Cipre

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="lld">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>lldwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata_prinzipala</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Speciale</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Discussione</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Utente</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Discussioni utente</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Discussioni Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Discussioni file</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Discussioni MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Discussioni template</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Aiuto</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Discussioni aiuto</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Categoria</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Discussioni categoria</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Modulo</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussioni modulo</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Evento</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Discussioni evento</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Cipre</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246276</id>
      <parentid>246271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T18:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246276</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1748" sha1="81uakw6gzy45zi7i4c8doqxwfwsgb03" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}
{{Infobox Stat
|Inuem                    = Republica de Cipre
|Inuem ufiziel            = Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία ([[lingaz grech|grech]])&lt;br&gt;Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti ([[lingaz turch|turch]])
|Capitela                 = [[Nicosia]] 
|Sënta guviern            =
|Majera zità              = 
|Inuem inn                = Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν&lt;br /&gt;''(Ladin: &quot;Inn a la libertà&quot;)'
|Inn                      = Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga
|Lingaz 1                 = [[lingaz grech|Grech]]&lt;br&gt;[[lingaz turch|Turch]]
|Spersa tiera             = 
|Ega                      = 0,11
|Presidënt                = [[Nikos Christodoulides]] 
|Forma de guviern         = [[Republica]] [[president|presidenziela]] [[stat uniter|unitera]]
|Prim minister            = 
|Ann PIB                  = 2025
|PIB numinel              = 39.9   &lt;!--valor te miliarc--&gt;
|PIB VPC                  = 61.5   &lt;!--valor te miliarc--&gt;
|Munëida                  = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR)
|Cherta                   = EU-Cyprus.svg
}}
L '''Cipre''' o '''Cipri''' ({{langx|el|Κύπρος|translit=Kýpros|engvar=gb}} {{IPA|el|ˈcipros|}}; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs||LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-Kıbrıs.wav}}), ufizielmënter la '''Republica de Cipre''' ({{Langx|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία |translit=Kypriakí Dimokratía |links=no|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|el|cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a|}}, {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |links=no}}, {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti|}}),  ie n [[stat de ijules]] dl'[[Asia]] y dl'[[Europa]].
[[File:Cyprus CIA-WF 2010 map.png|thumb|Cipre]]


== Geografia ==
== Storia ==
== Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Asia}}
[[Categoria:Stac dl'Asia]]
[[Categoria:Stac dl'Europa]]</text>
      <sha1>81uakw6gzy45zi7i4c8doqxwfwsgb03</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246277</id>
      <parentid>246276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T18:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1749" sha1="ban9jeuuwto4vrzlx0vfhik1al211zp" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}
{{Infobox Stat
|Inuem                    = Republica de Cipre
|Inuem ufiziel            = Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία ([[lingaz grech|grech]])&lt;br&gt;Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti ([[lingaz turch|turch]])
|Capitela                 = [[Nicosia]] 
|Sënta guviern            =
|Majera zità              = 
|Inuem inn                = Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν&lt;br /&gt;''(Ladin: &quot;Inn a la libertà&quot;)'
|Inn                      = Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga
|Lingaz 1                 = [[lingaz grech|Grech]]&lt;br&gt;[[lingaz turch|Turch]]
|Spersa tiera             = 
|Ega                      = 0,11%
|Presidënt                = [[Nikos Christodoulides]] 
|Forma de guviern         = [[Republica]] [[president|presidenziela]] [[stat uniter|unitera]]
|Prim minister            = 
|Ann PIB                  = 2025
|PIB numinel              = 39.9   &lt;!--valor te miliarc--&gt;
|PIB VPC                  = 61.5   &lt;!--valor te miliarc--&gt;
|Munëida                  = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR)
|Cherta                   = EU-Cyprus.svg
}}
L '''Cipre''' o '''Cipri''' ({{langx|el|Κύπρος|translit=Kýpros|engvar=gb}} {{IPA|el|ˈcipros|}}; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs||LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-Kıbrıs.wav}}), ufizielmënter la '''Republica de Cipre''' ({{Langx|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία |translit=Kypriakí Dimokratía |links=no|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|el|cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a|}}, {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |links=no}}, {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti|}}),  ie n [[stat de ijules]] dl'[[Asia]] y dl'[[Europa]].
[[File:Cyprus CIA-WF 2010 map.png|thumb|Cipre]]


== Geografia ==
== Storia ==
== Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Asia}}
[[Categoria:Stac dl'Asia]]
[[Categoria:Stac dl'Europa]]</text>
      <sha1>ban9jeuuwto4vrzlx0vfhik1al211zp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz furlan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246297</id>
      <parentid>240323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="405" sha1="gwdyofoj4r2mlbhoxb2v70nvtfglhbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Lingaz||inom=Furlan|stat=[[Talia]]|uffiziel=[[Talia]] (co che lingaz mëndër)|iso1=|iso2=|iso3=fur|chèrta=[[File:Friulano_%26_Co..JPG|230px]]}}
L '''furlan''' (''lenghe furlane'') o '''Marilenghe''' (''rujeneda dl'oma'') ie l idiom [[reto-romanc]] che vën rujená te deplu pertes dl [[Friul]] e [[Veneto]].

== Plates cunliedes ==
* [[Ladin]]

[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>gwdyofoj4r2mlbhoxb2v70nvtfglhbj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246302</id>
      <parentid>246297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="439" sha1="te6od8t3k0u1adtjyi1481p9ns6zl5h" xml:space="preserve">{{Lingaz||inom=Furlan|stat=[[Talia]]|uffiziel=[[Talia]] (co che lingaz mëndër)|iso1=|iso2=|iso3=fur|chèrta=[[File:Friulano_%26_Co..JPG|230px]]}}
L '''furlan''' (''lenghe furlane'') o '''Marilenghe''' (''rujeneda dl'oma'') ie l idiom [[reto-romanc]] che vën rujená te deplu pertes dl [[Friul]] e [[Veneto]].

== Plates cunliedes ==
* [[Ladin]]

== Referënzes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>te6od8t3k0u1adtjyi1481p9ns6zl5h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingac indoeuropeics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246308</id>
      <parentid>235851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:04:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3489" sha1="13bxlik425b0w65cm9az8h5ib8hrdkn" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
{{Infobox familia de rujenedes
| name          = Indo-Europeich
| region        = Tëmp pre-colonial: [[Eurasia]] y nord de l'Africa&lt;br/&gt;
Al didancuei: dut l mond&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;rujeneda de l'oma de zirca 3,2 miliarc de persones&lt;/small&gt;
| familycolor   = Indo-Europeich
| family        = Una de la [[familia de rujenedes|families de rujenedes]] primeres dl mond
| protoname     = [[Rujeneda Proto-Indo-Europeica|Proto-Indo-Europeich]]
| child1        = ''[[Lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]''
| child2        = [[Rujenedes anatoliches|Anatolich]] {{Mort ora}}
| child3        = ''[[Lingaz armen|Armen]]''
| child4        = [[Rujenedes Balto-Slaves|Balto-Slav]] &lt;small&gt;([[Rujenedes Baltiches|baltich]] y [[rujenedes slaves]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child5        = [[Rujenedes Celtiches|Celtich]]
| child6        = [[Lingaz dacian|Dacian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child7        = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| child8        = ''[[Rujenedes Helleniches|Hellenich]]''
| child9        = [[Lingaz illirian|Illirian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child10       = [[Rujenedes Indo-Iranianes|Indo-Iranian]] &lt;small&gt;([[Rujenedes Indo-Arianes|Indo-Arian]], [[Rujenedes Iranianes|Iranian]] y [[Rujenedes Nuristanes|Nuristan]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child11       = [[Rujenedes Italiches|Italich]] &lt;small&gt;(leprò [[Rujenedes neolatines]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child12       = [[Lingaz lusitan|Lusitan]] {{Mort ora}}
| child13       = [[Lingaz messapich|Messapich]] {{Mort ora}}
| child14       = [[Lingaz frighian|Frighian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child15       = [[Lingaz trachian|Trachian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child16       = [[Rujenedes tocarianes|Tocarian]] {{Mort ora}}

| iso2          = ine
| iso5          = ine
| glotto        = indo1319
| glottorefname = Indo-European
| map           = Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png
| mapcaption    = Distribuzion de la rujenedes indo-europeiches te l'Eurasia al didancuei:
{{legend|#FFD800|[[Rujenedes Helleniches|Hellenich]]}} 
{{legend|#00269F|[[Rujenedes Indo-Iranianes|Indo-Iranian]] ([[Rujenedes Indo-Arianes|Indo-Arian]], [[Rujenedes Iranianes|Iranian]], [[Rujenedes Nuristanes|Nuristan]])}}
{{legend|#7F6A00|[[Rujenedes Italiches|Italich]] (leprò [[Rujenedes neolatines|Neolatin]])}} 
{{legend|#FFAA00|[[Rujenedes Celtiches|Celtich]]}} 
{{legend|#CD0000|[[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]}}
{{legend|#57007F|[[Lingaz armen|Armen]]}} 
{{legend|#007F0E|[[Rujenedes Balto-Slaves|Balto-Slav]] ([[Rujenedes Baltiches|Baltich]] y [[rujenedes slaves|Slav]])}} 
{{legend|#00D4FF|[[Lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]}} 
{{legend|#A3A3A3|Rujenedes nia indo-europeiches}}
Ponc/risses ie raions ulache l da multilingualism (vëijun miec a ngrandì la cherta).
| glottoname    = 
| notes         = {{ublist|{{Mort ora}} denominea n ram de la familia de rujenedes che ie mort ora}}
| ancestor      = 
}}
I '''lingac indo-europeichs''' fej pert dla gran familia che se refej a na ravisa unitera y che se á destendù ora dal [[Iran]] y dal’ [[Asia]] zentrela sibe de viers dl’ [[India]] che nce dl’ [[Europa]], y plu tert nce dl’ [[America]] y dl’ [[Australia]].

==Lingac==

[[Lingaz nglëisc|Nglëisc]]

[[Lingaz spanuel|Spanuel]]

[[Lingaz tudësch|Tudësch]]

[[Lingaz franzëus|Franzëus]]

[[Lingaz talian|Talian]]

[[Lingaz rus|Rus]]
 
[[Lingaz industan|Industan]]

[[Lingaz portughesc|Portughesc]]

[[Lingaz grech|Grech]]

[[Lingaz latin|Latin]]

[[Lingaz ladin|Ladin]]


==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>13bxlik425b0w65cm9az8h5ib8hrdkn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246310</id>
      <parentid>246308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:06:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3489" sha1="lta2jducu8gjsj8vk255y6eljdkgsy1" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
{{Infobox familia de rujenedes
| name          = Indo-Europeich
| region        = Tëmp pre-colonial: [[Eurasia]] y nord de l'Africa&lt;br/&gt;
Al didancuei: dut l mond&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;rujeneda de l'oma de zirca 3,2 miliarc de persones&lt;/small&gt;
| familycolor   = Indo-Europeich
| family        = Una de la [[familia de rujenedes|families de rujenedes]] primeres dl mond
| protoname     = [[Rujeneda Proto-Indo-Europeica|Proto-Indo-Europeich]]
| child1        = ''[[Lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]''
| child2        = [[Rujenedes anatoliches|Anatolich]] {{Mort ora}}
| child3        = ''[[Lingaz armen|Armen]]''
| child4        = [[Rujenedes Balto-Slaves|Balto-Slav]] &lt;small&gt;([[Rujenedes Baltiches|baltich]] y [[rujenedes slaves]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child5        = [[Rujenedes celtiches|Celtich]]
| child6        = [[Lingaz dacian|Dacian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child7        = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| child8        = ''[[Rujenedes Helleniches|Hellenich]]''
| child9        = [[Lingaz illirian|Illirian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child10       = [[Rujenedes indo-iranianes|Indo-Iranian]] &lt;small&gt;([[Rujenedes Indo-Arianes|Indo-Arian]], [[Rujenedes Iranianes|Iranian]] y [[Rujenedes Nuristanes|Nuristan]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child11       = [[Rujenedes italiches|Italich]] &lt;small&gt;(leprò [[Rujenedes neolatines]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child12       = [[Lingaz lusitan|Lusitan]] {{Mort ora}}
| child13       = [[Lingaz messapich|Messapich]] {{Mort ora}}
| child14       = [[Lingaz frighian|Frighian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child15       = [[Lingaz trachian|Trachian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child16       = [[Rujenedes tocarianes|Tocarian]] {{Mort ora}}

| iso2          = ine
| iso5          = ine
| glotto        = indo1319
| glottorefname = Indo-European
| map           = Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png
| mapcaption    = Distribuzion de la rujenedes indo-europeiches te l'Eurasia al didancuei:
{{legend|#FFD800|[[Rujenedes Helleniches|Hellenich]]}} 
{{legend|#00269F|[[Rujenedes Indo-Iranianes|Indo-Iranian]] ([[Rujenedes Indo-Arianes|Indo-Arian]], [[Rujenedes Iranianes|Iranian]], [[Rujenedes Nuristanes|Nuristan]])}}
{{legend|#7F6A00|[[Rujenedes Italiches|Italich]] (leprò [[Rujenedes neolatines|Neolatin]])}} 
{{legend|#FFAA00|[[Rujenedes Celtiches|Celtich]]}} 
{{legend|#CD0000|[[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]}}
{{legend|#57007F|[[Lingaz armen|Armen]]}} 
{{legend|#007F0E|[[Rujenedes Balto-Slaves|Balto-Slav]] ([[Rujenedes Baltiches|Baltich]] y [[rujenedes slaves|Slav]])}} 
{{legend|#00D4FF|[[Lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]}} 
{{legend|#A3A3A3|Rujenedes nia indo-europeiches}}
Ponc/risses ie raions ulache l da multilingualism (vëijun miec a ngrandì la cherta).
| glottoname    = 
| notes         = {{ublist|{{Mort ora}} denominea n ram de la familia de rujenedes che ie mort ora}}
| ancestor      = 
}}
I '''lingac indo-europeichs''' fej pert dla gran familia che se refej a na ravisa unitera y che se á destendù ora dal [[Iran]] y dal’ [[Asia]] zentrela sibe de viers dl’ [[India]] che nce dl’ [[Europa]], y plu tert nce dl’ [[America]] y dl’ [[Australia]].

==Lingac==

[[Lingaz nglëisc|Nglëisc]]

[[Lingaz spanuel|Spanuel]]

[[Lingaz tudësch|Tudësch]]

[[Lingaz franzëus|Franzëus]]

[[Lingaz talian|Talian]]

[[Lingaz rus|Rus]]
 
[[Lingaz industan|Industan]]

[[Lingaz portughesc|Portughesc]]

[[Lingaz grech|Grech]]

[[Lingaz latin|Latin]]

[[Lingaz ladin|Ladin]]


==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>lta2jducu8gjsj8vk255y6eljdkgsy1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246314</id>
      <parentid>246310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:07:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3489" sha1="dfmevtdtlihrpee32yip717uffddfeg" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
{{Infobox familia de rujenedes
| name          = Indo-Europeich
| region        = Tëmp pre-colonial: [[Eurasia]] y nord de l'Africa&lt;br/&gt;
Al didancuei: dut l mond&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;rujeneda de l'oma de zirca 3,2 miliarc de persones&lt;/small&gt;
| familycolor   = Indo-Europeich
| family        = Una de la [[familia de rujenedes|families de rujenedes]] primeres dl mond
| protoname     = [[Rujeneda proto-indo-europeica|Proto-indo-europeich]]
| child1        = ''[[Lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]''
| child2        = [[Rujenedes anatoliches|Anatolich]] {{Mort ora}}
| child3        = ''[[Lingaz armen|Armen]]''
| child4        = [[Rujenedes balto-slaves|Balto-Slav]] &lt;small&gt;([[Rujenedes baltiches|baltich]] y [[rujenedes slaves]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child5        = [[Rujenedes celtiches|Celtich]]
| child6        = [[Lingaz dacian|Dacian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child7        = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| child8        = ''[[Rujenedes Helleniches|Hellenich]]''
| child9        = [[Lingaz illirian|Illirian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child10       = [[Rujenedes indo-iranianes|Indo-Iranian]] &lt;small&gt;([[Rujenedes Indo-Arianes|Indo-Arian]], [[Rujenedes Iranianes|Iranian]] y [[Rujenedes Nuristanes|Nuristan]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child11       = [[Rujenedes italiches|Italich]] &lt;small&gt;(leprò [[Rujenedes neolatines]])&lt;/small&gt;
| child12       = [[Lingaz lusitan|Lusitan]] {{Mort ora}}
| child13       = [[Lingaz messapich|Messapich]] {{Mort ora}}
| child14       = [[Lingaz frighian|Frighian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child15       = [[Lingaz trachian|Trachian]] {{Mort ora}}
| child16       = [[Rujenedes tocarianes|Tocarian]] {{Mort ora}}

| iso2          = ine
| iso5          = ine
| glotto        = indo1319
| glottorefname = Indo-European
| map           = Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png
| mapcaption    = Distribuzion de la rujenedes indo-europeiches te l'Eurasia al didancuei:
{{legend|#FFD800|[[Rujenedes Helleniches|Hellenich]]}} 
{{legend|#00269F|[[Rujenedes Indo-Iranianes|Indo-Iranian]] ([[Rujenedes Indo-Arianes|Indo-Arian]], [[Rujenedes Iranianes|Iranian]], [[Rujenedes Nuristanes|Nuristan]])}}
{{legend|#7F6A00|[[Rujenedes Italiches|Italich]] (leprò [[Rujenedes neolatines|Neolatin]])}} 
{{legend|#FFAA00|[[Rujenedes Celtiches|Celtich]]}} 
{{legend|#CD0000|[[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]}}
{{legend|#57007F|[[Lingaz armen|Armen]]}} 
{{legend|#007F0E|[[Rujenedes Balto-Slaves|Balto-Slav]] ([[Rujenedes Baltiches|Baltich]] y [[rujenedes slaves|Slav]])}} 
{{legend|#00D4FF|[[Lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]}} 
{{legend|#A3A3A3|Rujenedes nia indo-europeiches}}
Ponc/risses ie raions ulache l da multilingualism (vëijun miec a ngrandì la cherta).
| glottoname    = 
| notes         = {{ublist|{{Mort ora}} denominea n ram de la familia de rujenedes che ie mort ora}}
| ancestor      = 
}}
I '''lingac indo-europeichs''' fej pert dla gran familia che se refej a na ravisa unitera y che se á destendù ora dal [[Iran]] y dal’ [[Asia]] zentrela sibe de viers dl’ [[India]] che nce dl’ [[Europa]], y plu tert nce dl’ [[America]] y dl’ [[Australia]].

==Lingac==

[[Lingaz nglëisc|Nglëisc]]

[[Lingaz spanuel|Spanuel]]

[[Lingaz tudësch|Tudësch]]

[[Lingaz franzëus|Franzëus]]

[[Lingaz talian|Talian]]

[[Lingaz rus|Rus]]
 
[[Lingaz industan|Industan]]

[[Lingaz portughesc|Portughesc]]

[[Lingaz grech|Grech]]

[[Lingaz latin|Latin]]

[[Lingaz ladin|Ladin]]


==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>dfmevtdtlihrpee32yip717uffddfeg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingac romanc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246303</id>
      <parentid>235612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1137" sha1="9fkufhjh1xpheiahv1hmz66wq0nrzi6" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}{{distinguish|lingaz rumanc}}
[[File:Romance Languages-World-Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stac cun lingac neolatins sciche lingac ufiziei (a orancien) y sciche lingac naziunei o segondo lingaz (a ghiel)]]
[[File:Romance 14c it.svg|thumb|I lingac neolatins tl'[[Europa]]]]
I '''lingac romanc''' (singuler: ''lingaz romanz''), nce tlamei '''lingac latins''' o '''lingac neolatins''', ie derivazions dal latin antich, che se à mudà aldo dl substrat y dla situazions locales.
Aldidancuei ie chisc i lingac neolatins: [[Ladin]], [[Lingaz talian|Talian]], Sard, [[Lingaz franzëus|Franzëus]], Provenzal, Catalan, Gallego, [[Lingaz spanuel|Spanuel]], Portughesc, Rumen.
De chisc ie n valgun lingac rujenedes mundieles (Spanuel, Franzëus), autri pitli [[Lingaz de mendranza|lingac de mendranza]], sciche l [[Ladin]].

La familia ladina ie metuda adum da: Ladin dla Dolomites, [[Rumanc]] di Grijons y [[Ladin furlan|Furlan]].

