access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Okuyingira mu nsi == Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . <ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web |last=((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) |date=August 2019 |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Migrant Stock Total 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx |archive-date=2019-09-17 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali [[basenze abatakkirizibwa]] . <ref name="KeyFindings">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ |archive-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=americanimmigrationcouncil.org}}</ref> Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Eddiini == [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ennongoosereza esooka]] ekakasa [[Free Exercise Clause|okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga]] era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu [[Establishment Clause|kugitandikawo]]. <ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |website=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu [[List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level|zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo]] mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.<ref name="pewreligion">{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Eggwanga lino [[Christianity by country|lisingamu Abakrisitaayo]] mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli [[Catholic Church by country|n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki]] . <ref name="Global Christianity">{{Cite web |last=ANALYSIS |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu [[Judaism|enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya]], [[Buddhism|Buddha]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Obusiraamu]], [[New Age]], [[Native American religions|n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa]]. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu.<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> " [[Ceremonial deism]] " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriam |first=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Abamerika]] abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba [[ab’omwoyo]] . <ref name="Kallo-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kallo |first=Becka |display-authors=etal |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Spirituality Among Americans |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu " [[Bible Belt]] " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; [[New England]] ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . <ref name="Williams-20232">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Dalia |last2=Smith |first2=Gregory A. |last3=Cooperman |first3=Alan |last4=Alper |first4=Becka A. |last5=Mohamed |first5=Besheer |last6=Rotolo |first6=Chip |last7=Tevington |first7=Patricia |last8=Nortey |first8=Justin |last9=Kallo |first9=Asta |last10=Diamant |first10=Jeff |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mormonism]], ekibiina ky’aba [[Restorationist]] ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho. == Eby'obulamu byayo == Okusinziira ku [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo [[Drug overdose|gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta]] abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa [[Kokolo|kookolo]] n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2026 |title=U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm |access-date=February 1, 2026 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa [[List of countries by life expectancy|emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero]], era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu [[mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy |access-date=March 17, 2020 |website=Commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 |access-date=June 5, 2007 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive? |url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref> Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( [[Medicaid]] ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( [[Medicare]] ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti [[Barack Obama]] yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] . [ v ''[[Roe v. Wade|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|​]]''[[Abortion in the United States|​]] [ w ] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Abortion regulations by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state |archive-date=2026-06-16 |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |quote=HIGHLIGHTS {{blist|As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. |The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. |Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in ''Roe v. Wade''. |Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.}}}}</ref>Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya [[Roe v. Wade]] (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.'' == Eby'enjigiriza byayo == Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga [[K–12]] ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba [[essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa]] okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( [[kindergarten]] oba [[first grade]] ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu [[siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri]], omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Fast Facts: Expenditures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna [[diguli esooka]], ate 14.2% baafuna diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> [[Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika]] kumpi gwa bonna.<ref name="CIA-20183">{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook: United States |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> Amerika efulumizza [[abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna]], nga [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (ewangudde engule 413).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa [[State university system|ebibiina]] eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannoni |first=Alexandra |last2=Kerr |first2=Emma |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya [[OECD]], ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu.<ref name="education spending">{{Cite news}}</ref> Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi]] lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> == Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu == Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi [[n'okuvuganya]] . [[Okufaayo]] ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=World Giving Index 2022 |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo [[List of countries by charitable donation|ogusinga obunene]] mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> Abamerika okuva edda [[Stereotypes of Americans|babadde bamanyiddwa]] olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, [[demokulasiya]], [[obwenkanya mu bantu]], [[eddembe ly'obwannannyini]], n'okwagala [[gavumenti eriko ekkomo]]. [ x ]<ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4839-8}}, 2007, p. xi.</ref> Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Fergie|first1=Dexter|date=March 24, 2022|title=How American Culture Ate the World|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review|access-date=July 3, 2022|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa [[Americanization]]. Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu [[Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia]] (" [[Old World|Ensi Enkadde]] ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika [[obukulu]] buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba [[ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa]]. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu [[Asia]] n’okusingira ddala [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|ya kachumbaali]] ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi [[Assimilation (phonology)|okugatta]] mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu. Mu [[nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka]], Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina [[obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna]] . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu <ref>{{Harvnb|Norris|2023}}.</ref> ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . <ref name="Derks-2020">{{Harvnb|Derks|van den Berg|2020|p=338}}.</ref> Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. <ref name="Derks-2020" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|Garretson|2018}}.</ref> Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifton |first=Jon |date=March 21, 2013 |title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx |access-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. <ref name="socialmobility">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2010 |website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth |publisher=OECD}}</ref> <ref name="CAP">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2006 |title=Understanding Mobility in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/ |website=Center for American Progress}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Elise |date=October 10, 2012 |title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/ |access-date=July 15, 2013 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa [[enkolagana y’abantu]], olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo. [[Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]] kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika." <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[Federal Register]]}}</ref> == Ebyagiwandiikibwako == Abawandiisi b’Amerika ab’amatwale baakwatibwako [[John Locke]] n’abawi b'endowooza abalala . Ekiseera ky'enkyukakyuka mu Amerika (175–1783) kyeyoleka nnyo olw'ebiwandiiko by'ebyobufuzi ebya [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Paine]], ne [[Thomas Jefferson]] . Akaseera katono [[ng’olutalo lw’enkyukakyuka terunnabaawo]], olupapula luno lwalinnya mu ttutumu, ne lujjuza obwetaavu bw’ebiwandiiko by’eggwanga ebyali biwakanya Bungereza. <ref>Mulford, Carla.</ref> Omuzannyo ogwasooka gwe gwa [[William Hill Brown]] ogwa ''[[The Power of Sympathy]]'', ogwafulumizibwa mu 1791. Omuwandiisi era omuvumirira [[John Neal]] ku ntandikwa okutuuka mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda yayamba okutumbula Amerika okutuuka ku biwandiiko n’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo ng’avumirira abasooka nga [[Washington Irving]] olw’okukoppa bannaabwe ab’e Bungereza, era ng’akwata ku bawandiisi nga [[Edgarn Poe]], eyatwala ebitontome by’Amerika n’ebitontome ebimpi mu makubo amapya. [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ne [[Margaret Fuller be]] baatandikawo ekibiina kya [[Transcendentalism]] ekyalina amaanyi mu bantu; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finseth |first=Ian Frederick |title=The Emergence of Transcendentalism |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2014 |website=American Studies @ The University of Virginia |publisher=[[The University of Virginia]]}}</ref> [[Henry David Thoreau]], omuwandiisi w'ekitabo ''[[Walden]]'', yasikirizibwa ekibiina kino. Enkaayana ezaali zeetoololera ku [[enkola y’okuggyawo abaddu|nkola y’okuggyawo abaddu]] zaaluŋŋamya abawandiisi, nga [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], n’abawandiisi abaali boogera ku baddu, nga [[Frederick Douglass]] . Ekitabo kya [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ekiyitibwa ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850) kyanoonyereza ku ludda olw’ekizikiza mu byafaayo bya Amerika, nga bwe kyali mu kitabo kya [[Herman Melville]] ekya ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851). Abayimbi abakulu mu Amerika ab’omu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okuzzaawo eddiini y’Amerika kuliko [[Walt Whitman]], Melville, ne [[Emily Dickinson]]. [[Mark Twain]] ye muwandiisi omukulu Omumerika eyasooka okuzaalibwa mu mawanga g'obugwanjuba. [[Henry James]] yafuna okusiimibwa mu nsi yonna n’ebitabo bye nga ''[[The Portrait of a Lady]]'' (1881). Ng’omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika gweyongera, aba periodicals baafulumyanga byafulumya emboozi endala ezaali zeetooloolera ku bakozi mu makolero, abakyala, n’abaavu ab’omu byalo. Enzikiriza y’obutonde ([[Naturalism]]) enkola y’ebitundu, ([[regionalism]]) n’enkola ey’amazima ( [[realism]]) bye byali ebibiina ebikulu omwaggyibwanga emiramwa mu biwandiiko mu kiseera ekyo.   