==Plates cunliedes==
*[[Ladin]] 
*[[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
*[[Lingaz]]

==Funtanes== 
*Harald Haarmann &quot;Babylonische Welt&quot;, Campus, Frankfurt,2001

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]</text>
      <sha1>9fkufhjh1xpheiahv1hmz66wq0nrzi6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz franzëus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246293</id>
      <parentid>235649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5432" sha1="6g883ppm8wasd4tetkem1kb2mjavpp2" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Franzëus / Franzesc / Franzous
| nativename       = {{lang|fr|Français}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ|}}
| states           = [[Franzia]], [[Belje]], [[Svizra]], [[Canada]], [[Republica Democratica dl Congo]] y autri posć te la [[Francofonia]]
| speakers         = Rujeneda de l'oma: 80 milions
| date             = 2022
| ref              = e25
| speakers2        = De ndut ([[First language|L1]] + [[Second language|L2]]): 274 milions (2022)&lt;ref name=e25/&gt;
| speakers_label   = Numer che rejona
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italich]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]]
| fam5             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Uzidentel]]
| fam6             = [[Western Romance languages|Romanz Uzidentel]]
| fam7             = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romanz]]
| fam8             = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
| ancestor         = [[Latin vedl]]
| ancestor2        = [[Latin vulgher]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romanz]]
| ancestor4        = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romanz vedl]]
| ancestor5        = [[Franzëus vedl]]
| ancestor6        = [[Franzëus mesan]]
| script           = [[Alfabet latin]] ([[Alfabet franzëus]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Braille franzëus]]
| nation           = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela|28 stac]]|
|{{flag|Belje}}
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{flag|Burundi}}
|{{flag|Camerun}}
|{{flag|Canada}}
|{{flag|Ciad}}
|{{flag|Comores}}
|{{flag|Costa d’Avore}}
|{{flag|Franzia}}
|{{flag|Gibuti}}
|{{flag|Guinea Ecuatoriela}}
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{flag|Luxemburg}}
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{flag|Republica Democratica dl Congo}}
|{{flag|Republica dl Congo}}
|{{flag|Republica dl Zënter Africa}}
|{{flag|Ruanda}}
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|{{flag|Svizra}}
|{{flag|Togo}}
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Nia ufiziela ma aministrativa/culturela|Nia ufiziela ma aministrativa/culturela]]|
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{flag|Cambogia}}
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{flag|Liban}}
|{{flag|Mali}}
|{{flag|Maroch}}
|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Ënc subnaziunei|11 subnaziunel]]|
|{{IT-VAO}} &lt;small&gt;([[Talia]])&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flag|Polinesia Franzëusa}}
|{{flag|Louisiana}} &lt;small&gt;([[Stac Unii]])&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flag|Maine}} &lt;small&gt;(Stac Unii)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flag|Nueva Caledonia}}
|{{flag|New Hampshire}} &lt;small&gt;(Stac Unii)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] &lt;small&gt;([[India]])&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flag|Saint Barthélemy}}
|[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]
|{{flag|Saint Pierre y Miquelon}}
|{{flag|Wallis y Futuna}}
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Organisazions intergoverneles|Organisazions intergoverneles]]|
|{{flag|Francofonia}}
|{{flag|Nazions Unides}}
|{{flag|Cumité Olimpich Internazionel}}
|[[Cunferënza Generela di Pëisc y Mesures]]
|{{flag|Comitat internazionèl de la Crousc Chécena|cross}}
|{{flag|Union Europea}}
|{{flag|Union Africana}}
|{{flag|NATO}}
|{{flag|Organisazion Mundiela dl Cumerz}}
|{{flag|Cunsëi de l'Europa}}
}}
| agency           = [[Académie Française]] (Academia Franzëusa) (Franzia) &lt;br /&gt; [[Office québécois de la langue française]] (Quebec)
| iso1             = fr
| iso2b            = fre
| iso2t            = fra
| iso3             = fra
| lingua           = 51-AAA-i
| map              = Countries where French is an official language.svg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#002375|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza&lt;br&gt;(Ponc: ziteies cun trasmiscion dal franzëus a n'autra rujeneda, ulache l franzëus ie suenz na mendranza)}}
{{legend|#1886fe|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela o aministrativa ma nia la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}}
{{legend|#79bdff|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie la rujeneda de na mendranza o na rujeneda culturela ma zënza n status ufiziel}}
| notice           = IPA
| sign             = [[Signed French]]&lt;br /&gt;''(français signé)''
| glotto           = stan1290
| glottorefname    = French
}}L '''franzëus''' ([[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''franzëus'', [[badiot]]: ''franzesc'', [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''franzous''; franzëus standard: ''français'' {{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ|}} o {{lang|fr|langue française}} {{IPA-fr|lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz|}}) ie la prima [[rujeneda]] tla [[Franzia]] y la rujeneda dl’oma te pertes dla [[Svizra]] y dl [[Belje]]; l vën oradechël scialdi adurvà nce tl’[[Africa]] dl Nord y tla ex-colonies franzëuses, ulache l ie suënz la rujneda ufiziela. De ndut ie l franzëus na rujneda ofiziela te 29 [[stat|stac]] al mond.

==Storia==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]</text>
      <sha1>6g883ppm8wasd4tetkem1kb2mjavpp2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz grech</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246306</id>
      <parentid>6977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="289" sha1="gui1j9ajmmb3f7pp5ckggxj8ojdxil6" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}} 
[[File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|thumb]]
L '''grech''' ie la rujeneda dla [[Grecia]] te si forma moderna, che se desferenzieia bendebò dal grech antich.

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}
[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>gui1j9ajmmb3f7pp5ckggxj8ojdxil6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz ladin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246295</id>
      <parentid>245972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15744" sha1="2z1zismaiv3q815q17xf3thzltm0oiu" xml:space="preserve">{{Dolomitan}}
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name = Ladin
| image = Ladin2 K.jpg
| nativename = ''lingaz ladin''
| states = {{flag|Talia}}
| region = {{flag|Ladinia}}
| speakers = zirca {{formatnum:40000}}
| date = 2006&lt;ref name=veneto2006&gt;{{citation |last1=Dell'Aquila |first1=Vittorio |last2=Iannàccaro |first2=Gabriele |title=Survey Ladins: Usi linguistici nelle valli ladine |language=it |trans-title=Survey Ladins: Linguistic uses in the Ladin valleys |date=2006 |publisher=Regione autonoma Trentino-Alto Adige |isbn=88-86053-69-X |page=196 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1635334}}&lt;/ref&gt;–2011&lt;ref name=altoadige2011&gt;{{cite web |title=South Tyrol in Figures |work=Declaration of language group affiliation – Population Census 2011 |url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&amp;aktuelles_image_id=563169 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-10-07 |archive-date=2013-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728113109/http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&amp;aktuelles_image_id=563169 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trentino2011&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statistica.provincia.tn.it/binary/pat_statistica/demografia/15CensGenPopolazione.1340956277.pdf
|title=15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori) |trans-title=15th Population and Housing Census. Survey on the consistency and territorial dislocation of the members of the Ladin, Mòchena and Cimbrian speaking populations (provisional data) |year=2012 |publisher=Autonomous Province of Trento |language=it |access-date=2012-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnicity = [[Ladins]]
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
|fam1={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19860}}
|fam2={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q131848}}
|fam3={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q33478}}
|fam4={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19814}}
|fam5={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q112608}}
|fam6={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q2714388}}
|fam7={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q500394}}
|fam8={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q515593}} o {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q97646466}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1250 |title=Ladin |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144616/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1250 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| dia1 = [[Ladin gherdëina|Gherdëina]]
| dia2 = [[Ladin Val Badia|Badiot]]
| dia3 = [[Ladin fascian|Fascian]]
| dia4 = [[Ladin fodom|Fodom]]
| dia5 = [[Ladin anpezan|Anpezan]]
| agency = [[Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü]]&lt;br&gt;[[Istitut Cultural Ladin “Majon di fascegn”]]&lt;br&gt;[[Istitut Cultural Ladin Cesa de Jan]]
| iso3 = lld
| glotto = ladi1250
| glottorefname = Ladin
| lingua = 51-AAA-l
| notice = IPA
| script           = [[Scritura latina|Latin]] (Alfabet ladin)
| stand1           = [[Ladin Dolomitan]]
| map              =  Ladin.png
}}L '''ladin''' é n [[lingaz romanz]] che s'à conservà tles [[Dolomites]] te cinch variantes locales ([[Badiot|badiot -Ladin Val Badia]], [[Ladin Gherdëina|gherdëina]], [[Ladin fascian|fascian]], [[Ladin fodom|fodom]] y [[Ladin anpezan|anpezan]]) y che adum cul [[Lingaz rumanc|rumanc]] di [[Grijon|Grijuns]] y l [[Ladin furlan|furlan]] fej pert di [[lingac retoromans]].

L ladin s'à formà cun la romanisazion dles [[Alpes]]. La popolazion retica à sourantout l [[Lingaz latin|latin]] popolar; sot a la influenza de particolarités de si lingaz (sintassa, fonetica, lessich) àla svilupé l lingaz ladin (= retoroman). 
L lingaz ladin é la realisazion direta dl latin popolar rejoné tles Alpes entourn la fin dl [[Storia romana|Imper Roman]]. 
La fin dl retich tles Alpes po vegnì confronteda con la fin dl galich tla [[Franzia]]. 
I Retoromans y i Rumens é i soui che porta te sia denominazion la parola &quot;Roma&quot;; i abitanc dla [[Val dl En]] y dles [[Dolomites]] se nomineia enfinamai &quot;Ladins&quot;, donca Latins. 

Na pruma forma dl ladin podessa se avei svilupé, sciche ence i autri lingac neolatins, plu o manco entourn l 8./9. secul. 
L lingaz é plu o manco anter l franzeis y l talian. Vejin al retoroman é ence l ozitan o l catalan.

Ajache per l raion ladin fálel ciamò na cronologia dles fases linguistiches reconesciuda amplamenter (na periodisazion), propon l prof.univ. [[Paul Videsott]] chesta partizion:
# enfin a entourn al ann 850 [[Anno Domini|do Crist]]: temp dl latin vulgar, temp caraterisé te prest duta la Romania da enlaouta da inovazions plu o manco valives;
# dal 850 enfin al 10eisem centené za.: an rejona de proto-ladin (temp caraterisé da svilups linguistics a gran linges valifs che corespon tl sens lerch a duta la Galloromania y dantaldut a la Cisalpinia che fossa tant che l raion di dialec dl nord dla Italia y la Retoromania);
# dal 10eisem centené al 14eisem centené: an rejona de vedl-ladin (temp caraterisé da inovazions y conservazions propies dl ladin en confront a la Padania);
# dal 14eisem enfin al 18eisem centené za.: an rejona de vedl marou, vedl badiot, vedl
# gherdeina, vedl fascian, vedl fodom y vedl ampezan (spana de temp carateriseda da spidiciament dialetal dl ladin tres maiour al intern);
# dal 19eisem al 20eisem centené: idioms ladins moderns (temp caraterisé da la scritura y
# da la normazion di idioms).
# dal 21eisem centené inant: elaborazion de n lingaz ladin scrit unifiché adum cun i idioms ladins.

== Storia ==
[[File:Rhaeto-Romance languages now and 1200 years ago..png|thumb|Raions ladins entëur l ann 800 [[Anno Domini|do G.Crist]]]]
L lingaz ladin s’à furmá cun la romanisazion di raions dla [[Alpes|Elpes]] (Rezia) a pié via dal 15 [[Anno Domini|dan G.Crist]] cun la concuistes de Drusus y Tiberius mandei dal imparadú [[Augustus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 19&lt;/ref&gt;. L [[lingaz latin]] vulgher di soldeies romans se muscëida cun l lingaz autochton dla popolazions retiches dl post y furmea n [[lingaz]] nëuf, l retoroman o ladin. Ti secui V – X vën i raions ladins for mëndri dantaldut aldó dla invajions di Baiuvaresc dal nord y di Longobarc dal sud y l lingaz ladin vën rujené inant tla valedes plu isoledes.

=== [[Ladin evoluziun storica|Evoluziun storica dl lingaz ladin]] ===
Aladô dl’orgina dl ladin dal lingaz [[Lingaz latin|latin]] él deplü studiá che arata che le ladin é na sort de [[Lingaz latin|latin]] baié ciamó aldedaincö te deplü raiuns dles [[Alpes]], avisa sciöche al é gnü definí d’atri lingac neolatins&lt;ref&gt;Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 83&lt;/ref&gt;. Anter le latin baié (“latin volgar”) y le ladin baié él dagnora sté na continuité, nia na zesöra sciöche danter le latin scrit (“latin classich”) y le ladin scrit. Les gaujes dla trasformaziun dl latin ti lingac neolatins è da chirí tla [[storia]], dantadöt tla desdrüta dl [[Storia romana|Imper roman]], insciö che le lingaz baié jô tres plü indalater co le lingaz scrit, co ê conesciü y gnô coltivé da tres manco [[Porsona|porsones]]. Tl tëmp jô sonns y [[Parola|parores]] intieres a perde y d’atri gnô pormez.

==== Protoladin ====
Tl seco VIII ê i lingac neolatins bele valgamia formá. Cina encër le seco X pon baié de “protoladin” &lt;ref&gt;da n referat dl Prof. Paul Videsott te Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 83&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ladin vedl ====
Dal secul X cina al XIV se desfarënziëia le ladin tres deplü dai atri lingac neolatins cun un di sëgn plü sigüsc la palatalisaziun de “ca” y “ga” che devënta “cia” y “gia” y la desinënza “on” che devënta “un” tla [[Val Badia]].

==== Secui XIV – XVIII ====
Al se formëia les variantes de val dl ladin, le vedl [[mareo]], le vedl [[badiot]], le vedl [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]], le vedl [[Ladin fodom|fodom]], le vedl [[Ladin fascian|fascian]] y le vedl [[Ladin anpezan|ampezan]]. Le rotazism (evoluziun da “l” a “r” te n valgönes parores) se fej sintí tl mareo y tl ampezan. Tl gherdëna y tl fascian passa le “a” a “e” ince tla penultima silba, deperpo che al romagn tla Val Badia. Le “ou” che vëgn dant tl fodom devënta “u” tla Val Badia y “ëu” tl gherdëna. Tl badiot s’afermëia le “ü” che devënta tl mareo plü gonot “ö”, p.ej ''cürt'' → ''cört''. Tles atres valades ladines sparësc le “ü” y le “ö” daldöt (tut fora Moena). I vocai azentá sparësc gonot, tl badiot ince amez les parores, p.ej. ''prozesciun'' → ''purciun''. Te düc i idioms ladins ti lascia n püch al piade le tëmp perfet scëmpl la lerch al al perfet formé cun n verb ausiliar.

==== Secui XIX - XX ====
Al se svilupëia les variantes d’aldedaincö ince tla forma scrita, cun regoles y normes. Al se fej ince sintí l’influs di atri lingac vijins: te [[Fascia]], [[Fodom]] y [[Anpezo|Ampëz]] le [[Lingaz talian|talian]] y i dialec taliagn, te [[Gherdëina|Gherdëna]] y tla Val Badia, dantadöt te [[Mareo]], le [[Lingaz tudësch|todësch]] y le dialet todësch-tirolesc. Chësc influs se lascia sintí tla lita dles parores y ince tla strotöra dla frasa y tles manires de dí.

=== Tabela de confrunt ===
'''Test da na fabula de Esop por latin traslaté tles variantes dl ladin'''&lt;ref&gt;da n referat dl Prof. Paul Videsott te Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 84-85&lt;/ref&gt;
{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;20&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lingaz latin|LATIN]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Vulpes ex more suo fame vexata corvum frustrum casi in rostro tenentem videt. “Id mihi bene saperet”, secum cogitavit et corvum vocavit: “Quam pulcher es! Se cantus tuus tam pulcher est quam adspectus tuus, non dubium est te pulcherrimum omnium avium esse.”
|-
|PROTOLADIN
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La volps era endebos ün viade afamada. Ente chel veit ela ün corf che teniva ün toch de chiasuol ento so bech. “Chel me sabes bon”, se pensae ela, et clamae le corf: “Tant biels che tü ies! Se to schiantar ies tant biels che tos chialar for a, despo ies de segür tü le plus biels auciels de dütg.”
|-
|LADIN VEDL
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La volp era endebò ün viade afamada. Ente chel veit era ün corf che teniva ün toch de cajuel ento so bech. “Chel me sabes bun”, s’àra pensé, e à clamé le corf: “Tant bel che t’és! Śe to ciantér è tant bel che to cialér for a, despo este de segür tü le plü bel aucel de düć.”
|-
|[[Ladin Val Badia|LADIN VAL BADIA]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La olp ê indô n iade afamada. Te chël vëighera n corf che tignî n toch de ciajó te so bech. “Chël me saves bun”, s’ára ponsé, y á cherdé le corf: “Tan bel che t’es! Sce to cianté é tan bel co to ciaré fora, spo este dessigü tö le plü bel vicel de düc.”
|-
|[[Ladin gherdëina|GHERDËINA]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La bolp fova inò n iede afameda. Te chëla vëijela n corf che tën n tòch de ciajuel te si bech. “Chël me savessa bon”, se ala mpensà y à cherdà l corf: “Ce bel che te ies! Sce te ciantes tan bel coche te cëles ora, pona ies dessegur tu l plu bel ucel de duc.”
|-
|[[Ladin fascian|FASCIAN]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La bolp era endò famèda. Te chela la veit n corf con n toch de formai tel bech. Chel, vé, me saessa bon”, la se peissa, e la ge disc al corf. “Che bel che t’es! Se tie ciantèr l’è scì bel che tia parbuda, dapo’ t’es de segur tu l più bel anter duc i ucie.”
|-
|[[Ladin fodom|FODOM]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La volp l’eva ndavò afamada. Nte chëla la veiga n còrf che l se tegniva n tòch de formai ntel bech. “Chël me savëssa ben bon”, la s’à pensé ntra de dëla, e l’à clamé l còrf: “Cotànt bel che t’és! Se tuo cianté l è bel coche ti te ciale fòra, nlouta t’es segur ti l plu bel de duc cànc i uciei.”
|-
|[[Ladin anpezan|ANPEZAN]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Ra volpe r’èa danoo infamentada. Cenoné ra vede un cròo, che ‘l aèa inze ‘l bèco un toco de formèi. “Chel ši che el me saarae bon”, ra s’à pensà ra volpe, e r’à ciamà el cròo: “Cè un bel che te sos! Se te ciantes polito cemodo che che te se vede, de seguro te sos el pì bel de dute i uzièi.”
|-
|[[Ladin dolomitan|LADIN DOLOMITAN STANDARD]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La volp fova endò n iade afameda. Te chel veidela n corf che tegniva n toch de ciajuel te sie bech. “Chel me savessa bon”, se ála pensé, y à cherdé l corf: “Tant bel che te ies! Sce tie cianté è tant bel che tie cialé fora, spo ieste dessegur tu l plu bel vicel de duc.”
|-
|[[Rumanc|RUMANTSCH GRISCHUN]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La vulp era puspè ina giada fomentada. Qua ha ella vis sin in pign in corv che tegneva in toc chaschiel en ses pichel. Quai ma gustass, ha ella pensà, ed ha clamà al corv: “Tge bel che ti es! Sche tes chant è uschè bel sc otia parita, lur es ti il pli bel utschè da tuts.”
|-
|[[Ladin furlan|FURLAN]] CENTRÂL
| align=&quot;left&quot; |La bolp e jere indaûr plene di fan, In chel e viôt un corvat, che al veve un toc di formadi tal bec. “Chel sì che mi plasarès”, e pensà la bolp e e clamà il corvat: “Ce biel che tu sês! Se la tô vôs e je biele come che tu sês tu, alore tu sês pardabon il plui biel di ducj i uciei!”
|}

== Idioms ladins==
L ladin dles Dolomites tol ite cinch idioms /variantes de valeda:
*[[Ladin Val Badia|Ladin dla Val Badia]]
*[[Ladin gherdëina|Gherdëina]] 
*[[Ladin fascian|Fascian]]
*[[Ladin anpezan|Anpezan]]
*[[Ladin fodom|Fodom]]

== Ejëmpli==
Desche ejempl végnel chilò metù dant na pert dl paternoster ti idioms desvalifs y per todesch y talian.

; Maréo/Badiot : Nosc Pere dl cil,&lt;br&gt; al sides santifiché to inom,&lt;br&gt; al vëgnes to rëgn,&lt;br&gt; tüa orentè sides fata,&lt;br&gt; sciöche al cil insciö söla tera.
; Gherdëina : Pere nost, che t'ies tl ciel,&lt;br&gt; sibe santificà ti inuem,&lt;br&gt; vënie ti rëni,&lt;br&gt; sibe fata ti ulentà,&lt;br&gt; coche en ciel enscì en tiera.
; Fascian : Père nosc che te es sun ciel,&lt;br&gt; sie fat sent to inom,&lt;br&gt; fa che vegne to regn,&lt;br&gt; to voler sie semper respetà,&lt;br&gt; tant sun ciel che su la tera.
; Fodom : Père nòst che t'es sun paradíš,&lt;br&gt; benedât lé l tuo inóm,&lt;br&gt; resta con nos,&lt;br&gt; che sará fat ci che te vòs&lt;br&gt; sun ciél e su la tièra.

; Anpezan : Pare nosc, che te stas su in zielo,&lt;br&gt; sée fato santo el to gnon,&lt;br&gt; viene el to regno,&lt;br&gt; sée fato chel che te vos tu,&lt;br&gt; tanto in zielo che su ra tera.
; [[Ladin dolomitan]] : Pere nost, che te ies en ciel,&lt;br&gt; al sie santifiché tie inom,&lt;br&gt; al vegne tie regn,&lt;br&gt; al vegne fat tia volonté,&lt;br&gt; coche en ciel enscì sun la tera. 
; [[Lingaz tudësch|Deutsch]] : Vater unser im Himmel,&lt;br&gt; geheiligt werde Dein Name.&lt;br&gt; Dein Reich komme.&lt;br&gt; Dein Wille geschehe,&lt;br&gt; wie im Himmel so auf Erden.
; [[Lingaz talian|Italiano]] : Padre nostro che sei nei cieli,&lt;br&gt; sia santificato il tuo nome,&lt;br&gt; venga il tuo regno,&lt;br&gt; sia fatta la tua volontà&lt;br&gt; come in cielo, così in terra.:

; Vallader (rätoromanisches Idiom) : Bap nos, tü chi est in tschêl,&lt;br&gt; fat sonch vegna teis nom,&lt;br&gt; teis reginam vegna nanpro,&lt;br&gt; tia vöglia dvainta sco in tschêl eir sün terra.