Wadde ng’okutwalira awamu [[enkola y’omulembe]] yafuna okusaasaana mu nsi yonna, abawandiisi ab’omulembe abaali bakola munda mu Amerika baali batera okusimba emirandira gy’emirimu gyabwe mu bitundu, abantu, n’obuwangwa ebimu. Oluvannyuma lw’okusenguka okwamaanyi okugenda mu bibuga eby’obukiikakkono, abawandiisi Abafirika-Abamerika n’abaddugavu [[aba West Indian]] ab’omulembe gw’okuzzaawo eddiini mu Harlem baakola ennono eyetongodde ey’ebiwandiiko eyavumirira ebyafaayo ebyalimu enjawukana mu madaala g'abantu era nga bakuza obuwangwa bw’abaddugavu. Ekikulu eky'obuwangwa okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga mu [[kiseera kya Jazz]], ebiwandiiko bino byali bikulu nnyo ku ''[[Négritude]]'', nga eno yali ndowooza eyajja gya 1930 mu bawandiisi aba francophone ab'omu Afirika abali mu nsi endala.<ref>[[Hortense Spillers|Spillers, Hortense]].</ref>[[Great American Novel|​]] [[Beat Generation|​]] <ref>{{harvnb|Lauter|1994b|pp=1975–1977}}.</ref> Mu myaka gya 1950, ekirowoozo ky'okuba n'embeera ezifaanagana yaleetera abawandiisi bangi okugezaako okuwandiika ekitabo ekya [[Great American Novel]],nga omulembe gwa [[Beat Generation]] bo baagaana endowooza eno nga bakozesa engeri ezaasitula ebyali biva mu kwogera ebitaali bya kukola bikolwa okunnyonnyola okukozesa ebiragalalagala, embeera z'ekikula, n'okulemwa mu bantu. Ebiwandiiko eby’omulembe guno bitunuulira nnyo ebintu mu bungi okusinga mu mirembe egyayita, ng’ekintu ekisinga okuba okumpi n’ekintu ekigatta abantu gwe muze gw’okugezesa olulimi . Aba Amerika 12 abawangula baabawa ekirabo kya [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=All Nobel Prizes in Literature |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature/all/ |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> 95tug3ochg9ypc544alposyagtln1qs Divizoni y'e Rubaga 0 15005 64422 64102 2026-07-23T13:38:55Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created by translating the section "External links" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310144442|Rubaga Division]]" 64422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Lubaga_cathedral.jpg|thumb|Lutikko y’e Rubaga mu divizoni y’e Rubaga]] '''Rubaga Division''' oba '''Lubaga Division''' y'emu ku divizoni ezikola ekibuga [[Kampala]] [[Uganda|mu Uganda]] . Divizoni eno erinnya lyayo yalijja Rubaga, awali ekitebe kya divizoni eno. == Ekifo == [[File:Rubaga_Road_Junction.jpg|thumb|Amasanganzira g’oluguudo lwa Rubaga]] Divizoni ya Rubaga eri mu bugwanjuba bw'ekibuga, ng’eriranaganye ne [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Wakiso]] mu maserengeta n’obugwanjuba bwa divizoni eno. Ensalo mu buvanjuba bwa divizoni eno ye Divizoni ya Kampala Central. [[Divizoni y'e Kawempe|Divizoni y’e Kawempe]] eri mu bukiikakkono bwa [[Divizoni y'e Rubaga|Rubaga]]. Emiriraano mu divizoni eno kuliko Mutundwe, Nateete, [[Ndeeba kibuga|Ndeeba]], Kabowa, Najjanankumbi, Lungujja, Busega, [[Lubaga divizoni|Lubaga]], [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], Namungoona, Lubya, Lugala, Bukesa, [[Olusozi Namirembe|Namirembe]], [[Naakulabye]], [[Olusozi Kasubi|Kasubi]], ne Kawaala . == Ebifo eby'enkizo == Ebifo bino wammanga eby'enkizo ebisangibwa mu Divizoni y'e Rubaga: * [[Lutikko ya Rubaga|Lutikko ya Saint Mary Rubaga]] * Amaka ga Kalidinaali wa Kampala * Amaka ga Ssaabalabirizi [[Essaza Ekkulu erya Kampala (Eklezia Katolika)|w’essaza ekkulu ery'e Kampala]] * [[Lubaga Hospital|Eddwaliro ly'e Lubaga]] - Ddwaliro lya bantu bonna era liwereza ddala ebitanda 274 nga lya [[Essaza Ekkulu erya Kampala (Eklezia Katolika)|busumba bw'abakatoliki mu Kampala]] <ref>{{cite web |last=Lori Bollinger |first=John Stover and Vastha Kibirige |date=September 1999 |title=The Economic Impact of AIDS In Uganda |url=http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/SEImpact/uganda.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |publisher=The Futures Group International |format=PDF}}</ref> * [[Lubiri|Olubiri e Mengo]] - Olubiri lusangibwa mu [[Divizoni y'e Rubaga]] * [[Bulange]] - Mwe muli [[Buganda|Palamenti ya Buganda]] ne ofiisi za [[Kabaka wa Buganda]] == Ebiyungo eby'ebweru == [[File:Lubaga_cathedral.jpg|thumb|Lutikko y’e Rubaga mu divizoni y’e Rubaga]] '''Rubaga Division''' oba '''Lubaga Division''' y'emu ku divizoni ezikola ekibuga [[Kampala]] [[Uganda|mu Uganda]] . Divizoni eno erinnya lyayo yalijja ku Rubaga, awali ekitebe kya divizoni eno.{{Reflist}}{{Kampala District}} [[File:Rubaga_Road_Junction.jpg|thumb|Amasanganzira g’oluguudo lwa Rubaga]] Divizoni ya Rubaga eri mu bugwanjuba bw'ekibuga, ng’eriranaganye ne [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Wakiso]] mu maserengeta n’obugwanjuba bwa divizoni eno. Ensalo mu buvanjuba bwa divizoni eno ye Divizoni ya Kampala Central. [[Divizoni y'e Kawempe|Divizoni y’e Kawempe]] eri mu bukiikakkono bwa [[Divizoni y'e Rubaga|Rubaga]]. Emiriraano mu divizoni eno kuliko Mutundwe, Nateete, [[Ndeeba kibuga|Ndeeba]], Kabowa, Najjanankumbi, Lungujja, Busega, [[Lubaga divizoni|Lubaga]], [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]], Namungoona, Lubya, Lugala, Bukesa, [[Olusozi Namirembe|Namirembe]], [[Naakulabye]], [[Olusozi Kasubi|Kasubi]], ne Kawaala . Ebifo bino wammanga eby'enkizo ebisangibwa mu Divizoni y'e Rubaga: * [[Lutikko ya Rubaga|Lutikko ya Saint Mary Rubaga]] * Amaka ga Kalidinaali wa Kampala * Amaka ga Ssaabalabirizi [[Essaza Ekkulu erya Kampala (Eklezia Katolika)|w’essaza ekkulu ery'e Kampala]] * [[Lubaga Hospital|Eddwaliro ly'e Lubaga]] - Ddwaliro lya bantu bonna era liwereza ddala ebitanda 274 nga lya [[Essaza Ekkulu erya Kampala (Eklezia Katolika)|busumba bw'abakatoliki mu Kampala]] <ref>{{cite web |last=Lori Bollinger |first=John Stover and Vastha Kibirige |date=September 1999 |title=The Economic Impact of AIDS In Uganda |url=http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/SEImpact/uganda.