== Lingaz scrit unitar ladin ==
* [[Ladin dolomitan]]
* [[SPELL]]
* [[Heinrich Schmid]] : ''Wegleitung für den Aufbau einer gemeinsamen Schriftsprache der Dolomitenladiner.'' 1998.

== Referënzes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>2z1zismaiv3q815q17xf3thzltm0oiu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz nglëisc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246316</id>
      <parentid>235058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:09:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3878" sha1="ost8mrsgyjllvetieqhpjit5p3n2any" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Nglëisc / Inglesc / Ingleis
| nativename       = English
| pronunciation    = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ᵻ|ʃ}}{{sfn|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry: [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/pronunciation/english/english_1 English – Pronunciation]}}
| region           = 
| speakers         = 360{{ndash}}400{{nbsp}}milions
| ethnicity        = [[Nglëisc]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Anglo-Saxons]] (storicamënter)
| date             = 2006
| ref              = {{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}}
| speakers2        = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 750{{nbsp}}million;&lt;br/&gt;as a [[foreign language]]: 600–700&amp;nbsp;million{{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}}
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam2             = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| fam3             = [[Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles|Germanich uzidentel]]
| fam4             = [[Germanich dl Mer dl Nord]]
| fam5             = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
| fam6             = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| ancestor         = [[Nglëisc vedl]]
| ancestor2        = [[Nglëisc mesan]]
| ancestor3        = [[Nglëisc modern denant]]
| script           = {{plainlist|
* [[Scritura latina|Latin]] ([[Alfabet Nglëisc]])
* [[Runes Anglo-Saxones]] (storicamënter)
* [[English Braille]], [[Unified English Braille]]
}}
| nation           = {{plainlist|
* [[Lista di stac y raions ulache l nglëisc ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Stac sovrans|59 stac]]
* [[Lista di stac y raions ulache l nglëisc ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Entiteies nia sovranes|27 entiteies nia sovranes]]
{{Collapsible list |titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title= De plu urganisazions|
* [[Nazions Unides]]
* [[Union Europea]]
* [[Commonwealth de Nazions]]
* [[Council of Europe]]
* [[International Criminal Court|ICC]]
* [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]
* [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]]
* [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]
* [[NATO]]
* [[WTO]]
* [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]]
* [[Organization of American States|OAS]]
* [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]
* [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]
* [[OPEC]]
* [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development]]
* [[Pacific Islands Forum|PIF]]
* [[UKUSA Agreement]]
* [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]
* [[ASEAN Economic Community]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]]
* [[Caribbean Community]]
* [[Organization of Turkic States]]
* [[International Organization of Turkic Culture|Türksoy]]
* [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]]
}}
}}
| iso1             = en
| iso2             = eng
| iso3             = eng
| lingua           = 52-ABA
| notice           = IPA
| sign             = [[Manually coded English]]&lt;br/&gt;(multiple systems)
| glotto           = stan1293
| glottorefname    = English
| map              = Anglospeak (subnational version).svg
| mapsize          = 320
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#346699|Raions ulache l nglëisc ie la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}}
{{legend|#99ccff|Raions ulache l nglëisc vën scialdi adurvà y rujenà, ma nia coche la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}}
| minority         = Sëura dut l mond, dantaldut {{plainlist|
* {{GRL}} 
* {{MYS}} 
* {{SRI}} 
* {{BHR}} 
}}
}}L '''nglëisc''' (nglëisc: ''English'' {{IPA-en|ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ}}; [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''nglëisc'', [[badiot]]: ''inglesc'', [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''ingleis'') ie na [[rujeneda germanica uzidentela]] che à si uriginn te l'[[Nghiltiera]] dl [[Medieve]]. Si inuem vën dai [[Anglesc]], na [[grupa etnica germanica]] che fova mueta da l'[[Anglia]] tl [[Mer Baltich]] a l'ijula de la [[Gran Bretania]].

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}
[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>ost8mrsgyjllvetieqhpjit5p3n2any</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz portughesc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246292</id>
      <parentid>245925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10673" sha1="o1f99lrvpoe2ypk06cj8rfairoa8h3i" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}} 
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name          = Portughesc
| ethnicity     = [[Lusofon]]s
* [[Popul portughesc|Portughesc]]
* [[Brazilians]]
* [[Luso-Asiac]]
* [[Luso-Africans]]
| nativename    = {{lang|pt|português}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-pt|puɾtuˈɣeʃ|}}, {{IPA-pt|poʁtuˈɡe(j)s|}}
| speakers      = Rujeneda de l'oma: 232 milions
| date          = 2012&amp;ndash;2020
| ref           = e25
| speakers2     = [[Second language|L2]]: 25 milions (2018&amp;ndash;2020)&lt;ref name=e25/&gt;&lt;br&gt;De ndut: 258 milions&lt;ref name=e25/&gt;
| speakers_label = Numer che rejona
| familycolor   = Indo-Europeich
| fam2          = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3          = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4          = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]]
| fam5          = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam6          = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam7          = [[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
| fam8          = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
| fam9          = [[Galician-Portuguese]]
| ancestor      = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2     = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]
| ancestor3     = [[Latin vedl]] 
| ancestor4     = [[Latin tlassich]] 
| ancestor5     = [[Latin vulgher]] 
| ancestor6     = [[Galician-Portuguese]]
| script        = {{plainlist|
*[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Portuguese alphabet]])
*[[Portuguese Braille]]}}
| nation        = {{Collapsible list
                  | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
                  | title = 9 stac
                  | {{flag|Angola}}
                  | {{flag|Brasil}}
                  | {{flag|Cap Vërt}}
                  | {{flag|Timor de l'Est}}
                  | {{flag|Guinea Ecuatoriela}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=7775 |title=Continúan los actos del Día de la Lengua Portuguesa y la Cultura Lusófona |date=10 May 2016 |website=Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea |trans-title=Acts continue to mark Portuguese Language and Portuguese Culture Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;
                  | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
                  | {{flag|Mosambich}}
                  | {{flag|Portugal}}
                  | {{flag|São Tomé y Príncipe}}
                  | 
                  |
                 }}
                 {{Collapsible list
                  | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
                  | title = 1 dependënza
                  | {{flag|Macau}} ([[China]])
                 }}
| minority      = {{Collapsible list
                  | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
                  | title=[[Geographic distribution of Portuguese|Rujeneda culturela]]
|[[Uruguay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gutiérrez Bottaro |first=Silvia Etel |title=El portugués uruguayo y las marcas de la oralidad en la poesía del escritor uruguayo Agustín R. Bisio |date=2014 |url=http://www.hispanistas.org.br/arquivos/revistas/sumario/revista6/109-129.pdf |work=abehache |volume=4 |issue=6 |trans-title=Uruguayan Portuguese and oral marks in the poetry of Uruguayan writer Agustín R. Bisio |language=es |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812061109/http://www.hispanistas.org.br/arquivos/revistas/sumario/revista6/109-129.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.historiadelaslenguasenuruguay.edu.uy |title=Historia lingüística del Uruguay |website=www.historiadelaslenguasenuruguay.edu.uy |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405013655/http://www.historiadelaslenguasenuruguay.edu.uy/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite conference |last1=Fernández Aguerre |first1=Tabaré |title=Algunas notas teórico metodológicas sobre la relación entre regiones y aprendizajes en Uruguay |url=https://www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/handle/20.500.12008/10776 |pages=11–15 |trans-title=Some theoretical methodological notes on the relationship between regions and learning in Uruguay |language=es |last2=González Bruzzese |first2=Mahira |last3=Rodriguez Ingold |first3=Cecilia |year=2017 |hdl=20.500.12008/10776 |hdl-access=free |conference=XVI Jornadas de Investigación : la excepcionalidad uruguaya en debate: ¿como el Uruguay no hay?}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
| [[Spania]] ([[Galician language]])
|[[Sudafrica]]            
|[[List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language|Organisazions nternaziuneles]]}}
| agency        = {{plainlist|
*'''Portugal''':&lt;br /&gt;[[Lisbon Academy of Sciences]] &lt;small&gt;([[Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Class of Letters|Lisbon Academy Class of Letters]])&lt;/small&gt;
*'''Brazil''':&lt;br /&gt;[[Academia Brasileira de Letras]]
*'''Mozambique:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique]] &lt;small&gt;(future)&lt;/small&gt;}}{{citationneeded|date=April 2023}}
| iso1          = pt
| iso2          = por
| iso3          = por
| lingua        = 51-AAA-a
| map              = Detailed SVG map of the Lusophone world.svg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#002375|Stac y raions ulache l portughesc ie la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}}
{{legend|#1886fe|Stac y raions ulache l portughesc ie na rujeneda ufiziela o aministrativa ma nia la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}}
{{legend|#79bdff|Stac y raions ulache l portughesc ie na rujeneda culturela o secundera}}
| notice        = IPA
| sign          = Portughesc codificà a man
| glotto        = port1283
| glottorefname = Portuguese
| map2          = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
| mapcaption2   = {{center|{{small|L portughesc ne ie nia na rujeneda n pericul aldò dl sistem de tlasificazion dl [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] de l'[[UNESCO]]}}}}
}}L '''portughesc''' ({{lang|pt|português}} o {{lang|pt|língua portuguesa}}) ie n [[lingaz romanz]] de la familia di [[lingac indoeuropeics]] che à si urigin sun la [[penijula iberica]] te l'[[Europa]]. L ie na rujeneda ufiziela tl [[Portugal]], [[Brasil]], [[Cap Vërt]], [[Angola]], [[Mosambich]], [[Guinea-Bissau]] y [[São Tomé y Príncipe]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CPLP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cplp.org/id-2597.aspx |title=Estados-membros |date=7 February 2017 |website=Community of Portuguese Language Countries |language=pt |trans-title=Member States |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182400/https://www.cplp.org/id-2597.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; y l à n status co-ufiziel tl [[Timor de l'Est]], [[Guinea Ecuatoriela]] y [[Macau]]. A na persona che rejona portughesc ti dijun n &quot;[[lusofon]]&quot; ({{lang|pt|lusófono}}). Tres l'espansion ntan i tëmps dl colonialism abinun al didancuei na prejënza culturela de persones che rejona portughesc sëura dut l mond. L portughesc fej pert de la [[grupa ibero-romanza]] che se ova svilupà da dialec desfrënc dl [[latin vulgher]] tl [[medieve]] tl [[rëni de Galizia]] y te la [[contea de Portugal]] y à mantenì na cërta fonologia [[lingac celtics|celtica]] te si lessich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sites.duke.edu/judeolusitanica/2013/07/21/the-origin-and-formation-of-the-portuguese-language/ |title=The Origin and Formation of The Portuguese Language |website=Judeo-Lusitanica |publisher=Duke University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110052/https://sites.duke.edu/judeolusitanica/2013/07/21/the-origin-and-formation-of-the-portuguese-language/ |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=15 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.filologia.org.br/vcnlf/anais%20v/civ8_03.htm |title=Breves considerações sobre o legado das línguas célticas |first=João |last=Bittencourt de Oliveira |website=filologia.org.br }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coche la rujeneda de l'oma de presciapuech 230 milions de persones y la segonda ruejenda de 25-30 milions vën l portughesc rujenà de ndut da ntëur a 250 milions de persones. L vën normalmënter cumpedà coche la [[Lista de rujenedes aldò de la rujeneda de l'oma|cuinta majera rujeneda de l'oma]] al mond y la terza majera danter la rujenedes europées&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|title=CIA World Factbook|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; y la segonda majera [[rujeneda romanza]] al mond do l [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]. L ie la segonda majera rujeneda te l'[[America dl Sud]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Different Languages of South America|url=https://latinobridge.com/blog/the-different-languages-of-south-america-2/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Latino Bridge|language=en|date= 7 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; y la majera rujeneda tl [[emisfer sud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Potencial Económico da Língua Portuguesa|url=http://www.uc.pt/international-applicants/oportunidades/linguas/economic_potential_portuguese.pdf|website=University of Coimbra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Portuguese Language Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/portuguese-language|website=[[UNESCO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=20 Most Spoken Languages in the World in 2023|url=https://www.berlitz.com/blog/most-spoken-languages-world|website=[[Berlitz Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. L ie ënghe la segonda rujeneda plu adurveda te l'[[America Latina]], do l spanuel, una de la 10 majera rujenedes de l'[[Africa]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://africa-facts.org/top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa/ |title=Top 11 Most Spoken Languages in Africa |date=2017-10-18 |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-date=2021-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918174122/https://africa-facts.org/top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; y na rujeneda ufiziela de l'[[Union Europea]], l [[Mercosul]]&lt;!-- This is the Portuguese spelling of Mercosur, Portuguese being an official language of that organization. --&gt;, l'[[Organisazion di Stac Americans]], la [[Comunità Economica di Stac de l'Africa Uzidentela]], l'[[Union Africana]], y la [[Comunità di Stac de Rujeneda Portugheja]], na organisazion nternaziunela metuda adum da duc i stac lusofons dl mond. Tl 1997 ova n stude academic pusiziunà l portughesc coche una de la 10 rujenedes cun majer nflus al mond.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507110651/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm &quot;The World's 10 most influential languages&quot;], George Weber, 1997, ''Language Today''&lt;/ref&gt;

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>o1f99lrvpoe2ypk06cj8rfairoa8h3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz rumanc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246296</id>
      <parentid>236051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:00:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8097" sha1="4e4iat9sap8yrqk00f3ig47terqcj4k" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}{{distinguish|lingac romanc}}
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Rumanc
| nativename       = {{lang|rm|romontsch, rumantsch,&lt;br /&gt; rumauntsch, rumàntsch}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-rm|ʁoˈmɔntʃ||Roh-Sursilvan-Romontsch.ogg}},&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-rm|rʊˈmantʃ||Roh-vallader-rumantsch.ogg}},&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-rm|rʊˈmɛntʃ||Roh-putèr-rumauntsch.ogg}},&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-rm|rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ|}}, {{IPA-rm|rəˈmœntʃ|}}
| ethnicity        = [[Popul rumanc|Rumanc]]
| states           = [[Svizra]]
| region           = [[Grijons]]
| speakers         = Rujeneda prinzipela: {{formatnum:40074}}
| date             = 2019
| ref              = &lt;ref name=&quot;BAFS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bundesamt für Statistik |title=Hauptsprachen in der Schweiz - 2019 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.15384655.html |website=Bundesamt für Statistik |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2        = Rejona regularmënter: {{formatnum:60000}} (2000){{sfn|Furer|2005}}
| ietf             = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}
| iso1             = {{wikidata|property|P218}}
| iso2             = {{wikidata|property|P219}}
| iso3             = {{wikidata|property|P220}}
| glotto           = {{wikidata|property|P1394}}
| glottorefname    = Romansh
| lingua           = {{wikidata|property|references|P1396}}
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam1             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19860}}
| fam2             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q131848}}
| fam3             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q33478}}
| fam4             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19814}}
| fam5             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q112608}}
| fam6             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q2714388}}
| fam7             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q500394}}
| fam8             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q515593}} o {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q97646466}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1326 |title=Romansh |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007135944/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1326 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| dia1             = [[Sursilvan]]
**[[#Dialects|Tuatschin]]
| dia2             = [[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]
**[[Jauer dialect (Romansh)|Jauer]]
| dia3             = [[Putèr]]
| dia4             = [[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]
| dia5             = [[#Dialects|Sutsilvan]]
| dia6             = 
| dia7             = 
| stand1           = [[Sursilvan]]
| stand2           = [[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]
| stand3           = [[Putèr]]
| stand4           = [[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]
| stand5           = [[#Dialects|Sutsilvan]]
| stand6           = [[#Rumantsch Grischun|Rumantsch Grischun]]
| script           = Latin
| nation           = {{flag|Svizra}}
| image            = Romansh language composite.png
| imagecaption     = Da sainsom a man ciancia a japé a man drëta: Test scrit per Sutsilvan sun na cësa a [[Andeer]], Cësa cun test per Sursilvan a [[Sagogn]], Tofla scrita tl Rumantsch Grischun tl [[Parch Naziunel de la Svizra]], [[Sgraffito]] Vallader a [[Guarda (Svizra)|Guarda]].
| map              = English-language version of Linguistic map of Switzerland.png
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#7c8b6d|I raions de la Svizra ulache l vën tradizionalmënter rujenà rumanc}}
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|L rumanc ie tlasificà coche &quot;''Definitely Endangered''&quot; dala [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
| notice           = IPA
}}L '''rumanc''' ([[Sursilvan]]: {{lang|rm-sursilv|romontsch}} {{IPA-rm|ʁoˈmɔntʃ||Roh-Sursilvan-Romontsch.ogg}}; [[Dialet Vallader|Vallader]], [[Dialet Surmiran|Surmiran]] y [[#Rumantsch Grischun|Rumantsch Grischun]]: {{lang|rm|rumantsch}} {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmantʃ||Roh-vallader-rumantsch.ogg}}; [[Putèr]]: {{lang|rm-puter|rumauntsch}} {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmɛntʃ||Roh-putèr-rumauntsch.ogg}}; [[#Dialects|Sutsilvan]]: {{lang|rm-sutsilv|rumàntsch}} {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmantʃ|}}, {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ|}}, {{IPA-all|rəˈmœntʃ|}}; Jauer: {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ|}}) ie n [[lingaz retoroman]] rujenà ti [[Grijons]] te la [[Svizra]].
La tradizion scrita dl rumanc mët man tl 16eisem secul; la sburla prinzipala vegn da la [[Reformaziun|Reforma]] (y da la Contrareforma) y da la intenziun perchel da ti fé avei a la jent na letura de utl moral te sie lingaz.

L'om politich dla [[Engiadina|Engiadina Auta]] [[Gian Travers]] à scrit l prum document rumanc che an conesc: l'ann 1527 àl adorè l lingaz dla oma per n scrit de defenura politica vegnuda publicheda te forma de manoscrit. Les prumes publicazions stampedes per rumanc é vegnudes fora dl 1552: N catechism y n abezé per l'Engiadina Auta. L'autur é [[Iachiam Bifrun]], notar a [[Samedan]]. Puec agn plu tert (1560) àl fat la traduzion dl Nuef Testament (idiom puter). L lingaz é strument per la religion.

N gran suzes à abù dantadut does publicazions: &quot;Il vêr sulaz da pievel giuven&quot; (La dreta aorela curta per jent joena, 1611), che é vegnù publiché ciamò 12 iadesc per rumanc, 11 iadesc per todesch y 7 iadesc por talian. Gran reson à ence abù la &quot;Consolaziun dell'olma devoziusa&quot; ([[s:it:Cudisch de Canzuns/Consolaziun della olma devoziusa|Consolazion dl'alma dota]], 1690), n liber de orazion catolich con cianties che vegn en pert ciantedes ence encuei ciamò. L liber é vegnù publiché 11 iadesc enchin a tl 1945.

Tres l'adoranza religiousa romagn i idioms rumanc amarscés da la desvalivanza de confescion, ruvé a n lingaz scrit unifiché n'é die a la longia nia poscibel.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Image:Linguas grischunas oriundas.jpg
Image:Maioritad_linguistica_GR_1860.png|1860
Image:Sprachen GR 2000 Ru.png|2000
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;i&gt;
==== [[Rumantsch Grischun]] ====
La vulp era puspè ina giada fomentada. Qua ha ella vis sin in pign in corv che tegneva in toc chaschiel en ses pichel. Quai ma gustass, ha ella pensà, ed ha clamà al corv: «Tge bel che ti es! Sche tes chant è uschè bel sco tia parita, lura es ti il pli bel utschè da tuts.»

==== [[Sursilvan]] ====
L’uolp era puspei inagada fomentada. Cheu ha ella viu sin in pegn in tgaper che teneva in toc caschiel en siu bec. Quei gustass a mi, ha ella tertgau, ed ha clamau al tgaper: «Tgei bi che ti eis! Sche tiu cant ei aschi bials sco tia cumparsa, lu eis ti il pli bi utschi da tuts.»

==== [[Sutsilvan]] ====
La vualp eara puspe egn’eada fumantada. Qua â ella vieu sen egn pegn egn corv ca taneva egn toc caschiel ainten sieus pecel. Quegl gustass a mei, â ella tartgieu, ed â clamo agli corv: «Tge beal ca tei es! Scha tieus tgànt e aschi beal sco tia pareta, alura es tei igl ple beal utschi da tuts.»

==== [[Surmiran]] ====
La golp era puspe eneda famantada. Cò ò ella via sen en pegn en corv tgi tigniva en toc caschiel ainten sies pecel. Chegl am gustess, ò ella panso, ed ò clamo agl corv: «Tge bel tgi te ist! Schi igl ties cant è schi bel scu tia parentscha, alloura ist te igl pli bel utschel da tots.»

==== [[Puter]] ====
La vuolp d’eira darcho üna vouta famanteda. Cò ho’la vis sün ün pin ün corv chi tgnaiva ün töch chaschöl in sieu pical. Que am gustess, ho’la penso, ed ho clamo al corv: «Che bel cha tü est! Scha tieu chaunt es uschè bel scu tia apparentscha, alura est tü il pü bel utschè da tuots.»

==== [[Vallader]] ====
La vuolp d’eira darcheu üna jada fomantada. Qua ha’la vis sün ün pin ün corv chi tgnaiva ün toc chaschöl in seis pical. Quai am gustess, ha’la pensà, ed ha clomà al corv: «Che bel cha tü est! Scha teis chant es uschè bel sco tia apparentscha, lura est tü il plü bel utschè da tuots.»
&lt;/i&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Rumanc| ]]
[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]</text>
      <sha1>4e4iat9sap8yrqk00f3ig47terqcj4k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246301</id>
      <parentid>246296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:02:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8131" sha1="i3291eyv9uuk0a60urzocggsfy1d7bp" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}{{distinguish|lingac romanc}}
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Rumanc
| nativename       = {{lang|rm|romontsch, rumantsch,&lt;br /&gt; rumauntsch, rumàntsch}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-rm|ʁoˈmɔntʃ||Roh-Sursilvan-Romontsch.ogg}},&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-rm|rʊˈmantʃ||Roh-vallader-rumantsch.ogg}},&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-rm|rʊˈmɛntʃ||Roh-putèr-rumauntsch.ogg}},&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-rm|rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ|}}, {{IPA-rm|rəˈmœntʃ|}}
| ethnicity        = [[Popul rumanc|Rumanc]]
| states           = [[Svizra]]
| region           = [[Grijons]]
| speakers         = Rujeneda prinzipela: {{formatnum:40074}}
| date             = 2019
| ref              = &lt;ref name=&quot;BAFS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bundesamt für Statistik |title=Hauptsprachen in der Schweiz - 2019 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.15384655.html |website=Bundesamt für Statistik |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2        = Rejona regularmënter: {{formatnum:60000}} (2000){{sfn|Furer|2005}}
| ietf             = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}
| iso1             = {{wikidata|property|P218}}
| iso2             = {{wikidata|property|P219}}
| iso3             = {{wikidata|property|P220}}
| glotto           = {{wikidata|property|P1394}}
| glottorefname    = Romansh
| lingua           = {{wikidata|property|references|P1396}}
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam1             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19860}}
| fam2             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q131848}}
| fam3             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q33478}}
| fam4             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19814}}
| fam5             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q112608}}
| fam6             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q2714388}}
| fam7             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q500394}}
| fam8             = {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q515593}} o {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q97646466}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1326 |title=Romansh |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007135944/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1326 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| dia1             = [[Sursilvan]]
**[[#Dialects|Tuatschin]]
| dia2             = [[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]
**[[Jauer dialect (Romansh)|Jauer]]
| dia3             = [[Putèr]]
| dia4             = [[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]
| dia5             = [[#Dialects|Sutsilvan]]
| dia6             = 
| dia7             = 
| stand1           = [[Sursilvan]]
| stand2           = [[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]
| stand3           = [[Putèr]]
| stand4           = [[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]
| stand5           = [[#Dialects|Sutsilvan]]
| stand6           = [[#Rumantsch Grischun|Rumantsch Grischun]]
| script           = Latin
| nation           = {{flag|Svizra}}
| image            = Romansh language composite.png
| imagecaption     = Da sainsom a man ciancia a japé a man drëta: Test scrit per Sutsilvan sun na cësa a [[Andeer]], Cësa cun test per Sursilvan a [[Sagogn]], Tofla scrita tl Rumantsch Grischun tl [[Parch Naziunel de la Svizra]], [[Sgraffito]] Vallader a [[Guarda (Svizra)|Guarda]].
| map              = English-language version of Linguistic map of Switzerland.png
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#7c8b6d|I raions de la Svizra ulache l vën tradizionalmënter rujenà rumanc}}
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|L rumanc ie tlasificà coche &quot;''Definitely Endangered''&quot; dala [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
| notice           = IPA
}}L '''rumanc''' ([[Sursilvan]]: {{lang|rm-sursilv|romontsch}} {{IPA-rm|ʁoˈmɔntʃ||Roh-Sursilvan-Romontsch.ogg}}; [[Dialet Vallader|Vallader]], [[Dialet Surmiran|Surmiran]] y [[#Rumantsch Grischun|Rumantsch Grischun]]: {{lang|rm|rumantsch}} {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmantʃ||Roh-vallader-rumantsch.ogg}}; [[Putèr]]: {{lang|rm-puter|rumauntsch}} {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmɛntʃ||Roh-putèr-rumauntsch.ogg}}; [[#Dialects|Sutsilvan]]: {{lang|rm-sutsilv|rumàntsch}} {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmantʃ|}}, {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ|}}, {{IPA-all|rəˈmœntʃ|}}; Jauer: {{IPA-rm|rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ|}}) ie n [[lingaz retoroman]] rujenà ti [[Grijons]] te la [[Svizra]].
La tradizion scrita dl rumanc mët man tl 16eisem secul; la sburla prinzipala vegn da la [[Reformaziun|Reforma]] (y da la Contrareforma) y da la intenziun perchel da ti fé avei a la jent na letura de utl moral te sie lingaz.

L'om politich dla [[Engiadina|Engiadina Auta]] [[Gian Travers]] à scrit l prum document rumanc che an conesc: l'ann 1527 àl adorè l lingaz dla oma per n scrit de defenura politica vegnuda publicheda te forma de manoscrit. Les prumes publicazions stampedes per rumanc é vegnudes fora dl 1552: N catechism y n abezé per l'Engiadina Auta. L'autur é [[Iachiam Bifrun]], notar a [[Samedan]]. Puec agn plu tert (1560) àl fat la traduzion dl Nuef Testament (idiom puter). L lingaz é strument per la religion.

N gran suzes à abù dantadut does publicazions: &quot;Il vêr sulaz da pievel giuven&quot; (La dreta aorela curta per jent joena, 1611), che é vegnù publiché ciamò 12 iadesc per rumanc, 11 iadesc per todesch y 7 iadesc por talian. Gran reson à ence abù la &quot;Consolaziun dell'olma devoziusa&quot; ([[s:it:Cudisch de Canzuns/Consolaziun della olma devoziusa|Consolazion dl'alma dota]], 1690), n liber de orazion catolich con cianties che vegn en pert ciantedes ence encuei ciamò. L liber é vegnù publiché 11 iadesc enchin a tl 1945.

Tres l'adoranza religiousa romagn i idioms rumanc amarscés da la desvalivanza de confescion, ruvé a n lingaz scrit unifiché n'é die a la longia nia poscibel.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Image:Linguas grischunas oriundas.jpg
Image:Maioritad_linguistica_GR_1860.png|1860
Image:Sprachen GR 2000 Ru.png|2000
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;i&gt;
==== [[Rumantsch Grischun]] ====
La vulp era puspè ina giada fomentada. Qua ha ella vis sin in pign in corv che tegneva in toc chaschiel en ses pichel. Quai ma gustass, ha ella pensà, ed ha clamà al corv: «Tge bel che ti es! Sche tes chant è uschè bel sco tia parita, lura es ti il pli bel utschè da tuts.»

==== [[Sursilvan]] ====
L’uolp era puspei inagada fomentada. Cheu ha ella viu sin in pegn in tgaper che teneva in toc caschiel en siu bec. Quei gustass a mi, ha ella tertgau, ed ha clamau al tgaper: «Tgei bi che ti eis! Sche tiu cant ei aschi bials sco tia cumparsa, lu eis ti il pli bi utschi da tuts.»

==== [[Sutsilvan]] ====
La vualp eara puspe egn’eada fumantada. Qua â ella vieu sen egn pegn egn corv ca taneva egn toc caschiel ainten sieus pecel. Quegl gustass a mei, â ella tartgieu, ed â clamo agli corv: «Tge beal ca tei es! Scha tieus tgànt e aschi beal sco tia pareta, alura es tei igl ple beal utschi da tuts.»

==== [[Surmiran]] ====
La golp era puspe eneda famantada. Cò ò ella via sen en pegn en corv tgi tigniva en toc caschiel ainten sies pecel. Chegl am gustess, ò ella panso, ed ò clamo agl corv: «Tge bel tgi te ist! Schi igl ties cant è schi bel scu tia parentscha, alloura ist te igl pli bel utschel da tots.»

==== [[Puter]] ====
La vuolp d’eira darcho üna vouta famanteda. Cò ho’la vis sün ün pin ün corv chi tgnaiva ün töch chaschöl in sieu pical. Que am gustess, ho’la penso, ed ho clamo al corv: «Che bel cha tü est! Scha tieu chaunt es uschè bel scu tia apparentscha, alura est tü il pü bel utschè da tuots.»

==== [[Vallader]] ====
La vuolp d’eira darcheu üna jada fomantada. Qua ha’la vis sün ün pin ün corv chi tgnaiva ün toc chaschöl in seis pical. Quai am gustess, ha’la pensà, ed ha clomà al corv: «Che bel cha tü est! Scha teis chant es uschè bel sco tia apparentscha, lura est tü il plü bel utschè da tuots.»
&lt;/i&gt;

== Referënzes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Rumanc| ]]
[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]</text>
      <sha1>i3291eyv9uuk0a60urzocggsfy1d7bp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz spanuel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246291</id>
      <parentid>234921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:59:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7312" sha1="ai6g24wrdh9eqyukvwynjzwhcessx1n" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Spanuel
| altname          = Castilian
| image            = 
| nativename       = {{cslist|{{lang|es|español}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|es|castellano}}}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}&lt;br/&gt;{{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano|}}, {{IPA-es|kasteˈʝano|}}
| states           = [[Spania]], [[America hispanica]] &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;(cëla [[Hispanosfera]])&lt;/small&gt;
| speakers         = 474.7 millions (rujeneda de l'oma)
| date             = 2022
| ref              = &lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnologue 200&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=2022|access-date=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2        = 100 milions (segonda rujeneda)&lt;ref name=viva18/&gt;{{br}}Total: 574 million (2022)
| speakers_label   = Numer che rejona
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italich]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]]
| fam5             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam6             = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam7             = [[Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
| fam8             = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
| fam9             = [[Castilian languages|Castilian]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnologue&quot;&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glottolog&quot;&gt;{{cite book|chapter=Castilic|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|editor4-first=Sebastian|editor4-last=Bank|year=2022|title=[[Glottolog|Glottolog 4.6]]|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|ref={{sfnref|Glottolog|2022}}|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095200/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ancestor         = [[Lingaz proto-indo-europeich|Proto-Indo-Europeich]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italich]]
| ancestor3        = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor4        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor5        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor6        = [[Old Spanish]]
| ancestor7        = [[Early Modern Spanish]]
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Spanish Braille]]
| nation           = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|20
countries]]|
|[[Argentina]]
|[[Bolivia]]
|[[Chile]]
|[[Colombia]]
|[[Costa Rica]]
|[[Cuba]]
|[[Dominican Republic]]
|[[Ecuador]]
|[[El Salvador]]
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|[[Guatemala]]
|[[Honduras]]
|[[Mexico]]
|[[Nicaragua]]
|[[Panama]]
|[[Paraguay]]
|[[Peru]]
|[[Spain]]
|[[Uruguay]]
|[[Venezuela]]
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Dependent territories]]|
|[[Puerto Rico]]
}}
&lt;!-- This list is intended for dependent territories that do not form an integral part of a country (such as Puerto Rico), as well as integral parts of nations that are not traditionally considered Spanish-speaking. Adding Ceuta and Melilla will result in deletion as they are integral parts of Spain. This also applies to Chile and the case of Easter Island. --&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Significant minority]]|
|[[Andorra]]
|[[Belize]]
|[[Gibraltar]]
|[[Philippines]]
|[[United States]]
}}
&lt;!-- This list is only intended for countries and territories where Spanish is currently spoken by a significant minority of the population (~20% or more) and is used as a major working language in government and other institutions. The Philippines, Morocco, Western Sahara, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and other former historic Spanish colonies where considerably less than 20% of the population speaks standard Spanish should not be listed. --&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International organizations where Spanish is official|International&lt;br /&gt;organizations]]|
| [[African Union]]
| [[Association of Caribbean States]]
| [[Caribbean Community]]
| [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]]
| [[European Union]]
| [[Latin American Integration Association|ALADI]]
| [[Latin American Parliament]]
| [[Mercosur]]
| [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]
| [[Organization of American States]]
| [[United Nations]]
| [[Union of South American Nations]]
| [[Organization of Ibero-American States]]
}}
| agency           = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]]&lt;br /&gt;({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 22 other national Spanish language academies)
| iso1             = es
| iso2             = spa
| iso3             = spa
| lingua           = 51-AAA-b
| sign             = [[Signed Spanish]] (using signs of the local language)
| glotto           = stan1288
| glottorefname    = Spanish
| map              = Spanish language World Map.svg
| mapcaption       = 
| notice           = IPA
}}

L '''spanuel''' ({{lang|es|español}} o {{lang|es|lengua española}}; [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''spanuel'', [[badiot]] y [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''spagnol'') o nce tlamà '''castilian''' ({{lang|es|lengua castellana}}) ie na [[lingac neolatins|rujeneda romanza]] che à si urigin te la penijula iberica. Aldidancuei iel na rujeneda a livel mundial che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de passa 500 miliones de persones, dantaldut te la [[Spania]] y te l'[[America|America Latina]]. L ie la sgonda majra rujeneda de l'oma al mond do l [[lingaz cinesc|cinesc]] y l cuarto lingaz plu rujenà al mond do l [[lingaz englesc|nglëisc]], l cinesc y l hindi. 

L spanuel fej pert de l grup iberich di lingac neolatins, che se à svilupà dal [[lingaz latin|latin vulgher]] te l'Iberia do la tumeda dl [[storia romana|mper roman uzidentel]] tl 5. secul. Coche rujeneda neolatina vën l spanuel dal latin, da chël che l à un di mëndri livei de defrënzia (zirca l 20%) adum cul [[lingaz talian|talian]] y la rujeneda sarda. Zirca l 75% dl vocabuler spanuel vën diretamënter dal latin. N pitla pert (zirca l 8%) vën dal [[lingaz arab|arab]], che fova l lingaz ufiziel te la penijula iberica ai tëmps dl [[Al-Andalus]]. L rest dl vocabuler vën da autra rujnedes [[Europa|europeics]] y ënghe rujnedes americanes, [[Africa|africanes]] y [[Asia|asiatiches]] cun chëles che la Spania à abù cuntat tres l [[colonialism]].

L spanuel ie una de la sies rujnedes ufizieles de la [[ONU|Nazions Unides]], sciche ënghe na rujeneda ufiziela te l'[[Union europea|Union Europea]] y de ngrum de autra urganisazions nternaziuneles. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela de 20 [[stat|stac]] al mond.

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}
[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]
[[Categoria:Spania]]</text>
      <sha1>ai6g24wrdh9eqyukvwynjzwhcessx1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz talian</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246294</id>
      <parentid>242748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8582" sha1="i35ltkpq7xnplik3yyklmrke3a48ras" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}} 
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Talian
| nativename       = ''italiano'', ''lingua italiana''
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-it|itaˈljaːno|}}
| ethnicity        = [[Talians]]
| speakers         = {{formatnum:64.82}} milions
| date             = 2012
| ref              = &lt;ref name=e25&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ita |title=Talian pra l Ethnologue |type=report |date= juni 2012 |publisher= [[Cumiscion Europea]] |access-date=24 lugio 2015 |url-status=|archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2        = Segonda rujeneda: {{formatnum:3.08}} milions&lt;ref name=e25/&gt;&lt;br&gt;De ndut: {{formatnum:67.90}} milions&lt;ref name=e25/&gt;
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam2             = [[Rujenedes italiches|Italich]]
| fam3             = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]]
| fam4             = Italo-Uzidentel
| ancestor         = [[Latin vedl]] 
| ancestor2        = [[Latin vulgher]] 
| ancestor3        = [[dialet toscan|Toscan]]
| dia1             = Dialec toscans, Dialec talians zentrei, plu formes raioneles dl talian
| script           = [[Scritura latina|Latin]] (Alfabet talian)
| nation           = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 4 stac|
|{{flag|Talia}}
|{{flag|Svizra}}
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{flag|Zità dl Vatican}}
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=2 regions|
| [[Istria Slovena]] ([[Slovenia]])
| [[Istria]] ([[Croazia]])
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International institutions|Various international institutions]]
}}
| minority         = &lt;!--DO NOT ADD COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE AND CITING DEFINITE SOURCES!--&gt; {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 4 stac|
| {{flag|Bosnia y Herzegovina}}
| {{flag|Croazia}}
| {{flag|Romania}}
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
}}
| agency           = [[Accademia della Crusca]]
| iso1             = it
| iso2b            = ita
| iso2t            = ita
| map              = Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg
| map2             = 
| mapcaption      = {{legend|#0c5eb1|Rujeneda ufiziela}}
{{legend|#9fceff|Plu da giut rujeneda co-ufiziela}}
{{legend|#00ff00|Presënza de cumuniteies italofones}}
}}

L '''talian''' (''italiano'' {{IPA-it|itaˈljaːno||It-italiano.ogg}} o {{lang|it|lingua italiana}} {{IPA-it|ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna|}}) ie n [[lingaz romanz]] de la [[familia de lingac indoeuropeics]] che se à evolù dal [[latin vulgher]] dl [[Mper Roman]]. Adum cul [[lingaz sarde]] ie l talian la rujeneda che se à mudà l mancul dal [[latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages |title=Romance languages |encyclopaedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 February 2017 |quote=...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfvAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&amp;pg=PA34|title=The peoples of Europe|isbn=9781176926981|last1=Fleure|first1=H. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2MUAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin|title=Hermathena|year=1942}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPdDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&amp;pg=PA34|title=Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction|isbn=9789027261236|last1=Winters|first1=Margaret E.|date=8 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Rujenà da ntëur a 85 milions de persones (tl 2022) ie l talian na rujeneda ufiziela te la [[Talia]], te la [[Svizra]] (tl [[Tessin]] y tl [[Grijon]]), a [[San Marino]] y te la [[Zità dl Vatican]]. L à n status ufiziel de mendranza te la [[Croazia]] y te n valguna pertes de l'[[Istria slovena]]. L talian vën ënghe rujenà da na gran pert de la [[diaspora taliana]] tl [[cuntinënt american]] y te l'[[Australia]].&lt;ref name=e25/&gt; L talian fej pert de la rujenedes curides tres l ''[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]'' te la [[Bosnia y Herzegovina]] y te la [[Romania]], nce sce l talian ne ie no co-ufiziel no na rujeneda scuneda te chisc stac.&lt;ref name=&quot;coe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf|title=MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA|language=ro|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095127/http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na gran pert de la jënt che rejona l talian sa da rujené doi rujenedes, l talian (standard o te na variazion raionela) y una de la rujenedes talianes dl post, suënz rujenedes a cësa ulache i ie cresciui su.&lt;ref name=e25/&gt; Da tenì cont iel che rujenedes sciche l [[lingaz sarde|sarde]], l [[lingaz napoletan|napoletan]] o l [[lingaz veneto|veneto]] ne vën te la linguistica nia ududes coche dialec dl talian ma plutosc coche rujenedes desfrëntes.

L talian ie una de la majera rujenedes de l'[[Europa]], la ie una de la rujenedes ufizieles de la [[Organisazion per Segurëza y Cooperazion te l'Europa]] y una de la rujenedes de lëur dl [[Cunsëi d'Europa]]. La ie la segonda majera rujeneda de l'oma te l'[[Union Europa]] cun 67 milions de persones (15% de la populazion de l'UE) y la ie la segonda rujeneda de 13,4 milions de zitadins de l'UE (3%).&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2020/02/06/despite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far/|title=Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far|last=Keating|first=Dave|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=7 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa2012&quot;&gt;[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |date= 6 January 2016 }}, [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf Data for EU27], published in 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Cumpedan nce chëi che rejona talian te stac nia de la UE (sciche la Svizra, Albania y l [[Riam Unì]]) y sun autri cuntinënc ie l numer total de persones che rejona l talian ntëur a 85 milions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Italian language&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; L talian ie la rujeneda prinzipela de la [[Santa Sënta]] y la [[lingua franca]] te la gerarchia de la [[dlieja catolica]]. La ie nce la rujeneda ufiziela dl 
[[Orden Sovran Militer de Malta]]. L talian vën adurvà scialdi te la [[terminologia de mujiga]] y [[opera]] cun n gran numer de paroles talianes che fej referimënt ala mujiga che ie deventedes paroles nternaziuneles adurvedes te autra rujenedes ntëur al mond.