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |publisher=The Futures Group International |format=PDF}}</ref> * [[Lubiri|Olubiri e Mengo]] - Olubiri lusangibwa mu [[Divizoni y'e Rubaga]] * [[Bulange]] - Mwe muli [[Buganda|Palamenti ya Buganda]] ne ofiisi za [[Kabaka wa Buganda]] * Divizoni eziri mu Kampala * [[Lubaga divizoni|Lubaga]] * [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo,Uganda]] * [[Nakasero kasozi|Nakasero]] * [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Rubaga,+Kampala,+Uganda/@0.3054002,32.510396,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x177dbc7afdfb55bb:0xb21c3773af204dd9!8m2!3d0.3080261!4d32.5485876?hl=en Google Map ya Divizoni y'e Rubaga mu kibuga Kampala] {{Kampala District}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|00|18|N|32|33|E|region:UG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} == Laba ne == * Divizoni eziri mu Kampala * [[Lubaga divizoni|Lubaga]] * [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo,Uganda]] * [[Nakasero kasozi|Nakasero]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} * [[Category:Ebifo ebirimu abantu abangi mu kampala]] dudacdzuhg4qfe8eeu5dq2y7092nect Category:Abazalibwa mu 1949 14 15230 64412 2026-07-23T13:25:47Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Bano be bantiu abazalibwa mu 1949" 64412 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantiu abazalibwa mu 1949 bdcef4wx9pj0u1agrqggcakbi6kchgl Category:Ababaka ba palamenti eyomunaana 14 15231 64413 2026-07-23T13:27:05Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Bano babaka mu palameti eyomunaana" 64413 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano babaka mu palameti eyomunaana 64bdm0ujif0ap3n12bzkmwz0c2xs5z9 Category:Ababaka ba palamenti eyomwenda 14 15232 64415 2026-07-23T13:27:56Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 tuluba 64415 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano babaka mu palamenti eyomwenda seuw26dkniz9esyhrff5md9fxuy1omm Category:National Resistance Movement 14 15233 64418 2026-07-23T13:28:37Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 tuluba 64418 wikitext text/x-wiki Kibiina kya bufuzi mu Uganda pzm5nl2gtwq43yc25d5jwc0qblgt5r9 Category:Ssabaminisita wa Uganda 14 15234 64419 2026-07-23T13:29:15Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 tuluba 64419 wikitext text/x-wiki Omu ku ba minisita mu Uganda qb5p1u6e2cpr40v6i5fivc7im1wnqiv Category:Abaali basomeddeko ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere 14 15235 64434 2026-07-23T14:22:01Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64434 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebaali basomeddeko ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere nsptunmfeyt4fl7kl7ad9vmirnp0jhg Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abazannyi ba ffirimu mu kyasa ekya 21 14 15236 64435 2026-07-23T14:22:35Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64435 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebannayuganda abakyala abazannyi ba ffirimu mu kyasa ekya 21 hpzcrfyn5wiypdbsg62ak644cfljrfe Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abazannya komedi 14 15237 64436 2026-07-23T14:23:14Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64436 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebannayuganda abakyala abazannya komedi gxktm2vt3z0a54loda4xco5tzdmnfpi Category:Bannayuganda abakozesa omukutu gwa YouTube 14 15238 64437 2026-07-23T14:23:46Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64437 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebannayuganda abakozesa omukutu gwa YouTube e8lwczuedxpenr9olsnz561e8ujdzjy Category:Abantu abasibuka mu mu Bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda 14 15239 64438 2026-07-23T14:24:29Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64438 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebantu abasibuka mu mu Bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa Uganda 0esm82k8ygnuee2ju5fls9o56yaq83u Category:Abantu abava mu Disitulikiti y'e Rukiga 14 15240 64439 2026-07-23T14:25:53Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64439 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebantu abava mu Disitulikiti y'e Rukiga stxc2hqwhxx3hcfizun33od82maa5rp Category:Abantu abaasomesebwa ku Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School 14 15241 64440 2026-07-23T14:26:42Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64440 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebantu abaasomesebwa ku Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School 3nty9tlb524gn6p74jcri1095wf0fgh Category:Bannayuganda abazannya katemba w'okusiteegi 14 15242 64441 2026-07-23T14:27:36Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64441 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebannayuganda abazannya katemba w'okusiteegi oscccha68hpd3urbh2y7nims5dky1x4 Category:Bannayuganda abawandiisi ab'ekyasa kya 21 14 15243 64443 2026-07-23T14:28:30Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 64443 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano beebannayuganda abawandiisi ab'ekyasa kya 21 tmsbnh5kuxhkxa1htxdfz73q3i0g0wg Obulwadde bwa Vitiligo(okwokyebwa abalongo) 0 15244 64454 2026-07-23T15:17:53Z Denis kasozi 9013 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456738|Vitiligo]] to:lg #mdwikicx 64454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Vitiligo|synonym=|image=Vitiligo2.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Non-segmental vitiligo of the hand|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|ɪ|t|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|ɡ|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-vitiligo.wav}}|specialty=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Patches of [[depigmentation|white skin]]<ref name=Andrew2020/>|complications=|onset=Childhood, young adult<ref name=Andrew2020/>|duration=Long term<ref name=Andrew2020/>|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Lancet2016/>|risks=Family history, other [[autoimmune diseases]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|diagnosis=[[Tissue biopsy]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Sunscreen]], [[makeup]], topical [[corticosteroid]]s, [[phototherapy]]<ref name=Lancet2016/><ref name=NIH2014/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1% of people<ref name=Wh2016/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Vitiligo''' bulwadde bwa lususu obumala ebbanga ng’ebitundutundu by’olususu bifiirwa langi yaabyo.<ref name="Andrew2020">{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|page=871-874|edition=13th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA871|language=en|chapter=36. Disturbances of pigmentation|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702070605/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA871|url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu by’olususu ebikoseddwa bifuuka byeru era ebiseera ebisinga biba birabika webiyita.<ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|last=Ezzedine|first=K|last2=Eleftheriadou|first2=V|last3=Whitton|first3=M|last4=van Geel|first4=N|title=Vitiligo.|journal=Lancet|date=4 July 2015|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=74–84|pmid=25596811|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60763-7}}</ref> Enviiri ezibeera ku lususu nazo ziyinza okufuuka enjeru.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Munda mu kamwa n’ennyindo nabyo biyinza okukwatibwako.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Vitiligo|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Vitiligo/default.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=11 August 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821083604/http://niams.nih.gov/health_info/Vitiligo/default.asp|archive-date=21 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu bujjuvu enjuyi zombi ez’omubiri zikosebwa.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ebiseera ebisinga ebitundu bino bitandikira ku bitundu by’olususu ebibeera mu musana.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Businga kweyoleka mu bantu abalina olususu oluddugavu.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Vitiligo eyinza okuvaamu situleesi mu birowoozo era abakoseddwa bayinza okuvumwavumwa.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ekituufu ekivaako vitiligo tekimanyiddwa.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Kiteeberezebwa nti kiva ku buzaale obusobola okukwatibwa obuzaale obuva ku nsonga y’obutonde ng’obulwadde bw’abaserikale b’omubiri ne bubaawo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /><ref name="NIH2014" /> Kino kivaamu okusaanyaawo obutoffaali obukola langi y'olususu.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ebintu ebiyinza okuvaako akabi mulimu ebyafaayo by’amaka g’embeera eno oba endwadde endala ezikwata ku busimu obuziyiza endwadde, gamba ng’obulwadde bwa hyperthyroidism, alopecia areata, n’okukendeera kw’omusaayi okw’obulabe.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Si kya kusiigibwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Parul|last2=Niyogi|first2=Rageshree|last3=Katyal|first3=Gauri|title=Skin and Hair Care: Your Questions Answered|date=2009|publisher=Byword Books Private Limited|isbn=978-8181930378|page=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=UtxySGP6kQsC&pg=PA2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323235431/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UtxySGP6kQsC&pg=PA2|archive-date=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vitiligo egabanyizibwamu ebika bibiri ebikulu: segmental ne non-segmental.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Emisango egisinga tegibeera gya bitundutundu, ekitegeeza nti gikwata ku njuyi zombi; era mu mbeera zino, ekitundu ky’olususu ekikosebwa kitera okugaziwa ng’obudde bugenda buyitawo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ebitundu nga 10% ku balwadde ba segmental, ekitegeeza nti basinga kukwata ku ludda lumu olw’omubiri; era mu mbeera zino, ekitundu ky’olususu ekikosebwa mu bujjuvu tekigaziwa ng’obudde bugenda buyitawo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Okuzuula obulwadde buno kuyinza okukakasibwa nga bayita mu kukebera ebitundu by'omubiri.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Tewali ddagala limanyiddwa eriwonya obulwadde bwa vitiligo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> For those with light skin, eddagala eriziyiza omusana ne meekaapu byonna bye bitera okusemba.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Obujjanjabi obulala buyinza okuli ebizigo bya steroid oba phototherapy okuddugala ebifo ebitangaala.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ekirala, okufuba okutangaaza olususu olutakoseddwa, gamba ng’okukozesa eddagala lya hydroquinone, ayinza okugezesebwa.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Enkola eziwerako ez’okulongoosa ziriwo eri abo abatalongoosa n’ebipimo ebirala.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Okutwalira awamu enzijanjaba ezigatta zivaamu ebirungi.<ref name="Wh2016">{{Cite journal|last=Whitton|first=M|last2=Pinart|first2=M|last3=Batchelor|first3=JM|last4=Leonardi-Bee|first4=J|last5=Gonzalez|first5=U|last6=Jiyad|first6=Z|last7=Eleftheriadou|first7=V|last8=Ezzedine|first8=K|display-authors=3|title=Evidence-based management of vitiligo: summary of a Cochrane systematic review.|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|date=May 2016|volume=174|issue=5|pages=962–69|pmid=26686510|doi=10.1111/bjd.14356}}</ref> Okubuulirira okusobola okuwa obuyambi mu nneewulira kuyinza okuba okw’omugaso.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Mu nsi yonna abantu nga 1% bakosebwa obulwadde bwa vitiligo.<ref name="Wh2016" /> Mu bitundu ebimu kikwata ebitundu ebiwera 2–3%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krüger C|last2=Schallreuter KU|title=A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children/adolescents and adults|journal=Int J Dermatol|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1206–12|date=October 2012|pmid=22458952|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x|arxiv=0706.4406}}</ref> Ensajja n’enkazi zikosebwa kyenkanyi.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Nga kitundu kiraga obuzibu buno nga tebannaweza myaka 20 ate abasinga babufuna nga tebannaweza myaka 40.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Vitiligo abadde ayogerwako okuva mu byafaayo eby'edda.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j59cw6hthszfbr1ql66rhk1k5tw97gw 64481 64454 2026-07-23T16:19:52Z Denis kasozi 9013 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456738|Vitiligo]] to:lg #mdwikicx 64481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Vitiligo|synonym=|image=Vitiligo2.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Non-segmental vitiligo of the hand|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|ɪ|t|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|ɡ|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-vitiligo.wav}}|specialty=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Patches of [[depigmentation|white skin]]<ref name=Andrew2020/>|complications=|onset=Childhood, young adult<ref name=Andrew2020/>|duration=Long term<ref name=Andrew2020/>|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Lancet2016/>|risks=Family history, other [[autoimmune diseases]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|diagnosis=[[Tissue biopsy]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Sunscreen]], [[makeup]], topical [[corticosteroid]]s, [[phototherapy]]<ref name=Lancet2016/><ref name=NIH2014/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1% of people<ref name=Wh2016/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Vitiligo''' bulwadde bwa lususu obumala ebbanga ng’ebitundutundu by’olususu bifiirwa langi yaabyo.<ref name="Andrew2020">{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|page=871-874|edition=13th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA871|language=en|chapter=36. Disturbances of pigmentation|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702070605/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA871|url-status=live}}</ref> Ebitundu by’olususu ebikoseddwa bifuuka byeru era ebiseera ebisinga biba birabika webiyita.<ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|last=Ezzedine|first=K|last2=Eleftheriadou|first2=V|last3=Whitton|first3=M|last4=van Geel|first4=N|title=Vitiligo.|journal=Lancet|date=4 July 2015|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=74–84|pmid=25596811|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60763-7}}</ref> Enviiri ezibeera ku lususu nazo ziyinza okufuuka enjeru.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Munda mu kamwa n’emunnyindo namwo muyinza okukosebwa.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Vitiligo|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Vitiligo/default.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=11 August 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821083604/http://niams.nih.gov/health_info/Vitiligo/default.asp|archive-date=21 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ebiseera ebisinga ebitundu byombi eby'omubiri bikosebwa.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Amabala g`olususu gano gatera nnyo okutandikira ku bitundu by`omubiri ebituukibwako amangu akasana.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Businga kweyoleka mu bantu abalina olususu oluddugavu.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Okwoke era abakoseddwa bayinza okuvumwavumwa.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ekituufu ekivaako vitiligo tekimanyiddwa.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Kiteeberezebwa nti kiva ku buzaale obusobola okukwatibwa obuzaale obuva ku nsonga y’obutonde ng’obulwadde bw’abaserikale b’omubiri ne bubaawo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /><ref name="NIH2014" /> Kino kivaamu okusaanyaawo obutoffaali obukola langi y'olususu.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ebintu ebiyinza okuvaako akabi mulimu ebyafaayo by’amaka g’embeera eno oba endwadde endala ezikwata ku busimu obuziyiza endwadde, gamba ng’obulwadde bwa hyperthyroidism, alopecia areata, n’okukendeera kw’omusaayi okw’obulabe.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Si kya kusiigibwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Parul|last2=Niyogi|first2=Rageshree|last3=Katyal|first3=Gauri|title=Skin and Hair Care: Your Questions Answered|date=2009|publisher=Byword Books Private Limited|isbn=978-8181930378|page=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=UtxySGP6kQsC&pg=PA2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323235431/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UtxySGP6kQsC&pg=PA2|archive-date=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vitiligo egabanyizibwamu ebika bibiri ebikulu: segmental ne non-segmental.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Emisango egisinga tegibeera gya bitundutundu, ekitegeeza nti gikwata ku njuyi zombi; era mu mbeera zino, ekitundu ky’olususu ekikosebwa kitera okugaziwa ng’obudde bugenda buyitawo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ebitundu nga 10% ku balwadde ba segmental, ekitegeeza nti basinga kukwata ku ludda lumu olw’omubiri; era mu mbeera zino, ekitundu ky’olususu ekikosebwa mu bujjuvu tekigaziwa ng’obudde bugenda buyitawo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Okuzuula obulwadde buno kuyinza okukakasibwa nga bayita mu kukebera ebitundu by'omubiri.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Tewali ddagala limanyiddwa eriwonya obulwadde bwa vitiligo.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> For those with light skin, eddagala eriziyiza omusana ne meekaapu byonna bye bitera okusemba.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Obujjanjabi obulala buyinza okuli ebizigo bya steroid oba phototherapy okuddugala ebifo ebitangaala.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ekirala, okufuba okutangaaza olususu olutakoseddwa, gamba ng’okukozesa eddagala lya hydroquinone, ayinza okugezesebwa.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Enkola eziwerako ez’okulongoosa ziriwo eri abo abatalongoosa n’ebipimo ebirala.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Okutwalira awamu enzijanjaba ezigatta zivaamu ebirungi.<ref name="Wh2016">{{Cite journal|last=Whitton|first=M|last2=Pinart|first2=M|last3=Batchelor|first3=JM|last4=Leonardi-Bee|first4=J|last5=Gonzalez|first5=U|last6=Jiyad|first6=Z|last7=Eleftheriadou|first7=V|last8=Ezzedine|first8=K|display-authors=3|title=Evidence-based management of vitiligo: summary of a Cochrane systematic review.|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|date=May 2016|volume=174|issue=5|pages=962–69|pmid=26686510|doi=10.1111/bjd.14356}}</ref> Okubuulirira okusobola okuwa obuyambi mu nneewulira kuyinza okuba okw’omugaso.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Mu nsi yonna abantu nga 1% bakosebwa obulwadde bwa vitiligo.<ref name="Wh2016" /> Mu bitundu ebimu kikwata ebitundu ebiwera 2–3%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krüger C|last2=Schallreuter KU|title=A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children/adolescents and adults|journal=Int J Dermatol|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1206–12|date=October 2012|pmid=22458952|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x|arxiv=0706.4406}}</ref> Ensajja n’enkazi zikosebwa kyenkanyi.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Nga kitundu kiraga obuzibu buno nga tebannaweza myaka 20 ate abasinga babufuna nga tebannaweza myaka 40.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Vitiligo abadde ayogerwako okuva mu byafaayo eby'edda.