L talian fova stat fat la rujeneda ufiziela dl stat do l'[[unificazion de la Talia]], ulache dant fovela mé na [[rujeneda leterera]] baseda sui [[dialec toscans]] se basan sun coche rujenova la tlas auta de la sozietà de [[Firënza]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.italian-language-study.com/italian-language/modern-italian.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003014156/http://www.italian-language-study.com/italian-language/modern-italian.htm|date=3 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Belau duta la paroles natives tl talian fina cun na [[vocala]] y l talian à n sistem de set vocales ('e' y 'o' à n tonn mez-aut y mez-bas). L talian desferenzieia danter consonantes longes y curtes y geminazion (dublië) de la consonantes.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=230 caption=&quot;&quot;&gt;
Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|Scriver a man in corsivo a scola italiana
Idioma%20italiano.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}

[[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]]
[[Categoria:Talia]]</text>
      <sha1>i35ltkpq7xnplik3yyklmrke3a48ras</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz tudësch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246317</id>
      <parentid>242466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6288" sha1="de1870dltunn2px3rlrt8tl9zqui6q9" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
{{Infobox rujeneda
| name             = Tudësch / Todësch / Todesch
| nativename       = {{lang|de|Deutsch}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-de|dɔʏtʃ|}}
| region           = [[Europa zentrela]]
| speakers         = &lt;!-- PLEASE, DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE! --&gt;&lt;!--to nearest 5M--&gt;95 milions
| date             = 2014
| ref              = &lt;ref name=&quot;eurobarometer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages |type=report |date= juni 2012 |publisher= [[Cumiscion Europea]] |access-date=24 lugio 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=6 jené 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2        = Segonda rujeneda: 80–85&amp;nbsp;milions (2014)&lt;ref name=eurobarometer /&gt;
| familycolor      = Indo-Europeich
| fam2             = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| fam3             = [[Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles|Germanich uzidentel]]
| fam4             = Tudësch Aut
| ancestor         = Tudësch aut vedl (''Althochdeutsch'') / Saxon vedl (''Sahsisk'')
| ancestor2        = Tudësch aut mesan (''Mittelhochdeutsch'') / Tudësch bas mesan (''Mittelniederdeutsch'')
| ancestor3        = Tudësch aut nuef (''Frühneuhochdeutsch'')
| stand1           = Tudësch Standard de la Germania&lt;br&gt;Tudësch Standard de l'Austria&lt;br&gt;Tudësch Standard de la Svizra
| script           = [[Scritura latina|Latin]] (Alfabet tudësch)
| nation           = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 6 stac|
|{{AUT}}
|{{BEL}}
|{{DEU}}
|{{LIE}}
|{{LUX}}
|{{CHE}}
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=1 provinzia|
| {{ITA}}
*{{IT-BZ}}
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International institutions|Various international institutions]]
}}
| minority         = &lt;!--DO NOT ADD COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE AND CITING DEFINITE SOURCES!--&gt; {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 9 stac&lt;br /&gt;(mendranza recunesciuda/rujeneda naziunela)|
|{{BRA}} (9 chemuns)
|{{DNK}} (Syddanmark)
|{{NAM}}
|{{POL}}
|{{CZE}}
|{{ROU}}
|{{RUS}} (Raion Tudësch Naziunel Azovo)
|{{SVK}} (raionel)
|{{HUN}}
}}
| agency           = ''deguna regulazion ufiziela''&lt;br /&gt;
(Ortografia reguleda dal ''Cunsëi per l'ortografia tudëscia'')&lt;ref name=&quot;IDS-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/der-rat/ueber-den-rat/ |title=Über den Rat |publisher=Istitut per la rujeneda tudëscia |access-date=11 utober 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| iso1             = de
| iso2b            = ger
| iso2t            = deu
| lc1              = deu
| ld1              = Tudësch
| lc2              = gmh
| ld2              = Tudësch aut mesan
| lc3              = goh
| ld3              = Tudësch aut vedl
| lc4              = bar
| ld4              = [[Lingaz bavaresc|Bavaresc]]
| map              = Legal status of German in the world.svg
| map2             = Legal status of German in Europe.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{legend|#ffcc00|Rujeneda de maiuranza y (co-)ufiziela}}
{{legend|#d98575|Rujeneda de mendranza y (co-)ufiziela}}
{{legend|#7373d9|Rujeneda de mendranza a statut/rujeneda culturela}}
{{legend|#30efe3|Rujeneda de mendranza nia a statut}}
}}L '''tudësch''' (''Deutsch'', pronunzià: {{IPA-de|dɔʏtʃ|}}; [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''tudësch'', [[badiot]]: ''todësch'', [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''todesch'') ie na [[rujeneda germanica uzidentela]] che vën rujeneda dantaldut te l'[[Europa zentrela]]. La ie la sëula rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Germania]], de l'[[Austria]] y dl [[Liechtenstein]], y una de la rujenedes ufizieles de la [[Svizra]], dl [[Belje]], [[Luxemburg]] y de la provinzia de [[Südtirol]] tla [[Talia]]. L tudësch ti semea a autra rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles sciche l [[lingaz olandesc|olandesc]] y l [[lingaz frison|frison]] y mpue plu dalonc l [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]. L ti semea ënghe scialdi a autra rujenedes germaniches sciche l [[lingaz danesc|danesc]], [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]] o [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]. 

L tudësch ie una de la majera rujenedes al mond. L ie la rujeneda de l'oma de zirca 100 milions de persones y la vën rujeneda de ndut da zirca 130 milions de persones. L ie la majera rujeneda de l'oma te l'[[Union Europea]]. L vën ënghe scialdi nsenià oradecà, dantaldut te l'[[Europa]] (ulache l ie la terza rujeneda plu mpareda do l nglëisc y l [[franzëus]]) y ti [[USA|Stac Unii]]. La rujeneda ie stata scialdi mpurtanta ti ciamps de la [[filosofia]], [[teologia]], la [[scienzes]] y la [[tecnologia]]. I paejesc che rejona tudësch ie adum i cuinti al mond ncont de numer de publicazions de nuef libri. N diescejim de duc i libri al mond vën publichei per tudësch.

L tudësch ie na rujeneda pluricentrica y à trëi formes standardisedes: l tudësch de l Deutschland (tlamà ''Bundesdeutsch''), l tudësch de l'Austria (tlamà ''Österreichisches Standarddeutsch'') y chël de la Svizra (tlamà ''Schweizer Standarddeutsch''). Chësta trëi formes se desferenzieia per n valguna paroles, esprescions y datrai nce formes gramaticheles. Les ne ie nia da cunfonder cun i dialec tudësc rujenei te chisc paejes, ma les ie la formes standardisedes de coche l tudësch vën scrit te chisc paejes. Che l da trëi formes standardisedes dl tudësch ie zech che n grum de persones che rejona tudësch ne sa nstësc nia. N tudësch pudës per ejëmpl miné che la parola ''heuer'' (ncuei), che ne vën belau nia adurveda tl Deutschland, ie na parola dialetela te l'[[Austria]], ma ntant iel na parola ufiziela tl ''Österreichisches Standarddeutsch'' y vën perchël adurveda te documënc ufiziei.

==Dialec==
[[File:Languages Austria.svg|thumb|left|Dialec tudësc te l'[[Austria]] y te [[Südtirol]].]]


==Leteratura==

* [[Leteratura tudëscia]]

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}
[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>de1870dltunn2px3rlrt8tl9zqui6q9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hermann Hesse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246320</id>
      <parentid>99038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1378" sha1="fa1at0ph2yhy7pncna5zsbyi2qyoqqi" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}[[File:Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg|thumb|Hermann Hesse.]]'''Hermann Karl Hesse''' (* [[2 lugio]] [[1877]] a [[Calw]], [[Mper Tudësch]]; † [[9 agost]] [[1962]] a [[Montagnola]], [[Svizra]]) fova n [[scritëur]], [[poet]] y [[depenjadëur]] [[Germania|tudësch]] y [[Svizra|svizer]]. Ël à arjont n gran inuem tres si romans sciche ''[[Siddhartha (Hermann Hesse)|Siddhartha]]'', ''[[L lëuf de la steppa]]'', ''[[Demian]]'' nsci sciche ënghe ''[[Narziss y Goldmund]]''. Tl 1946 al venciù l [[Pest Nobel per la leteratura]].&lt;br&gt;
Hesse fova cresciù su a [[Calw]] tl [[Baden-Württemberg|Württemberg]] y fova do n pez a [[Tübingen]] tl 1899 jit a sté a [[Basel]] tla Svizra. Ntan la doi [[vieres mundieles]] vivovel te la Svizra y fova nsci scunà da messëi ji a cumbater o unì zarà ite, pervia che l fova n gran critich de la politica de fé viera ntan tramedoi [[vieres]].&lt;br&gt;
Si romans mostra si gran nteres per l [[esistenzialism]] (dantaldut chël de Schopenhauer, Nietzsche y Heidegger), l [[spiritualism]] y l mistizism. Ël ova ënghe n gran nteres per la filosofies dl urient, dantaldut chëles [[induistes]] y [[buddhistes]].Ti ani '60, canche urmei fovel ala fin de si vita, scumenciova si libri a avëi n gran suzes te i Stac Unii, dantaldut danter i jëuni che criticova l [[consumism]] y l [[capitalism]] american.

[[Categoria:Leteratura tudëscia]]</text>
      <sha1>fa1at0ph2yhy7pncna5zsbyi2qyoqqi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246305</id>
      <parentid>37015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2067" sha1="l314uc7vhdwapidbnbtsobbwzvzac2l" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}
{{Infobox familia de rujenedes
| name = Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles
| region =  de uriginn danter l [[Rain]], la [[Elpes]], la [[Elbe]] y l [[Mer dl nord]]; Al didancuei sëura dut l mond
| familycolor = Indo-Europeich
| fam2 = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| child1 = Germanich dl mer dl nord – &lt;small&gt;[[Lingaz nglëisc|Nglëisc]], [[Lingaz scots|Scots]], [[Lingaz frison|Frison]], [[Tudësch bas]]&lt;/small&gt;
| child2 = Germanich dl Weser-Rain – &lt;small&gt; [[Lingaz tudësch|Tudësch]] (Tudësch zentrel), [[Lingaz olandesc|Olandesc]], [[Afrikaans]]&lt;/small&gt;
| child3 = Elbe Germanich de la Elbe – &lt;small&gt;[[Lingaz tudësch|Tudësch]] ([[Tudësch aut]]), [[Lingaz luxemburghich|Luxemburghich]], Hunsrik, [[Lingaz jiddisch|Jiddisch]]&lt;/small&gt;
| map = Germanic languages in Europe.png
| mapcaption = Spersa de la rujenedes germaniches te l'Europa de al didancuei&lt;br /&gt;
'''Rujenedes germaniches dl nord '''
{{legend|#00FFFF|[[Lingaz islandesc|Islandesc]]}}
{{legend|#00CED1|[[Lingaz faroesc|Faroesc]]}}
{{legend|#007ffe|[[Lingaz norvegesc|Norvegesc]]}}
{{legend|#003f7f|[[Lingaz svedesc|Svedesc]]}}
{{legend|#0000FF|[[Lingaz danesc|Danesc]]}}
'''Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles'''
{{legend|#D2691E|[[Lingaz scots|Scots]]}}
{{legend|#ffa500|[[Lingaz nglëisc|Nglëisc]]}}
{{legend|#E2BD00|[[Lingaz frison|Frison]]}}
{{legend|#FFF435|[[Lingaz olandesc|Olandesc]]}}
{{legend|#418824|[[Tudësch bas]]}}
{{legend|#008000|[[Tudësch aut]]}}
Ponc mostra su raions ulache l da multilingualism.
| iso5 = gmw
| glotto = west2793
| glottorefname = West Germanic
| lingua = 52-AB &amp; 52-AC
| ancestor = 
| glottoname = 
| notes = 
}}

La '''rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles''' ie la majera grupa de [[rujenedes germaniches]]. L'autra doi grupes ie la [[rujenedes germaniches dl nord]] y chëles [[rujenedes germaniches orienteles|orienteles]].&lt;br&gt;
La trëi majera rujenedes de chësta grupa ie l [[Lingaz englesc|nglëisc]], l [[tudësch]] y l [[lingaz olandesc|olandesc]].

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>l314uc7vhdwapidbnbtsobbwzvzac2l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes germaniches</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246304</id>
      <parentid>234393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3356" sha1="r4l1j69aokc3ywjv0l79typ5vtdvzen" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}
{{Infobox familia de rujenedes
| name = Germanich
| region = Sëura dut l mond, dantaldut te l'[[Europa dl nord]], [[vest]] y [[Europa zentrela|zentrela]], sul [[cuntinënt american]] ([[Anglo-America]], [[Paejes Basc de la Caribich]] y [[Suriname]]), [[Sudafrica]] y [[Ozeania]]
| familycolor = Indo-Europeich
| protoname = [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanich]]
| child1 = [[rujenedes germaniches dl nord|Germanich dl nord]]
| child2 = [[Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles|Germanich uzidentel]]
| child3 = [[Rujenedes germaniches urienteles|Germanich urientel]] {{Extinct}}
| iso2 = gem
| iso5 = gem
| glotto = germ1287
| glottorefname = Germanic
| lingua = 52- (phylozone)
|map=Germanic languages with dialects.png
|mapcaption=Rujenedes germaniches te l'Europa
|map2=Germanic languages.svg
|mapalt2=cherta dl mond che mostra i stac ulache na rujeneda germanica ie na rujeneda prinzipela o ufiziela
|mapcaption2=''Cherta dl mond che mostra i stac ulache na rujeneda germanica ie na rujeneda prinzipela o ufiziela''&lt;br /&gt;
{{legend|#800000|Stac ulache la [[rujeneda de l'oma]] de la maiuranza de la populazion ie na rujeneda germanica}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Stac o raions ulache na rujeneda germanica ie na rujeneda ufiziela, ma ne ie nia la rujeneda prinzipela de la maiuranza}}
{{legend|#f6c0f1|Stac o raions ulache na rujeneda germanica ne à degun status ufiziel, ma vën scialdi adurveda te cër cuntesć de vita o da na mëndranza dl post}}
}}La '''rujenedes germaniches''' ie n ram de la familia de la [[Lingac indoeuropeics|rujenedes indoeuropeiches]] y ie la rujeneda de l'oma de plu de 500 milions de persones, dantaldut te l'[[Europa]], te l'[[America dl Nord]], te l'[[Oceania]] y tl [[Sudafrica]]. La majera rujeneda germanica ie l [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]], che ie ënghe la rujeneda plu adurveda al mond, cun ntëur a 2 miliarc de persones che sa da rujené nglëisc. Duta la rujenedes germaniches ruva dala [[lingaz proto-germanich|rujeneda proto-germanica]], che univa rujeneda te la [[Scandinavia]] tl [[Eté dl Fer|Tëmp dl Fier]].&lt;br&gt;

La rujenedes germaniches ie spartides su te trëi rams: la [[rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles]], chëles [[rujenedes germaniches urienteles|urienteles]] y la [[rujenedes germaniches dl nord]].&lt;br&gt;

La majer ram ie chël de la rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles, de chëles che fej pert tra l'auter l nglëisc, che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de plu de 400 milions de persones, l [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]], che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de ntëur a 100 milions de persones y l'[[lingaz olandesc|olandesc]], la rujeneda de l'oma de ntëur a 25 milions de persones, adum cun autra mëndra rujenedes.

L segondo majer ram ie chël de la rujenedes germaniches dl nord, de chëles che fej pert tra l'auter l [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]], l [[lingaz danesc|danesc]] y l [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]], che ie trëi rujenedes che se semea scialdi ie che ie da capì danter l'una y l'autra, y che adum ie la rujenedes de l'oma de ntëur a 20 milions de persones. Pra la rujenedes germaniches dl nord toca mo autra a mëndra rujenedes sciche l [[lingaz islandesc|islandesc]].

L ram de la rujenedes germaniches urienteles ie bele mort ora. De chël ram fajova pert tra l'auter la [[lingaz gotich|rujeneda gotica]].


==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>r4l1j69aokc3ywjv0l79typ5vtdvzen</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ciantons de la Svizra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246321</id>
      <parentid>155495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:38:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25723" sha1="lhlh289r1qnr5vdk4bkgywkb68k3uyg" xml:space="preserve">L’'''cianton''' ie na partia politica i n raion geografich dla [[Svizra]].
[[File:Switzerland, administrative divisions - de - colored.svg|thumb]]

== Ciantons ==
* [[Grijon]], zité prinzipala : [[Cuira]]
* [[Cianton de Sogn Gagl|Sogn Gagl]]
* [[Cianton Tessin]]
* [[Cianton de Glaruna|Glaruna]]
* [[Vales]], zité prinzipala : [[Sion]]
* [[Cianton de Genevra]], capitela : [[Genevra]]
* [[Cianton de Berna]], capitela : [[Berna]]
* [[Cianton de Turitg]], zité prinzipala : [[Turitg]]
* [[Cianton de Vod]], zité prinzipala : [[Losena]]
* [[Cianton de Friborg]], zité prinzipala : [[Friborg]]
* …