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] oane3ltmvcbrrnehcnnpf7o79zzkliy William Canby, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo 0 15245 64494 2026-07-23T17:01:59Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Solomon Suubi moved page [[William Canby, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo]] to [[William Canby]]: Misspelled title: Nteerezezza omutwe 64494 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[William Canby]] bwkex61psw9f5avwwms1deyu41ie5gj Category:Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda 14 15246 64569 2026-07-23T20:25:43Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 Ntaddemu ekinnyonyolo 64569 wikitext text/x-wiki Bannayuganda bannabyamizannyo abasibuka mu buvanjuba bwa Uganda s0kse4kbbl2qhrbdu8plmu3963ku809 Busega 0 15247 64581 2026-07-24T07:14:38Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309836418|Busega]]" 64581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Busega|image_skyline=|nickname=|image_flag=|image_caption=Busega|image_seal=|image_map=|mapsize=150px|pushpin_map_caption=Map of Kampala showing the location of Busega.|pushpin_map=Uganda|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Uganda}}|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Uganda|Region]]|subdivision_name1=[[Central Region, Uganda|Central Uganda]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Uganda|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Kampala District|Kampala Capital City Authority]]|subdivision_type3=[[Kampala|Division]]|subdivision_name3=[[Lubaga Division]]|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|leader_title=|leader_name=|area_magnitude=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|population_as_of=|population_urban=|population_note=|population_total=|population_metro=|timezone=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset=+3|elevation_m=1200|website=|footnotes=}} [[File:Busega_matyrs_memorial_church.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Busega mulirano mu''' [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Uganda]] . == Ekifo == Busega kiri mu [[Divizoni y'e Rubaga|Division y'e Rubaga]], emu ku divizoni ettaano eziddukanya emirimu mu Kampala. Busega egabana ensalo ne [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Wakiso]] mu bukiikakkono, Namungoona mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba, Lungujja mu buvanjuba, [[Nateete]] mu bugwanjuba, ne [[Buloba]] mu maserengeta. Ekitundu kino kiri mu kilometres 8 (5.0 mi) mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta g’ekitundu kya Kampala wakati eky’ebyobusuubuzi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala and Busega With Distance Indicator |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&toplace=Buloba%20(Western%20Province)&fromlat=0.3155556&tolat=0.3333333&fromlng=32.5655556&tolng=32.4833333 |access-date=13 June 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Ensengeka za Busega kui maapu ziri 0°18'36.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0.3100; Longitude:32.5200). <ref>https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B018'36.0%22N+32%C2%B031'12.0%22E/@0.3090191,32.5117603,14z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == Busega yawandikibwa mu byafaayo ng’ekifo awaasooka okuttibwa abavubuka Abakristaayo Makko Kakumba, Yusuf Rugarama, ne Nuwa Sserwanga, nga bonna ba nzikiriza ya kikurisitayo . Baabawulamu ebitundu ne byokebwa nga 31 ogwoluberyeberye, 1885 ku biragiro bya [[Ssekabaka Mwanga II owa Buganda|Mwanga II]] [[Kabaka wa Buganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Christian Martyrs of Uganda |url=http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719024926/http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |publisher=Buganda.com}}</ref> Oluguudo lwa Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, olwaggulwawo muggwekkumi mu 2009, ekoma Busega gye lugattira ku luguudo lwa Entebbe-Kampala Highway, oluguudo oluliko gati empanvu. Oluguudo lwa Northern Bypass Highway nalwo lugenda mu maaso n’okugaziyibwa ne lufuuka oluguudo lw’emmotoka bbiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguyo |first=Innocent |date=13 May 2014 |title=Portuguese Firm Awarded Sh200 Billion Northern Bypass Contract |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655520-portuguese-firm-awarded-sh200b-northern-bypass-contract.html |access-date=13 June 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> == Ebifo eby’enjawulo == * Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, oluguudo lwa mayiro 21(13mi) okuva ku Nateete/Busega mu bugwanjuba, okutuuka ku [[Kireka]]/[[Bweyogerere]] mu buvanjuba. * Entebbe-Kampala Expressway, oluguudo lw'ebidduka ebibiri, bwelunamalirizibwa, lujja kutandikira ku kisaawe ky'ennyonyi Entebbe International Airport ne lukwatagana ne Kampala Northern Bypass Highway e Busega * Oluguudo lwa Kampala-Masaka Road, oluguudo okuva e Kampala okutuuka e masaka lugatta kuzimu ku roundabouts eziri mu busega ne lweyongerayo mu maserengeta g'obuvanjuba, nga ludda mu [[Kyengera]], [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Mpigi]], Kammengo, Buwama, Kayabwe/Nkozi,ne [[Masaka]] * Oluguudo lwa Kampala-Mityana, oluguudo oludda e [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Mityana]], nga luva ku round about ey'okubiri mu Busega newetera ku ludda lw'obuvanjuba, okudda e [[Buloba|Buloba,]] [[Bujuuko]], Muduuma, Jjeza, [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Mityana]], [[Mubende (disitulikit)|Mubende]] ne [[Fort Portal|FortPortal]] * Oluguudo lwa Mubende olw'edda, oluguudo oluggya olulabika ng'olwoleka akatale k'e Busega akapya, olutannaba kutongozebwa pulezidenti wa Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Kajjansi]] * [[Ndeeba kibuga|Ndeeba]] * [[Abajulizi ba Uganda]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozeseddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo eby’ebweru == * Okulambika ku bajulizi ba Uganda Christian Martyrs {{Kampala District}} [[Category:Dision y'e Lubaga]] [[Category:Ebibuga ebiriranye Kampala]] 5iluko5wbr1h65met9b640njx34co6v 64587 64581 2026-07-24T07:26:29Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 ntaddeko databox 64587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Busega|image_skyline=|nickname=|image_flag=|image_caption=Busega|image_seal=|image_map=|mapsize=150px|pushpin_map_caption=Map of Kampala showing the location of Busega.