== Lista ==

Chësta lista mostra i ciantons tl orden de prezedënza che ti vën data te la costituzion federela.{{NoteTag|Chësc ie l orden che vën adurvà ti documënc ufiziei svizri.}} Chësc orden se basa sul orden storich che ti da precedënza ai [[Ot Ciantons]] tl 15ejim secul, cun i autri ciantons che vën daldo aldò dl ann te chël che i ie deventei pert de la confederazion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher = Swiss Federal Statistical Office |title = Regional Portraits: Cantons |year = 2011 |url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html |location = Vaduz, Switzerland |access-date = 21 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090430051050/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html |archive-date = 30 April 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{sticky table start}}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
!
! style=max-width:2em; | Blason&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|Cantonal coats of arms shown with cantonal heraldic colors ({{lang|de|Standesfarben}}).
{{lang|de|Standesfarben}} were used to identify the (historical) cantons when the full banner was not available for display, although there is overlap; Unterwalden and Solothurn share the same colours, as do Basel and Appenzell, and with the accession of the modern cantons, Valais and Basel-City, and St. Gallen and Thurgau.&lt;ref&gt;Louis, Mühlemann, {{lang|de|Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz, 700 Jahre}} {{lang|la|Confoederatio Helvetica}}, Lengnau, 3rd ed. 1991.
[[Swiss Armed Forces]], {{lang|de|Fahnenreglement}}, Reglement 51.340 d (2013).[https://www.vtg.admin.ch/content/dam/vtg-internet/de/documents/aktuell/themen/internationale-beziehungen/milit%C3%A4rprotokoll/fahnenreglement51340d.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201755/https://www.vtg.admin.ch/content/dam/vtg-internet/de/documents/aktuell/themen/internationale-beziehungen/milit%C3%A4rprotokoll/fahnenreglement51340d.pdf |date = 11 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
! Codesc
! Inuem ti lingac ufiziei
! Inuem per ladin
! [[Storia de la Svizra|Deventà pert de la confederazion tl]]
! Capitela
! [[Prudot intern brutto|PIB]] (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/national-economy/national-accounts/gross-domestic-product-canton.assetdetail.10647599.html |title = Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) |author = Federal Statistical Office |website=www.bfs.admin.ch |date = 12 November 2019 |language=en |access-date = 10 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;te milions de CHF
![[Prudot intern brutto|PIB]] a&lt;br /&gt;persona (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/national-economy/national-accounts/gross-domestic-product-canton.assetdetail.15304864.html |title = Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita |author = Federal Statistical Office |website=www.bfs.admin.ch |language=en |access-date = 19 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;te CHF
! scope=&quot;col&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;| Populazion&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|See references for dates.}}
! Area {{small|(km{{sup|2}})}}
! Densità&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(per&amp;nbsp;km{{sup|2}})}} {{NoteTag|Per km{{sup|2}}, see References for dates.}}
! [[Municipalities of Switzerland|No. munic. (2018)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.agvchapp.bfs.admin.ch/de/communes/query |title = Gemeinden - Suche {{!}} Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden |author = Swiss Federal Statistical Office |website = www.agvchapp.bfs.admin.ch |language = de |access-date= 22 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Rujeneda ufiziela
|-
| 1
! [[File:Wappen Zürich matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Zürich]]
{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | ZH
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Zürich|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Zurich|Zurich]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1351
| [[Zurich]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 149,004
| style=padding-right:1em; | 96,359
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-ZH}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-ZH|CH-ZH}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|ZH}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 166
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 2
! [[File:Wappen Bern matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Bern]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | BE
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Bern|italic=no}}; {{lang|fr|Berne|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Bern|Bern]] / Berne
| style=text-align:center; | 1353
| [[Bern]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 80,209
| style=padding-right:1em; | 77,027
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BE}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-BE|CH-BE}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|BE}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 347
| [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]]
|-
| 3
! [[File:Wappen Luzern matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Luzern]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | LU
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Luzern|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1332
| [[Lucerne]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 28,176
| style=padding-right:1em; | 67,936
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-LU}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-LU|CH-LU}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|LU}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 83
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 4
! [[File:Wappen Uri matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Uri]]
{{Background color|yellow|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | UR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Uri|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Uri|Uri]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding|founding [[Waldstätte|forest-canton]], foundation date traditionally given as either 1307, 1304 or 1291 (see [[Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy]]).}}
| [[Altdorf, Uri|Altdorf]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 1,985
| style=padding-right:1em; | 54,006
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-UR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-UR|CH-UR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|UR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 20
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 5
! [[File:Wappen Schwyz matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Schwyz]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SZ
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Schwyz|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding}}
| [[Schwyz]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 9,876
| style=padding-right:1em; | 61,223
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SZ}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SZ|CH-SZ}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SZ}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 30
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 6
! [[File:Wappen Obwalden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Obwalden]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center | OW
! style=text-align:left | {{lang|de|Obwalden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Obwalden|Obwalden]] / Obwald
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding}} or 1315 (as part of [[Unterwalden]])
| [[Sarnen]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,564
| style=padding-right:1em; | 67,453
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-OW}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-OW|CH-OW}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|OW}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 7
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 7
! [[File:Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Nidwalden]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | NW
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Nidwalden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Nidwalden|Nidwalden]] / Nidwald
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding}} (as [[Unterwalden]])
| [[Stans]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,867
| style=padding-right:1em; | 66,209
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-NW}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-NW|CH-NW}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|NW}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 11
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 8
! [[File:Wappen Glarus matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Glarus]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | GL
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Glarus|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1352
| [[Glarus]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,763
| style=padding-right:1em; | 67,849
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-GL}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-GL|CH-GL}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|GL}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 3
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 9
! [[File:Wappen Zug matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Zug]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | ZG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Zug|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Zug|Zug]] / Zoug
| style=text-align:center; | 1352
| [[Zug]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 20,029
| style=padding-right:1em; | 156,210
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-ZG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-ZG|CH-ZG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|ZG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 11
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 10
! [[File:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Fribourg]]
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | FR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Fribourg|italic=no}}; {{lang|de|Freiburg|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]] 
| style=text-align:center; | 1481
| [[Fribourg]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 19,180
| style=padding-right:1em; | 59,263
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-FR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-FR|CH-FR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|FR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 136
| [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]]
|-
| 11
! [[File:Wappen Solothurn matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Solothurn]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SO
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Solothurn|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]] / Soleure
| style=text-align:center; | 1481
| [[Solothurn]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 18,029
| style=padding-right:1em; | 65,237
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SO}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SO|CH-SO}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SO}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 109
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 12
! [[File:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Basel-City]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | BS
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Basel-Stadt|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Basel-Stadt|Basel-Stadt]] / Basle-City
| style=text-align:center; | 1501 (as [[canton of Basel|Basel]] until 1833/1999)
| [[Basel]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 37,168
| style=padding-right:1em; | 189,354
| style=padding-right:1em {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BS}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-BS|CH-BS}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|BS}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 3
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 13
! [[File:Wappen Basel-Landschaft matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Basel-Country]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | BL
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Basel-Landschaft|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Basel-Landschaft|Basel-Landschaft]] / Basle-Country
| style=text-align:center; | 1501 (as [[canton of Basel|Basel]] until 1833/1999)
| [[Liestal]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 20,567
| style=padding-right:1em; | 70,866
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BL}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-BL|CH-BL}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|BL}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 86
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 14
! [[File:Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Schaffhausen]]	
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|yellow|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SH
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Schaffhausen|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]] / Schaffhouse
| style=text-align:center; | 1501
| [[Schaffhausen]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 7,244
| style=padding-right:1em; | 87,569
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SH}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SH|CH-SH}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SH}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 26
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 15
! [[File:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | AR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Appenzell Ausserrhoden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden|Appenzell Ausserrhoden]] / Appenzell Outer-Rhodes
| style=text-align:center; | 1513 (as [[Appenzell]] until 1597/1999)
| [[Herisau]]{{NoteTag|Seat of government and parliament is [[Herisau]]; the seat of the judicial authorities is [[Trogen, Switzerland|Trogen]].}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 3,190
| style=padding-right:1em; | 57,601
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-AR|CH-AR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|AR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 20
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 16
! [[File:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Appenzell Innerrhoden]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | AI
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Appenzell Innerrhoden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden|Appenzell Innerrhoden]] / Appenzell Inner-Rhodes
| style=text-align:center | 1513 (as [[Appenzell]] until 1597/1999)
| [[Appenzell (village)|Appenzell]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 1,043
| style=padding-right:1em; | 64,358
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AI}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-AI|CH-AI}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|AI}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 6
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 17
! [[File:Wappen St. Gallen matt.svg|25px|Coat of arms of St. Gallen]]
{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|St. Gallen|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of St. Gallen|St. Gallen]] / St Gall
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; formed out of the [[Canton of Säntis]] and the northern half of the [[Canton of Linth]].}}
| [[St. Gallen]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 38,041
| style=padding-right:1em; | 74,210
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SG|CH-SG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 77
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 18
! [[File:Wappen Graubünden.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Graubünden]]
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | GR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Graubünden|italic=no}}; {{lang|rm|Grischun|italic=no}}; {{lang|it|Grigioni|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Graubünden|Grisons]] / Graubünden
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; formerly the [[Canton of Raetia]], comprising the earlier [[Three Leagues]].}}
| [[Chur]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 14,519
| style=padding-right:1em; | 72,754
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-GR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-GR|CH-GR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|GR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 108
| [[German language|German]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
|-
| 19
! [[File:Wappen Aargau matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Aargau]]
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|SkyBlue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}&lt;!--defined as &quot;black and light blue&quot;--&gt;
| style=text-align:center; | AG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Aargau|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Aargau|Aargau]] / Argovia
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; created from the  cantons of Aargau (canton of the [[Helvetic Republic]], from territory previously controlled by Bern) and [[canton of Baden|Baden]] (previously a Swiss condominium), together with [[canton of Fricktal|Fricktal]] (before 1802 not Swiss territory).}}
| [[Aarau]]
| style=padding-right:1em | 43,590
| style=padding-right:1em | 63,177
| style=padding-right:1em {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-AG|CH-AG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|AG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 212
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 20
! [[File:Wappen Thurgau matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Thurgau]]
{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | TG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Thurgau|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Thurgau|Thurgau]] / Thurgovia
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; coterminous with the canton of Thurgau of the [[Helvetic Republic]] (1798), formed from the [[county of Thurgau]], a Swiss [[Gemeine Herrschaften|condominium]].}}
| [[Frauenfeld]]{{NoteTag|Seat of parliament half-yearly alternates between [[Frauenfeld]] and [[Weinfelden]].}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 17,208
| style=padding-right:1em; | 61,190
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-TG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-TG|CH-TG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|TG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 80
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 21
! [[File:Wappen Tessin matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Ticino]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | TI
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|it|Ticino|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Ticino|Ticino]] / Tessin
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; combining the former cantons of [[Canton of Bellinzona|Bellinzona]] and [[Canton of Lugano|Lugano]]; see {{lang|de|[[Ennetbirgische Vogteien]]}}.}}
| [[Bellinzona]]
| style=padding-right:1em | 29,311
| style=padding-right:1em | 83,450
| style=padding-right:1em {{Swiss populations ref|CH-TI}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-TI|CH-TI}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|TI}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 115
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
|-
| 22
! [[File:Wappen Waadt matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Vaud]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | VD
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Vaud|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Vaud|Vaud]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]], formerly [[Canton of Léman]].}}
| [[Lausanne]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 56,898
| style=padding-right:1em; | 70,250
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-VD}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-VD|CH-VD}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|VD}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 309
| [[French language|French]]
|-
| 23
! [[File:Wappen Wallis matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Valais]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | VS
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Valais|italic=no}}; {{lang|de|Wallis|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Valais|Valais]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Restoration (Switzerland)|Restoration]], until 1798 the [[Prince-bishopric of Sion]] and the {{lang|fr|[[République des Sept-Dizains]]}}, briefly annexed by France as [[Simplon (department)|Simplon {{lang|fr|département|nocat=y}}]] during 1810–1813.}}
| [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 19,194
| style=padding-right:1em; | 55,313
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-VS}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-VS|CH-VS}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|VS}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 126
| [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]]
|-
| 24
! [[File:Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Neuchâtel]]
{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | NE
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Neuchâtel|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815/1857&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|claimed by [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] until the [[Neuchâtel Crisis]] of 1856–1857}}
| [[Neuchâtel]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 15,343
| style=padding-right:1em; | 87,080
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-NE}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-NE|CH-NE}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|NE}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 31
| [[French language|French]]
|-
| 25
! [[File:CHE Canton de Genève écu seul COA.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Geneva]]
{{Background color|yellow|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | GE
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Genève|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|previously an independent [[Republic of Geneva|republic]], annexed by [[French First Republic|France]] during 1798–1813.}}
| [[Geneva]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 51,976
| style=padding-right:1em; | 102,876
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-GE}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-GE|CH-GE}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|GE}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 45
| [[French language|French]]
|-
| 26
! [[File:Wappen Jura matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Jura]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | JU
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Jura|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Jura|Jura]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1979&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Jura separatism|seceded from Bern]]}}
| [[Delémont]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 4,687
| style=padding-right:1em; | 63,643
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-JU}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-JU|CH-JU}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|JU}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 55
| [[French language|French]]
|- style=&quot;background: #dcdcdc;&quot; class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| -
! [[File:Coat of Arms of Switzerland.svg|25px|Coat of arms of Switzerland]]
| style=text-align:center; | CH
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft|italic=no}};&lt;br&gt;{{lang|fr|Confédération suisse|italic=no}};&lt;br&gt;{{lang|it|Confederazione Svizzera|italic=no}};&lt;br&gt;{{lang|rm|Confederaziun svizra|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Swiss Confederation]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815/1848&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|The [[Restoration (Switzerland)|Restored Confederacy]] of 1815 had the [[borders of Switzerland|modern borders]] and introduced the modern Swiss coat of arms, but the cantons remained largely sovereign, without a federal government or parliament. The [[Switzerland as a federal state|federal constitution of 1848]] introduced the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]], [[Federal Council of Switzerland|Federal Council]] and the notion of [[Swiss citizenship|federal citizenship]].}}
| ([[Bern]])
| style=padding-right:1em; | 694,662
| style=padding-right:1em; | 80,418
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-CH}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-CH|CH-CH}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|CH}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,222
| &lt;small&gt;[[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]]&lt;/small&gt;
|}
{{sticky table end}}

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on [[vehicle registration plates of Switzerland|car license plates]]. They are also used in the [[ISO 3166-2:CH|ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland]] with the prefix &quot;CH-&quot; ({{lang|la|[[Confœderatio Helvetica]]}} — Helvetian Confederation — {{lang|la|[[Helvetia#Name of Switzerland|Helvetia]]}} having been the ancient Roman name of the region). ''CH-SZ'', for example, is used for the [[canton of Schwyz]].


[[Categoria:Svizra]]
[[Categoria:Cianton svizer| ]]</text>
      <sha1>lhlh289r1qnr5vdk4bkgywkb68k3uyg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246324</id>
      <parentid>246321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:41:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lista */</comment>
      <origin>246324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25646" sha1="7mdq2cl4yn79o23g00scc0zjnq95k89" xml:space="preserve">L’'''cianton''' ie na partia politica i n raion geografich dla [[Svizra]].
[[File:Switzerland, administrative divisions - de - colored.svg|thumb]]

== Ciantons ==
* [[Grijon]], zité prinzipala : [[Cuira]]
* [[Cianton de Sogn Gagl|Sogn Gagl]]
* [[Cianton Tessin]]
* [[Cianton de Glaruna|Glaruna]]
* [[Vales]], zité prinzipala : [[Sion]]
* [[Cianton de Genevra]], capitela : [[Genevra]]
* [[Cianton de Berna]], capitela : [[Berna]]
* [[Cianton de Turitg]], zité prinzipala : [[Turitg]]
* [[Cianton de Vod]], zité prinzipala : [[Losena]]
* [[Cianton de Friborg]], zité prinzipala : [[Friborg]]
* …


== Lista ==

Chësta lista mostra i ciantons tl orden de prezedënza che ti vën data te la costituzion federela.{{NoteTag|Chësc ie l orden che vën adurvà ti documënc ufiziei svizri.}} Chësc orden se basa sul orden storich che ti da precedënza ai [[Ot Ciantons]] tl 15ejim secul, cun i autri ciantons che vën daldo aldò dl ann te chël che i ie deventei pert de la confederazion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher = Swiss Federal Statistical Office |title = Regional Portraits: Cantons |year = 2011 |url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html |location = Vaduz, Switzerland |access-date = 21 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090430051050/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html |archive-date = 30 April 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{sticky table start}}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
!
! style=max-width:2em; | Blason&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|Cantonal coats of arms shown with cantonal heraldic colors ({{lang|de|Standesfarben}}).
{{lang|de|Standesfarben}} were used to identify the (historical) cantons when the full banner was not available for display, although there is overlap; Unterwalden and Solothurn share the same colours, as do Basel and Appenzell, and with the accession of the modern cantons, Valais and Basel-City, and St. Gallen and Thurgau.&lt;ref&gt;Louis, Mühlemann, {{lang|de|Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz, 700 Jahre}} {{lang|la|Confoederatio Helvetica}}, Lengnau, 3rd ed. 1991.
[[Swiss Armed Forces]], {{lang|de|Fahnenreglement}}, Reglement 51.340 d (2013).[https://www.vtg.admin.ch/content/dam/vtg-internet/de/documents/aktuell/themen/internationale-beziehungen/milit%C3%A4rprotokoll/fahnenreglement51340d.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201755/https://www.vtg.admin.ch/content/dam/vtg-internet/de/documents/aktuell/themen/internationale-beziehungen/milit%C3%A4rprotokoll/fahnenreglement51340d.pdf |date = 11 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
! Codesc
! Inuem ti lingac ufiziei
! Inuem per ladin
! [[Storia de la Svizra|Deventà pert de la confederazion tl]]
! Capitela
! [[Prudot intern brutto|PIB]] (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/national-economy/national-accounts/gross-domestic-product-canton.assetdetail.10647599.html |title = Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) |author = Federal Statistical Office |website=www.bfs.admin.ch |date = 12 November 2019 |language=en |access-date = 10 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;te milions de CHF
![[Prudot intern brutto|PIB]] a&lt;br /&gt;persona (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/national-economy/national-accounts/gross-domestic-product-canton.assetdetail.15304864.html |title = Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita |author = Federal Statistical Office |website=www.bfs.admin.ch |language=en |access-date = 19 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;te CHF
! scope=&quot;col&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;| Populazion
! Spersa {{small|(km{{sup|2}})}}
! Densità&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(per&amp;nbsp;km{{sup|2}})}} {{NoteTag|Per km{{sup|2}}, see References for dates.}}
! No. de chemuns (2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.agvchapp.bfs.admin.ch/de/communes/query |title = Gemeinden - Suche {{!}} Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden |author = Swiss Federal Statistical Office |website = www.agvchapp.bfs.admin.ch |language = de |access-date= 22 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Rujeneda ufiziela
|-
| 1
! [[File:Wappen Zürich matt.svg| 25px|Blason de Zürich]]
{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | ZH
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Zürich|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Zurich|Zurich]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1351
| [[Zurich]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 149,004
| style=padding-right:1em; | 96,359
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-ZH}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-ZH|CH-ZH}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|ZH}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 166
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 2
! [[File:Wappen Bern matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Bern]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | BE
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Bern|italic=no}}; {{lang|fr|Berne|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Bern|Bern]] / Berne
| style=text-align:center; | 1353
| [[Bern]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 80,209
| style=padding-right:1em; | 77,027
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BE}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-BE|CH-BE}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|BE}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 347
| [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]]
|-
| 3
! [[File:Wappen Luzern matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Luzern]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | LU
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Luzern|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1332
| [[Lucerne]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 28,176
| style=padding-right:1em; | 67,936
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-LU}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-LU|CH-LU}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|LU}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 83
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 4
! [[File:Wappen Uri matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Uri]]
{{Background color|yellow|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | UR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Uri|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Uri|Uri]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding|founding [[Waldstätte|forest-canton]], foundation date traditionally given as either 1307, 1304 or 1291 (see [[Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy]]).}}
| [[Altdorf, Uri|Altdorf]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 1,985
| style=padding-right:1em; | 54,006
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-UR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-UR|CH-UR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|UR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 20
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 5
! [[File:Wappen Schwyz matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Schwyz]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SZ
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Schwyz|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding}}
| [[Schwyz]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 9,876
| style=padding-right:1em; | 61,223
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SZ}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SZ|CH-SZ}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SZ}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 30
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 6
! [[File:Wappen Obwalden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Obwalden]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center | OW
! style=text-align:left | {{lang|de|Obwalden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Obwalden|Obwalden]] / Obwald
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding}} or 1315 (as part of [[Unterwalden]])
| [[Sarnen]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,564
| style=padding-right:1em; | 67,453
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-OW}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-OW|CH-OW}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|OW}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 7
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 7
! [[File:Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Nidwalden]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | NW
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Nidwalden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Nidwalden|Nidwalden]] / Nidwald
| style=text-align:center; | 1291&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|name=founding}} (as [[Unterwalden]])
| [[Stans]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,867
| style=padding-right:1em; | 66,209
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-NW}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-NW|CH-NW}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|NW}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 11
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 8
! [[File:Wappen Glarus matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Glarus]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | GL
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Glarus|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1352
| [[Glarus]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,763
| style=padding-right:1em; | 67,849
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-GL}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-GL|CH-GL}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|GL}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 3
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 9
! [[File:Wappen Zug matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Zug]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | ZG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Zug|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Zug|Zug]] / Zoug
| style=text-align:center; | 1352
| [[Zug]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 20,029
| style=padding-right:1em; | 156,210
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-ZG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-ZG|CH-ZG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|ZG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 11
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 10
! [[File:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Fribourg]]
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | FR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Fribourg|italic=no}}; {{lang|de|Freiburg|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]] 
| style=text-align:center; | 1481
| [[Fribourg]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 19,180
| style=padding-right:1em; | 59,263
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-FR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-FR|CH-FR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|FR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 136
| [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]]
|-
| 11
! [[File:Wappen Solothurn matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Solothurn]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SO
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Solothurn|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]] / Soleure
| style=text-align:center; | 1481
| [[Solothurn]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 18,029
| style=padding-right:1em; | 65,237
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SO}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SO|CH-SO}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SO}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 109
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 12
! [[File:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Basel-City]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | BS
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Basel-Stadt|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Basel-Stadt|Basel-Stadt]] / Basle-City
| style=text-align:center; | 1501 (as [[canton of Basel|Basel]] until 1833/1999)
| [[Basel]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 37,168
| style=padding-right:1em; | 189,354
| style=padding-right:1em {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BS}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-BS|CH-BS}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|BS}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 3
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 13
! [[File:Wappen Basel-Landschaft matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Basel-Country]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | BL
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Basel-Landschaft|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Basel-Landschaft|Basel-Landschaft]] / Basle-Country
| style=text-align:center; | 1501 (as [[canton of Basel|Basel]] until 1833/1999)
| [[Liestal]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 20,567
| style=padding-right:1em; | 70,866
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BL}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-BL|CH-BL}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|BL}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 86
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 14
! [[File:Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Schaffhausen]]	
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|yellow|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SH
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Schaffhausen|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]] / Schaffhouse
| style=text-align:center; | 1501
| [[Schaffhausen]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 7,244
| style=padding-right:1em; | 87,569
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SH}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SH|CH-SH}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SH}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 26
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 15
! [[File:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | AR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Appenzell Ausserrhoden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden|Appenzell Ausserrhoden]] / Appenzell Outer-Rhodes
| style=text-align:center; | 1513 (as [[Appenzell]] until 1597/1999)
| [[Herisau]]{{NoteTag|Seat of government and parliament is [[Herisau]]; the seat of the judicial authorities is [[Trogen, Switzerland|Trogen]].}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 3,190
| style=padding-right:1em; | 57,601
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-AR|CH-AR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|AR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 20
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 16
! [[File:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Appenzell Innerrhoden]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | AI
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Appenzell Innerrhoden|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden|Appenzell Innerrhoden]] / Appenzell Inner-Rhodes
| style=text-align:center | 1513 (as [[Appenzell]] until 1597/1999)
| [[Appenzell (village)|Appenzell]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 1,043
| style=padding-right:1em; | 64,358
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AI}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-AI|CH-AI}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|AI}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 6
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 17
! [[File:Wappen St. Gallen matt.svg|25px|Coat of arms of St. Gallen]]
{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | SG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|St. Gallen|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of St. Gallen|St. Gallen]] / St Gall
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; formed out of the [[Canton of Säntis]] and the northern half of the [[Canton of Linth]].}}
| [[St. Gallen]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 38,041
| style=padding-right:1em; | 74,210
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-SG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-SG|CH-SG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|SG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 77
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 18
! [[File:Wappen Graubünden.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Graubünden]]
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | GR
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Graubünden|italic=no}}; {{lang|rm|Grischun|italic=no}}; {{lang|it|Grigioni|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Graubünden|Grisons]] / Graubünden
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; formerly the [[Canton of Raetia]], comprising the earlier [[Three Leagues]].}}
| [[Chur]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 14,519
| style=padding-right:1em; | 72,754
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-GR}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-GR|CH-GR}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|GR}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 108
| [[German language|German]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
|-
| 19
! [[File:Wappen Aargau matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Aargau]]
{{Background color|black|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|SkyBlue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}&lt;!--defined as &quot;black and light blue&quot;--&gt;
| style=text-align:center; | AG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Aargau|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Aargau|Aargau]] / Argovia
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; created from the  cantons of Aargau (canton of the [[Helvetic Republic]], from territory previously controlled by Bern) and [[canton of Baden|Baden]] (previously a Swiss condominium), together with [[canton of Fricktal|Fricktal]] (before 1802 not Swiss territory).}}
| [[Aarau]]
| style=padding-right:1em | 43,590
| style=padding-right:1em | 63,177
| style=padding-right:1em {{Swiss populations ref|CH-AG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-AG|CH-AG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|AG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em | 212
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 20
! [[File:Wappen Thurgau matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Thurgau]]
{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | TG
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Thurgau|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Thurgau|Thurgau]] / Thurgovia
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; coterminous with the canton of Thurgau of the [[Helvetic Republic]] (1798), formed from the [[county of Thurgau]], a Swiss [[Gemeine Herrschaften|condominium]].}}
| [[Frauenfeld]]{{NoteTag|Seat of parliament half-yearly alternates between [[Frauenfeld]] and [[Weinfelden]].}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 17,208
| style=padding-right:1em; | 61,190
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-TG}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-TG|CH-TG}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|TG}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 80
| [[German language|German]]
|-
| 21
! [[File:Wappen Tessin matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Ticino]]
{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|blue|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | TI
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|it|Ticino|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Ticino|Ticino]] / Tessin
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]]; combining the former cantons of [[Canton of Bellinzona|Bellinzona]] and [[Canton of Lugano|Lugano]]; see {{lang|de|[[Ennetbirgische Vogteien]]}}.}}
| [[Bellinzona]]
| style=padding-right:1em | 29,311
| style=padding-right:1em | 83,450
| style=padding-right:1em {{Swiss populations ref|CH-TI}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-TI|CH-TI}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|TI}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 115
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
|-
| 22
! [[File:Wappen Waadt matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Vaud]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | VD
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Vaud|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Vaud|Vaud]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1803&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Act of Mediation]], formerly [[Canton of Léman]].}}
| [[Lausanne]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 56,898
| style=padding-right:1em; | 70,250
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-VD}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-VD|CH-VD}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|VD}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 309
| [[French language|French]]
|-
| 23
! [[File:Wappen Wallis matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Valais]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | VS
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Valais|italic=no}}; {{lang|de|Wallis|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left | [[Canton of Valais|Valais]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Restoration (Switzerland)|Restoration]], until 1798 the [[Prince-bishopric of Sion]] and the {{lang|fr|[[République des Sept-Dizains]]}}, briefly annexed by France as [[Simplon (department)|Simplon {{lang|fr|département|nocat=y}}]] during 1810–1813.}}
| [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 19,194
| style=padding-right:1em; | 55,313
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-VS}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-VS|CH-VS}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|VS}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 126
| [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]]
|-
| 24
! [[File:Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Neuchâtel]]
{{Background color|green|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}

| style=text-align:center; | NE
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Neuchâtel|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815/1857&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|claimed by [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] until the [[Neuchâtel Crisis]] of 1856–1857}}
| [[Neuchâtel]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 15,343
| style=padding-right:1em; | 87,080
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-NE}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-NE|CH-NE}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|NE}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 31
| [[French language|French]]
|-
| 25
! [[File:CHE Canton de Genève écu seul COA.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Geneva]]
{{Background color|yellow|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | GE
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Genève|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|previously an independent [[Republic of Geneva|republic]], annexed by [[French First Republic|France]] during 1798–1813.}}
| [[Geneva]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 51,976
| style=padding-right:1em; | 102,876
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-GE}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-GE|CH-GE}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|GE}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 45
| [[French language|French]]
|-
| 26
! [[File:Wappen Jura matt.svg| 25px|Coat of arms of Jura]]
{{Background color|white|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}{{Background color|red|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}}
| style=text-align:center; | JU
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|fr|Jura|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Canton of Jura|Jura]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1979&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|[[Jura separatism|seceded from Bern]]}}
| [[Delémont]]
| style=padding-right:1em; | 4,687
| style=padding-right:1em; | 63,643
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-JU}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-JU|CH-JU}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|JU}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 55
| [[French language|French]]
|- style=&quot;background: #dcdcdc;&quot; class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| -
! [[File:Coat of Arms of Switzerland.svg|25px|Coat of arms of Switzerland]]
| style=text-align:center; | CH
! style=text-align:left; | {{lang|de|Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft|italic=no}};&lt;br&gt;{{lang|fr|Confédération suisse|italic=no}};&lt;br&gt;{{lang|it|Confederazione Svizzera|italic=no}};&lt;br&gt;{{lang|rm|Confederaziun svizra|italic=no}}
! style=text-align:left; | [[Swiss Confederation]]
| style=text-align:center; | 1815/1848&lt;br /&gt;{{NoteTag|The [[Restoration (Switzerland)|Restored Confederacy]] of 1815 had the [[borders of Switzerland|modern borders]] and introduced the modern Swiss coat of arms, but the cantons remained largely sovereign, without a federal government or parliament. The [[Switzerland as a federal state|federal constitution of 1848]] introduced the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]], [[Federal Council of Switzerland|Federal Council]] and the notion of [[Swiss citizenship|federal citizenship]].}}
| ([[Bern]])
| style=padding-right:1em; | 694,662
| style=padding-right:1em; | 80,418
| style=padding-right:1em; {{Swiss populations ref|CH-CH}}{{density|disp=table|{{Swiss populations|CH-CH|CH-CH}}|{{Swiss area|km=yes|CH}}}}
| style=padding-right:1em; | 2,222
| &lt;small&gt;[[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]]&lt;/small&gt;
|}
{{sticky table end}}

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on [[vehicle registration plates of Switzerland|car license plates]]. They are also used in the [[ISO 3166-2:CH|ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland]] with the prefix &quot;CH-&quot; ({{lang|la|[[Confœderatio Helvetica]]}} — Helvetian Confederation — {{lang|la|[[Helvetia#Name of Switzerland|Helvetia]]}} having been the ancient Roman name of the region). ''CH-SZ'', for example, is used for the [[canton of Schwyz]].


[[Categoria:Svizra]]
[[Categoria:Cianton svizer| ]]</text>
      <sha1>7mdq2cl4yn79o23g00scc0zjnq95k89</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulo:Lang</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>14561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246278</id>
      <parentid>246264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T07:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246278</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="94272" sha1="qwdubp3dzoo9pdr7gbom1fva4v068jr" xml:space="preserve">--[=[

Lua support for the {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-??}}, and {{transliteration}} templates and replacement of various supporting templates. 

]=]

require('strict');

local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs;
local unicode = require (&quot;Module:Unicode data&quot;);								-- for is_Latin() and is_rtl()
local yesno = require ('Module:Yesno');

local sandbox = (mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():match ('/sandbox') or '');		-- when called from a sandbox template or module load sandbox data and sandbox configuration

local lang_data =  mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/data' .. sandbox);					-- language name override and transliteration tool-tip tables
local lang_name_table = lang_data.lang_name_table;								-- language codes, names, regions, scripts, suppressed scripts
local lang_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang;
local lang_dep_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang_dep;
local script_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.script;
local region_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.region;
local variant_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.variant;
local suppressed_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.suppressed;
local override_table = lang_data.override;

local synonym_table = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms');				-- ISO 639-2/639-2T code translation to 639-1 code

local cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/configuration' .. sandbox);				-- for internationalization

local is_latn_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/data/is latn data');
local sizeof_ranges_t = is_latn_data.sizeof_ranges_t;

local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace;							-- used for categorization

local content_lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage();
local this_wiki_lang_tag = content_lang.code;									-- get this wiki's language tag
local this_wiki_lang_dir = content_lang:getDir();								-- get this wiki's language direction

local initial_style_state;														-- set by lang_xx_normal() and lang_xx_italic()

local maint_cats = {};															-- maintenance categories go here
local maint_msgs = {};															-- and their messages go here


--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ E R R O R _ S P A N &gt;--------------------------------------------------

]]

local function make_error_span (template, msg)
	return table.concat ({'&lt;span style=&quot;color:#d33&quot;&gt;', cfg.misc_text_t.error, ': ', template, msg, '&lt;/span&gt;'})
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; S U B S T I T U T E &gt;----------------------------------------------------------

Substitutes $1, $2, etc in &lt;message&gt; with data from &lt;data_t&gt;. Returns plain-text substituted string when
&lt;data_t&gt; not nil; returns &lt;message&gt; else.

]]

local function substitute (message, data_t)
	return data_t and mw.message.newRawMessage (message, data_t):plain() or message;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Assembles an error message from template name, message text, help link, and error category.

]]

local function make_error_msg (msg, args_t, template)
	local category;
	local text;																	-- handle the oddity that is {{langx}}
	if cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then
		text = args_t.text or args_t[1];										-- for {{lang-xx}}
	else
		text = args_t.text or args_t[2];										-- for {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{transliteration}}
	end

	if cfg.templates_t.transliteration == template then
		category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.xlit_err_cat;
	else
		category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.lang_err_cat;
	end
	
	local category_link = ((0 == namespace or 10 == namespace) and not args_t.nocat) and substitute ('[[Category:$1]]', {category}) or '';
	return substitute ('[$1] &lt;span style=&quot;color:#d33&quot;&gt;$2: &amp;#x7B;{$3}}: $4 ([[:Category:$5|$6]])&lt;/span&gt;$7',	-- &amp;#x7B; prevents template name from being treated as a template call in certain situations
		{
		text or cfg.make_error_msg_t.undefined,
		cfg.misc_text_t.error,
		template,
		msg,
		category,
		cfg.misc_text_t.help,
		category_link
		})
end
	

--[[--------------------------&lt; P A R A M E T E R _ V A L I D A T E &gt;------------------------------------------

]]

local function parameter_validate (args_t, template)
	local err_msg = cfg.parameter_validate_t.invalid_param;

	if cfg.templates_t.lang == template then									-- for {{lang}}
		for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do
			if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_t[param] and					-- unique {{lang}} parameters
				 not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then			-- common to all
					return substitute (err_msg, {param});						-- &lt;param&gt; not found so abandon
			end
		end
	elseif cfg.templates_t.langx == template then								-- for {{langx}}
		for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do
			if not cfg.known_params_t.params_langx_t[param] and					-- unique {{langx}} parameters
				not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and					-- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}}
				not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then			-- common to all
					return substitute (err_msg, {param});						-- &lt;param&gt; not found so abandon
			end
		end
	elseif cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then								-- for {{lang-xx}}
		for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do
			if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_xx_t[param] and				-- unique {{lang-xx}} parameters
				not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and					-- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}}
				not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then			-- common to all
					return substitute (err_msg, {param});						-- &lt;param&gt; not found so abandon
			end
		end
	end		
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ S E T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------

Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not
an empty string.

]]

local function is_set (var)
	return not (var == nil or var == '');
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I N V E R T  _ I T A L I C S &gt;-------------------------------------------------

This function attempts to invert the italic markup a args.text by adding/removing leading/trailing italic markup
in args.text.  Like |italic=unset, |italic=invert disables automatic italic markup.  Individual leading/trailing
apostrophes are converted to their HTML numeric entity equivalent so that the new italic markup doesn't become
bold markup inadvertently.

Leading and trailing wiki markup is extracted from args.text into separate table elements.  Addition, removal,
replacement of wiki markup is handled by a string.gsub() replacement table operating only on these separate elements.
In the string.gsub() matching pattern, '.*' matches empty string as well as the three expected wiki markup patterns.

This function expects that markup in args.text is complete and correct; if it is not, oddness may result.

]]

local function invert_italics (source)
	local invert_pattern_table = {												-- leading/trailing markup add/remove/replace patterns
		[&quot;&quot;]=&quot;\'\'&quot;,															-- empty string becomes italic markup
		[&quot;\'\'&quot;]=&quot;&quot;,															-- italic markup becomes empty string
		[&quot;\'\'\'&quot;]=&quot;\'\'\'\'\'&quot;,												-- bold becomes bold italic
		[&quot;\'\'\'\'\'&quot;]=&quot;\'\'\'&quot;,												-- bold italic become bold
		};
	local seg = {};

	source = source:gsub (&quot;%f[\']\'%f[^\']&quot;, '&amp;#39;');							-- protect single quote marks from being interpreted as bold markup

	seg[1] = source:match ('^(\'\'+%f[^\']).+') or '';							-- get leading markup, if any; ignore single quote
	seg[3] = source:match ('.+(%f[\']\'\'+)$') or '';							-- get trailing markup, if any; ignore single quote

	if '' ~= seg[1] and '' ~= seg[3] then										-- extract the 'text' 
		seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)%f[\']\'\'+$')					-- from between leading and trailing markup
	elseif '' ~= seg[1] then
		seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)')								-- following leading markup
	elseif '' ~= seg[3] then
		seg[2] = source:match ('(.+)%f[\']\'\'+$')								-- preceding trailing markup
	else
		seg[2] = source															-- when there is no markup
	end

	seg[1] = invert_pattern_table[seg[1]] or seg[1];							-- replace leading markup according to pattern table
	seg[3] = invert_pattern_table[seg[3]] or seg[3];							-- replace leading markup according to pattern table

	return table.concat (seg);													-- put it all back together and done
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C &gt;------------------------------------------------

Validates |italic= or |italics= assigned values.

When |italic= is set and has an acceptable assigned value, return the matching CSS font-style property value or,
for the special case 'default', return nil.

When |italic= is not set, or has an unacceptable assigned value, return nil and a nil error message.

When both |italic= and |italics= are set, returns nil and a 'conflicting' error message.

The return value nil causes the calling lang, lang_xx, or xlit function to set args.italic according to the template's
defined default ('inherit' for {{lang}}, 'inherit' or 'italic' for {{lang-??}} depending on
the individual template's requirements, 'italic' for {{transliteration}}) or to the value appropriate to |script=, if set ({{lang}}
and {{lang-??}} only).

Accepted values and the values that this function returns are are:
	nil		-	when |italic= absent or not set; returns nil
	default	-	for completeness, should rarely if ever be used; returns nil
	yes		-	force args.text to be rendered in italic font; returns 'italic'
	no		-	force args.text to be rendered in normal font; returns 'normal'
	unset	-	disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup inside or outside the template; returns 'inherit'
	invert	-	disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup outside or inverted inside the template; returns 'invert'

]]

local function validate_italic (args)
	local properties = {[cfg.keywords_t.affirmative] = 'italic', [cfg.keywords_t.negative] = 'normal', [cfg.keywords_t.unset] = 'inherit', [cfg.keywords_t.invert] = 'invert', [cfg.keywords_t.default] = nil};
	
	local count = 0
	for _, arg in pairs {'italic', 'italics', 'i'} do
		if args[arg] then
			count = count + 1
		end
	end

	if count &gt; 1 then															-- return nil and an error message if more than one is set 
		return nil, cfg.validate_italic_t.multi_italic;
	end
	
	return properties[args.italic or args.italics or args.i], nil;				-- return an appropriate value and a nil error message
end


--[=[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ C A T _ A R G S &gt;----------------------------------------------------------

Default behavior of the {{lang}} and {{lang-??}} templates is to add categorization when the templates are used in main space.
This default functionality may be suppressed by setting |nocat=yes or |cat=no.  This function selects one of these two parameters
to control categorization.

Because having two parameters with 'opposite' names and 'opposite' values is confusing, this function accepts only affirmative
values for |nocat= and only negative values for |cat=; in both cases the 'other' sense (and non-sense) is not accepted and the
parameter is treated as if it were not set in the template.

Sets args.nocat to true if categorization is to be turned off; to nil if the default behavior should apply.

Accepted values for |nocat= are the text strings:
	'yes', 'y', 'true', 't', on, '1'		-- [[Module:Yesno]] returns logical true for all of these; false or nil else
for |cat=
	'no', 'n', 'false', 'f', 'off', '0'		-- [[Module:Yesno]] returns logical false for all of these; true or nil else

]=]

local function validate_cat_args (args)
	if not (args.nocat or args.cat) then										-- both are nil, so categorize
		return;
	end
	
	if false == yesno (args.cat) or true == yesno (args.nocat) then
		args.nocat = true;														-- set to true when args.nocat is affirmative; nil else (as if the parameter were not set in the template)
	else																		-- args.nocat is the parameter actually used.
		args.nocat = nil;
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I N _ A R R A Y &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------

Whether needle is in haystack.

]]

local function in_array (needle, haystack)
	if needle == nil then
		return false;
	end
	for n,v in ipairs (haystack) do
		if v == needle then
			return n;
		end
	end
	return false;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; F O R M A T _ I E T F _ T A G &gt;------------------------------------------------

Prettify IETF tags to use recommended subtag formats:
	code: lower case
	script: sentence case
	region: upper case
	variant: lower case
	private: lower case prefixed with -x-
	
]]

local function format_ietf_tag (code, script, region, variant, private)
	local out = {};

	if is_set (private) then
		return table.concat ({code:lower(), 'x', private:lower()}, '-');		-- if private, all other tags ignored
	end
	
	table.insert (out, code:lower());
	if is_set (script) then
		script = script:lower():gsub ('^%a', string.upper);
		table.insert (out, script);
	end

	if is_set (region) then
		table.insert (out, region:upper());
	end
	
	if is_set (variant) then
		table.insert (out, variant:lower());
	end
	
	return table.concat (out, '-');
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Extracts and returns IETF language tag parts:
	primary language subtag (required) - 2 or 3 character IANA language code
	script subtag - four character IANA script code
	region subtag - two-letter or three digit IANA region code
	variant subtag - four digit or 5-8 alnum variant code; only one variant subtag supported
	private subtag - x- followed by 1-8 alnum private code; only supported with the primary language tag

in any one of these forms
	lang					lang-variant
	lang-script				lang-script-variant
	lang-region				lang-region-variant
	lang-script-region		lang-script-region-variant
	lang-x-private	
	
each of lang, script, region, variant, and private, when used, must be valid.

Languages with both two- and three-character code synonyms are promoted to the two-character synonym because
the IANA registry file omits the synonymous three-character code; we cannot depend on browsers understanding
the synonymous three-character codes in the lang= attribute.

For {{lang-??}} templates, the parameters |script=, |region=, and |variant= are supported (not supported in {{lang}}
because those parameters are superfluous to the IETF subtags in |code=).

Returns six  values; all lower case.  Valid parts are returned as themselves; omitted parts are returned as empty strings, invalid
parts are returned as nil; the sixth returned item is an error message (if an error detected) or nil.

See http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt section 2.1.
	
]]

local function get_ietf_parts (source, args_script, args_region, args_variant)
	local code, script, region, variant, private;								-- IETF tag parts

	if not is_set (source) then
		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag;
	end

	local pattern = {															-- table of tables holding acceptable IETF tag patterns and short names of the IETF part captured by the pattern
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, 				-- 1 -  ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'},				-- 2 -  ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'},		-- 3 -  ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'},	-- 4 -  ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters)
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'v'},						-- 5 -  ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 4 digits)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'v'},			-- 6 -  ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters)
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'},							-- 7 -  ll-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'},						-- 8 -  ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'},				-- 9 -  ll-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'},				-- 10 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters)
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'v'},										-- 11 - ll-variant (where variant is 4 digits)
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'v'},							-- 12 - ll-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters)
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)$', 's', 'r'},							-- 13 - ll-Ssss-RR
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r'},						-- 14 - ll-Ssss-DDD (region is 3 digits)
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)$', 's'},										-- 15 - ll-Ssss
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)$', 'r'},											-- 16 - ll-RR
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)$', 'r'},											-- 17 - ll-DDD (region is 3 digits)
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)$'},														-- 18 - ll
		
		{'^(%a%a%a?)%-x%-(%w%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?)$', 'p'},						-- 19 - ll-x-pppppppp (private is 1-8 alnum characters)
		}

	local t = {};																-- table of captures; serves as a translator between captured IETF tag parts and named variables

	for i, v in ipairs (pattern) do												-- spin through the pattern table looking for a match
		local c1, c2, c3, c4;													-- captures in the 'pattern' from the pattern table go here
	
		c1, c2, c3, c4 = source:match (pattern[i][1]);							-- one or more captures set if source matches pattern[i])
			if c1 then															-- c1 always set on match
				code = c1;														-- first capture is always code
				t = {
					[pattern[i][2] or 'x'] = c2,								-- fill the table of captures with the rest of the captures
					[pattern[i][3] or 'x'] = c3,								-- take index names from pattern table and assign sequential captures
					[pattern[i][4] or 'x'] = c4,								-- index name may be nil in pattern[i] table so &quot;or 'x'&quot; spoofs a name for this index in this table
					};
				script = t.s or '';												-- translate table contents to named variables;
				region = t.r or '';												-- absent table entries are nil so set named IETF parts to empty string for concatenation
				variant= t.v or '';
				private = t.p or '';
				break;															-- and done
			end
	end

	if not code then
		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_tag, {source});	-- don't know what we got but it is malformed
	end

	code = code:lower();														-- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this
	
	if not (override_table[code] or lang_table[code] or synonym_table[code] or lang_dep_table[code]) then
		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_code, {code});		-- invalid language code, don't know about the others (don't care?)
	end

	if synonym_table[code] then													-- if 639-2/639-2T code has a 639-1 synonym
		table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_cat, {code}));
		table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_msg, {code, synonym_table[code]}));
		code = synonym_table[code];												-- use the synonym
	end

	if is_set (script) then
		if is_set (args_script) then
			return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_scr;	-- both code with script and |script= not allowed
		end
	else
		script = args_script or '';												-- use args.script if provided
	end 

	if is_set (script) then
		script = script:lower();												-- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this
		if not script_table[script] then
			return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_scr_code, {script, code});	-- language code OK, invalid script, don't know about the others (don't care?)
		end
	end
	if suppressed_table[script] then											-- ensure that code-script does not use a suppressed script
		if in_array (code, suppressed_table[script]) then
			return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.script_code, {script, code});	-- language code OK, script is suppressed for this code
		end
	end

	if is_set (region) then
		if is_set (args_region) then
			return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_reg;	-- both code with region and |region= not allowed
		end
	else
		region = args_region or '';												-- use args.region if provided
	end 

	if is_set (region) then
		region = region:lower();												-- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this
		if not region_table[region] then
			return code, script, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_reg_code, {region, code});
		end
	end
	
	if is_set (variant) then
		if is_set (args_variant) then
			return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_var;	-- both code with variant and |variant= not allowed
		end
	else
		variant = args_variant or '';											-- use args.variant if provided
	end 

	if is_set (variant) then
		variant = variant:lower();												-- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this
		if not variant_table[variant] then										-- make sure variant is valid
			return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var, {variant});
		end																		-- does this duplicate/replace tests in lang() and lang_xx()?
		if is_set (script) then													-- if script set it must be part of the 'prefix'
			if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', script}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then
				return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_scr, {variant, code, script});
			end
		elseif is_set (region) then												-- if region set, there are some prefixes that require lang code and region (en-CA-newfound)
			if not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then		-- first see if lang code is all that's required (en-oxendict though en-GB-oxendict is preferred)
				if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', region}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then		-- now try for lang code and region (en-CA-newfound)
					return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_reg, {variant, code, region});
				end
			end
		else																	-- cheap way to determine if there are prefixes; fonipa and others don't have prefixes; # operator always returns 0
			if variant_table[variant]['prefixes'][1] and not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then
				return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code, {variant, code});
			end
		end
	end

	if is_set (private) then
		private = private:lower();												-- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this
		if not override_table[table.concat ({code, '-x-', private})] then		-- make sure private tag is valid; note that index 
			return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_pri, {private});
		end
	end
	return code, script, region, variant, private, nil;							-- return the good bits; make sure that msg is nil
end


--[=[-------------------------&lt; M A K E _ W I K I L I N K &gt;----------------------------------------------------

Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only
link is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an
empty string.