|pushpin_map=Uganda|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Uganda}}|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Uganda|Region]]|subdivision_name1=[[Central Region, Uganda|Central Uganda]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Uganda|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Kampala District|Kampala Capital City Authority]]|subdivision_type3=[[Kampala|Division]]|subdivision_name3=[[Lubaga Division]]|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|leader_title=|leader_name=|area_magnitude=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|population_as_of=|population_urban=|population_note=|population_total=|population_metro=|timezone=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset=+3|elevation_m=1200|website=|footnotes=}} [[File:Busega_matyrs_memorial_church.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Busega mulirano mu''' [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Uganda]] . == Ekifo == Busega kiri mu [[Divizoni y'e Rubaga|Division y'e Rubaga]], emu ku divizoni ettaano eziddukanya emirimu mu Kampala. Busega egabana ensalo ne [[Wakiso (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Wakiso]] mu bukiikakkono, Namungoona mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba, Lungujja mu buvanjuba, [[Nateete]] mu bugwanjuba, ne [[Buloba]] mu maserengeta. Ekitundu kino kiri mu kilometres 8 (5.0 mi) mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaserengeta g’ekitundu kya Kampala wakati eky’ebyobusuubuzi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala and Busega With Distance Indicator |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&toplace=Buloba%20(Western%20Province)&fromlat=0.3155556&tolat=0.3333333&fromlng=32.5655556&tolng=32.4833333 |access-date=13 June 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Ensengeka za Busega kui maapu ziri 0°18'36.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0.3100; Longitude:32.5200). <ref>https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B018'36.0%22N+32%C2%B031'12.0%22E/@0.3090191,32.5117603,14z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0</ref> == Okulambika okutwaliza awamu == Busega yawandikibwa mu byafaayo ng’ekifo awaasooka okuttibwa abavubuka Abakristaayo Makko Kakumba, Yusuf Rugarama, ne Nuwa Sserwanga, nga bonna ba nzikiriza ya kikurisitayo . Baabawulamu ebitundu ne byokebwa nga 31 ogwoluberyeberye, 1885 ku biragiro bya [[Ssekabaka Mwanga II owa Buganda|Mwanga II]] [[Kabaka wa Buganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Christian Martyrs of Uganda |url=http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719024926/http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |publisher=Buganda.com}}</ref> Oluguudo lwa Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, olwaggulwawo muggwekkumi mu 2009, ekoma Busega gye lugattira ku luguudo lwa Entebbe-Kampala Highway, oluguudo oluliko gati empanvu. Oluguudo lwa Northern Bypass Highway nalwo lugenda mu maaso n’okugaziyibwa ne lufuuka oluguudo lw’emmotoka bbiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguyo |first=Innocent |date=13 May 2014 |title=Portuguese Firm Awarded Sh200 Billion Northern Bypass Contract |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655520-portuguese-firm-awarded-sh200b-northern-bypass-contract.html |access-date=13 June 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> == Ebifo eby’enjawulo == * Kampala Northern Bypass Highway, oluguudo lwa mayiro 21(13mi) okuva ku Nateete/Busega mu bugwanjuba, okutuuka ku [[Kireka]]/[[Bweyogerere]] mu buvanjuba. * Entebbe-Kampala Expressway, oluguudo lw'ebidduka ebibiri, bwelunamalirizibwa, lujja kutandikira ku kisaawe ky'ennyonyi Entebbe International Airport ne lukwatagana ne Kampala Northern Bypass Highway e Busega * Oluguudo lwa Kampala-Masaka Road, oluguudo okuva e Kampala okutuuka e masaka lugatta kuzimu ku roundabouts eziri mu busega ne lweyongerayo mu maserengeta g'obuvanjuba, nga ludda mu [[Kyengera]], [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Mpigi]], Kammengo, Buwama, Kayabwe/Nkozi,ne [[Masaka]] * Oluguudo lwa Kampala-Mityana, oluguudo oludda e [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Mityana]], nga luva ku round about ey'okubiri mu Busega newetera ku ludda lw'obuvanjuba, okudda e [[Buloba|Buloba,]] [[Bujuuko]], Muduuma, Jjeza, [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Mityana]], [[Mubende (disitulikit)|Mubende]] ne [[Fort Portal|FortPortal]] * Oluguudo lwa Mubende olw'edda, oluguudo oluggya olulabika ng'olwoleka akatale k'e Busega akapya, olutannaba kutongozebwa pulezidenti wa Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Kajjansi]] * [[Ndeeba kibuga|Ndeeba]] * [[Abajulizi ba Uganda]] == Ebiwandiiko ebikozeseddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebiyungo eby’ebweru == * Okulambika ku bajulizi ba Uganda Christian Martyrs {{Kampala District}} [[Category:Dision y'e Lubaga]] [[Category:Ebibuga ebiriranye Kampala]] 4xgs0xhdo4wil4kglfspwjfcqvrnz01 Central Region, Uganda 0 15248 64582 2026-07-24T07:16:06Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Kitundu mu Uganda" 64582 wikitext text/x-wiki Kitundu mu Uganda aqxpxq60fni3s3vko5zmmpcqoofs0y6 Kampala District 0 15249 64583 2026-07-24T07:17:35Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "disituylikiti mu Uganda" 64583 wikitext text/x-wiki disituylikiti mu Uganda 7hgzrm9o9tlk926p1fn9twyk5nqhia1 Lubaga Division 0 15250 64584 2026-07-24T07:18:17Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Emu ku divizoni ezikola ekibuga kampala" 64584 wikitext text/x-wiki Emu ku divizoni ezikola ekibuga kampala 3xg8wwawvllju9rhqulckmlhvo557qt Regions of Uganda 0 15251 64585 2026-07-24T07:18:56Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "ziri mu Uganda" 64585 wikitext text/x-wiki ziri mu Uganda s0ybr3rwo7p087i2k0w3hiyyofntlve Districts of Uganda 0 15252 64586 2026-07-24T07:19:32Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Zisangibwa mu Uganda" 64586 wikitext text/x-wiki Zisangibwa mu Uganda 56bw6sdnq0r5g9w71wgnmwa1xrdr59o Category:Dision y'e Lubaga 14 15253 64588 2026-07-24T07:29:04Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Busega" 64588 wikitext text/x-wiki Busega kvw5y9z6n0vceb9t61abouq3dfw8xb3 Category:Ebibuga ebiriranye Kampala 14 15254 64589 2026-07-24T07:30:27Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "Bino bimu ku bibuga ebiriranye kampala" 64589 wikitext text/x-wiki Bino bimu ku bibuga ebiriranye kampala kq1twp2e7z7kk9sjnaqd80z3dmhz0jj