]=]

local function make_wikilink (link, display)
	if is_set (link) then
		if is_set (display) then
			return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'});
		else
			return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'});
		end
	else
		return '';
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; D I V _ M A R K U P _ A D D &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Adds &lt;i&gt; and &lt;/i&gt; tags to list-item text or to implied &lt;p&gt;..&lt;/p&gt; text. Mixed not supported.

]]

local function div_markup_add (text, style)
	if text:find ('^\n[%*:;#]') then											-- look for list markup; list markup must begin at start of text
		if 'italic' == style then
			return text:gsub ('(\n[%*:;#]+)([^\n]+)', '%1&lt;i&gt;%2&lt;/i&gt;');			-- insert italic markup at each list item
		else
			return text;
		end
	end

	if text:find ('\n+') then													-- look for any number of \n characters in text
		text = text:gsub ('([^\n])\n([^\n])', '%1 %2');							-- replace single newline characters with a space character which mimics MediaWiki

		if 'italic' == style then
			text = text:gsub('[^\n]+', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;%1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;');						-- insert p and italic markup tags at each implied p (two or more consecutive '\n\n' sequences)
		else
			text = text:gsub ('[^\n]+', '&lt;p&gt;%1&lt;/p&gt;');							-- insert p markup at each implied p
			text = text:gsub ('\n', '');										-- strip newline characters
		end
	end

	return text;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; T I T L E _ W R A P P E R _ M A K E &gt;------------------------------------------

Makes a &lt;span title=&quot;&lt;title text&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;content_text&gt;&lt;/span&gt; or &lt;div title=&quot;&lt;title text&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;content_text&gt;&lt;/div&gt; where
&lt;title text&gt; is in the tool-tip in the wiki's local language and &lt;content_text&gt; is non-local-language text in
HTML markup.  This because the lang= attribute applies to the content of its enclosing tag.

&lt;tag&gt; holds a string 'div' or 'span' used to choose the correct wrapping tag.

]]

local function title_wrapper_make (title_text, content_text, tag)
	local wrapper_t = {};
	
	table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'&lt;', tag}));						-- open opening wrapper tag
	table.insert (wrapper_t, ' title=\&quot;');										-- begin title attribute
	table.insert (wrapper_t, title_text);										-- add &lt;title_text&gt;
	table.insert (wrapper_t, '\&quot;&gt;');											-- end title attribute and close opening wrapper tag
	table.insert (wrapper_t, content_text);										-- add &lt;content_text&gt;
	table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'&lt;/', tag, '&gt;'}));					-- add closing wrapper tag

	return table.concat (wrapper_t);											-- make a big string and done
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ T E X T _ H T M L &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Add the HTML markup to text according to the type of content that it is: &lt;span&gt; or &lt;i&gt; tags for inline content or
&lt;div&gt; tags for block content

The lang= attribute also applies to the content of the tag where it is placed so this is wrong because 'Spanish
language text' is English:
	&lt;i lang=&quot;es&quot; title=&quot;Spanish language text&quot;&gt;casa&lt;/i&gt;
should be:
	&lt;span title=&quot;Spanish language text&quot;&gt;&lt;i lang=&quot;es&quot;&gt;casa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
or for &lt;div&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;:
	&lt;div title=&quot;Spanish language text&quot;&gt;&lt;div lang=&quot;es&quot;&gt;&lt;spanish-language-text&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

]]

local function make_text_html (code, text, tag, rtl, style, size, language)
	local html_t = {};
	local style_added = '';
	local wrapper_tag = tag;													-- &lt;tag&gt; gets modified so save a copy for use when/if we create a wrapper span or div

	if text:match ('^%*') then
		table.insert (html_t, '&amp;#42;');											-- move proto language text prefix outside of italic markup if any; use numeric entity because plain splat confuses MediaWiki
		text = text:gsub ('^%*', '');											-- remove the splat from the text
	end

	if 'span' == tag then														-- default HTML tag for inline content
		if 'italic' == style then												-- but if italic
			tag = 'i';															-- change to &lt;i&gt; tags
		end
	else																		-- must be div so go
		text = div_markup_add (text, style);									-- handle implied &lt;p&gt;, implied &lt;p&gt; with &lt;i&gt;, and list markup (*;:#) with &lt;i&gt;
	end

	table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'&lt;', tag}));							-- open the &lt;i&gt;, &lt;span&gt;, or &lt;div&gt; HTML tag
	code = code:gsub ('%-x%-.*', '');											-- strip private use subtag from code tag because meaningless outside of Wikipedia
	table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' lang=&quot;', code, '\&quot;'}));				-- add language attribute

	if (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('ltr' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then		-- text is right-to-left on a left-to-right wiki
		table.insert (html_t, ' dir=&quot;rtl&quot;');									-- add direction attribute for right-to-left languages
	elseif not (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('rtl' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then	-- text is left-to-right on a right-to-left wiki
		table.insert (html_t, ' dir=&quot;ltr&quot;');									-- add direction attribute for left-to-right languages
	end

	if 'normal' == style then													-- when |italic=no
		table.insert (html_t, ' style=\&quot;font-style: normal;');					-- override external markup, if any
		style_added = '\&quot;';														-- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed
	end

	if is_set (size) then														-- when |size=&lt;something&gt;
		if is_set (style_added) then
			table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' font-size: ', size, ';'}));	-- add when style attribute already inserted
		else
			table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' style=\&quot;font-size: ', size, ';'}));	-- create style attribute
			style_added = '\&quot;';													-- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed
		end
	end

	table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({style_added, '&gt;'}));					-- close the opening HTML tag
	table.insert (html_t, text);												-- insert the text

	table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'&lt;/', tag, '&gt;'}));						-- close the 'text' &lt;i&gt;, &lt;span&gt;, or &lt;div&gt; HTML tag

	if is_set (language) then													-- create a &lt;title_text&gt; string for the title= attribute in a wrapper span or div
		local title_text;
			if 'zxx' == code then												-- special case for this tag 'no linguistic content'
				title_text = substitute ('$2 $1', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.zxx});	-- not a language so don't use 'language' in title text
			elseif mw.ustring.find (language, 'languages', 1, true) then
				title_text = substitute ('$2 $1', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.collective});	-- for collective languages
			else
				title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.individual});	-- for individual languages
			end

		return title_wrapper_make (title_text, table.concat (html_t), wrapper_tag);
	else
		return table.concat (html_t);
	end
end


--[=[-------------------------&lt; M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y &gt;----------------------------------------------------

For individual language, &lt;language&gt;, returns:
	[[Category:Articles containing &lt;language&gt;-language text]]

For English:
	[[Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text]]
	
For ISO 639-2 collective languages (and for 639-1 bh):
	[[Category:Articles with text in &lt;language&gt; languages]]

]=]

local function make_category (code, language_name, nocat, name_get)
	if ((0 ~= namespace) or nocat) and not name_get then						-- only categorize in article space
		return '';																-- return empty string for concatenation
	end

	if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then
		return substitute ('[[$1 $2]]', {cfg.make_category_t.collective_cat, language_name});
	end
		
	if this_wiki_lang_tag == code then
		return substitute ('[[$1 $2 $3-$4]]', {									-- unique category name for the local language
			cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix,
			cfg.make_category_t.explicit_cat,
			language_name,
			cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix,
			});
	else
		return substitute ('[[$1 $2-$3]]', {									-- category for individual languages
			cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix,
			language_name,
			cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix,
			});
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ T R A N S L I T &gt;----------------------------------------------------

Return translit &lt;i lang=xx-Latn&gt;...&lt;/i&gt; where xx is the language code; else return empty string.

The value |script= is not used in {{transliteration}} for this purpose; instead it uses |code.  Because language scripts
are listed in the {{transliteration}} switches they are included in the data tables.  The script parameter is introduced
at {{Language with name and transliteration}}.  If |script= is set, this function uses it in preference to code.

To avoid confusion, in this module and the templates that use it, the transliteration script parameter is renamed
to be |translit-script= (in this function, tscript).

This function is used by both lang_xx() and xlit()
	lang_xx() always provides code, language_name, and translit; may provide tscript; never provides style
	xlit() always provides language_name, translit, and one of code or tscript, never both; always provides style

For {{transliteration}}, style only applies when a language code is provided.

]]

local function make_translit (code, language_name, translit, std, tscript, style, engvar)
	local title_t = lang_data.translit_title_table;								-- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards
	local title_text = '';														-- tool tip text for title= attribute
	
	std = std and std:lower();													-- lower case for table indexing
	
	if not is_set (std) and not is_set (tscript) then							-- when neither standard nor script specified
		title_text = language_name;												-- write a generic tool tip
		if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then		-- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name)
			title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language});	-- skip this text (individual and macro languages only)
		end
		title_text = substitute ('$2 $1', {title_text, mw.ustring.lower (cfg.engvar_t[engvar]['romanisz_lc'])});	-- finish the tool tip; use romanization when neither script nor standard supplied

	elseif is_set (std) and is_set (tscript) then								-- when both are specified
		if title_t[std] then													-- and if standard is legitimate
			if title_t[std][tscript] then										-- and if script for that standard is legitimate
				if script_table[tscript] then
					title_text = substitute ('$1$2 ($3 $4) $5', {				-- add the appropriate text to the tool tip
						title_text,
						title_t[std][tscript:lower()],
						script_table[tscript],
						cfg.make_translit_t.script,
						cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration,
						});
				else
					title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default'];			-- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard?
				end
			else
				title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default'];				-- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard?
			end
		else
			return '';															-- invalid standard, setup for error message
		end

	elseif is_set (std) then													-- translit-script not set, use language code
		if not title_t[std] then return ''; end									-- invalid standard, setup for error message
		
		if title_t[std][code] then												-- if language code is in the table (xlit may not provide a language code)
			local fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3 $4) $5';									-- generic format string for tool tip
			if language_name:match ('languages') then
				fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3) $5';										-- format string for collective languages tool tip
			end

			title_text = substitute (fmt_str, {									-- add the appropriate text to the tool tip
				title_text,
				title_t[std][code:lower()],
				language_name,
				cfg.misc_text_t.language,
				cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration,
				});
		else																	-- code doesn't match
			title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default'];					-- so use the standard's default
		end

	else																		-- here if translit-script set but translit-std not set
		if title_t['no_std'][tscript] then
			title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][tscript];				-- use translit-script if set
		elseif title_t['no_std'][code] then
			title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][code];					-- use language code
		else
			if is_set (tscript) then
				title_text = substitute ('$1$2-$3 $4', {						-- write a script tool tip
					title_text,
					language_name,
					cfg.make_translit_t.script,
					cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration,
					});

			elseif is_set (code) then
				if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then	-- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name)
					title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {							-- skip this text (individual and macro languages only)
						title_text,
						cfg.misc_text_t.language,
						});
				end
					title_text = substitute ('$2 $1', {							-- finish the tool tip
						title_text,
						cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration,
						});
			else
					title_text = substitute ('$2 $1', {							-- generic tool tip (can we ever get here?)
						title_text,
						cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration,
						});
			end
		end
	end

	local tag
	if is_set (code) then														-- when a language code is provided (always with {{lang-??}} templates, not always with {{transliteration}})
		code = code:match ('^(%a%a%a?)');										-- strip all subtags leaving only the language subtag
		if not style then														-- nil for the default italic style
			tag = '&lt;i lang=&quot;%s-Latn&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/i&gt;'
		else
			tag = '&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: %s&quot; lang=&quot;%s-Latn&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;'		-- non-standard style, construct a span tag for it
			tag = string.format(tag, style, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;%s&quot;)
		end
		tag = string.format(tag, code, &quot;%s&quot;)
	else
		tag = '&lt;span&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;'													-- when no language code: no lang= attribute, not italic ({{transliteration}} only)
	end
	
	tag = string.format(tag, translit)											-- add the translit text
	if '' == title_text then													-- when there is no need for a tool-tip
		return tag;																-- done
	else
		title_text = cfg.engvar_sel_t.gb == engvar and title_text:gsub ('([Rr]omani)z', '%1s') or title_text;	-- gb eng when engvar specifies gb eng; us eng else
		return title_wrapper_make (title_text, tag, 'span');					-- wrap with a tool-tip span and done
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ T E X T &gt;----------------------------------------------------

This function checks the content of args.text and returns empty string if nothing is amiss else it returns an
error message. The tests are for empty or missing text and for improper or disallowed use of apostrophe markup.

Italic rendering is controlled by the |italic= template parameter so italic markup should never appear in args.text
either as ''itself'' or as '''''bold italic''''' unless |italic=unset or |italic=invert.

]]

local function validate_text (template, args)
	if not is_set (args.text) then
		return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.no_text, args, template);
	end

	if args.text:find (&quot;%f[\']\'\'\'\'%f[^\']&quot;) or args.text:find (&quot;\'\'\'\'\'[\']+&quot;) then	-- because we're looking, look for 4 appostrophes or 6+ appostrophes
		return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.malformed_markup, args, template);
	end

	local style = args.italic;

	if (cfg.keywords_t.unset ~= style) and (cfg.keywords_t.invert ~=style) then
		if args.text:find (&quot;%f[\']\'\'%f[^\']&quot;) or args.text:find (&quot;%f[\']\'\'\'\'\'%f[^\']&quot;) then	-- italic but not bold, or bold italic
			return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.italic_markup, args, template);
		end
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; R E N D E R _ M A I N T &gt;------------------------------------------------------

Render mainenance messages and categories.

]]

local function render_maint (nocat)
	local maint = {};
	
	if 0 &lt; #maint_msgs then														-- when there are maintenance messages
		table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'&lt;span class=&quot;lang-comment&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;'}));	-- opening &lt;span&gt; tag
		for _, msg in ipairs (maint_msgs) do
			table.insert (maint, table.concat ({msg, ' '}));					-- add message strings
		end
		table.insert (maint, '&lt;/span&gt;');										-- close the span
	end
	
	if (0 &lt; #maint_cats) and (0 == namespace) and not nocat then				-- when there are maintenance categories; article namespace only
		for _, cat in ipairs (maint_cats) do
			table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'[[Category:', cat, ']]'}));	-- format and add the categories
		end
	end
	
	return table.concat (maint);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; P R O T O _ P R E F I X &gt;------------------------------------------------------

For proto languages, text is prefixed with a splat. We do that here as a flag for make_text_html() so that a splat
will be rendered outside of italic markup (if used). If the first character in text here is already a splat, we
do nothing.

proto_param is boolean or nil; true adds splat prefix regardless of language name; false removes and inhibits
regardless of language name; nil does nothing; presumes that the value in text is correct but removes extra splac.

]]

local function proto_prefix (text, language_name, proto_param)
	if false == proto_param then												-- when forced by |proto=no
		return text:gsub ('^%**', '');											-- return text without splat prefix regardless of language name or existing splat prefix in text
	elseif (language_name:find ('^Proto%-') or (true == proto_param)) then		-- language is a proto or forced by |proto=yes
		return text:gsub ('^%**', '*');											-- prefix proto-language text with a splat; also removes duplicate prefixing splats
	end
	
	return text:gsub ('^%*+', '*');												-- return text unmolested except multiple splats reduced to one splat
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; H A S _ P O E M _ T A G &gt;------------------------------------------------------

Looks for a poem strip marker in text; returns true when found; false else.

Auto-italic detection disabled when text has poem stripmarker because it is not possible for this code to know
the content that will replace the stripmarker.

]]

local function has_poem_tag (text)
	return text:find ('\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-poem%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127') and true or false;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; H T M L _ T A G _ S E L E C T &gt;------------------------------------------------

Inspects content of and selectively trims text.  Returns text and the name of an appropriate HTML tag for text.

If text contains:
	\n\n	text has implied &lt;p&gt;..&lt;/p&gt; tags - trim leading and trailing whitespace and return 
If text begins with list markup:
	\n*		unordered
	\n;		definition
	\n:		definition
	\n#		ordered
trim all leading whitespace except  \n and trim all trailing whitespace

If text contains &lt;poem&gt;...&lt;/poem&gt; stripmarker, return text unmodified and choose &lt;div&gt;..&lt;/div&gt; tags because 
the stripmarker is replaced with text wrapped in &lt;div&gt;..&lt;/div&gt; tags.

If the text contains any actual &lt;div&gt;...&lt;/div&gt; tags, then it's again returned unmodified and &lt;div&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;
tags are used to wrap it, to prevent div/span inversion.

]]

local function html_tag_select (text)
	local tag;
	
	if has_poem_tag (text) then													-- contains poem stripmarker (we can't know the content of that)
		tag = 'div';															-- poem replacement is in div tags so lang must use div tags
	elseif text:find ('&lt;div') then												-- reductive; if the text contains a div tag, we must use div tags
		tag = 'div';
	elseif mw.text.trim (text):find ('\n\n+') then								-- contains implied p tags
		text = mw.text.trim (text);												-- trim leading and trailing whitespace characters
		tag = 'div';															-- must be div because span may not contain p tags (added later by MediaWiki); poem replacement is in div tags
	elseif text:find ('\n[%*:;%#]') then										-- if text has list markup
		text = text:gsub ('^[\t\r\f ]*', ''):gsub ('%s*$', '');					-- trim all whitespace except leading newline character '\n'
		tag = 'div';															-- must be div because span may not contain ul, dd, dl, ol tags (added later by MediaWiki)
	else
		text = mw.text.trim (text);												-- plain text
		tag = 'span';															-- so span is fine
	end
	
	return text, tag;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ P R O T O &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Validates value assigned to |proto=; permitted values are yes and no; yes returns as true, no returns as false,
empty string (or parameter omitted) returns as nil; any other value returns nil with &lt;proto_param&gt; as second
return value for use in error message.

]]

local function validate_proto (proto_param)
	if cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == proto_param then
		return true;
	elseif cfg.keywords_t.negative == proto_param then
		return false;
	elseif is_set (proto_param) then
		return nil, proto_param;												-- |proto= something other than 'yes' or 'no'
	else
		return nil;																-- missing or empty
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T &gt;--------------------------------------------

Common function to return language name from the data set according to IETF tag.

Returns language name if found in data tables; nil else.

]]

local function language_name_get (ietf, code, cat)
	ietf = ietf:lower();														-- ietf:lower() because format_ietf_tag() returns mixed case
	
	local name;																	-- remains nil if not found
	
	if override_table[ietf] then												-- look for whole IETF tag in override table
		name = override_table[ietf];
	elseif override_table[code] then											-- not there so try basic language tag
		name = override_table[code];
	elseif lang_table[code] then												-- shift to IANA active tag/name table
		name = lang_table[code];
	elseif lang_dep_table[code] then											-- try the IANA deprecated tag/name table
		name = lang_dep_table[code];
	end

	if lang_dep_table[code] and cat then										-- because deprecated code may have been overridden to en.wiki preferred name
		table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_cat, {code}));
		table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_msg, {code}));
	end

	return name;																-- name from data tables or nil
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T &gt;----------------------------------

IETF script subtag should match the script of the &lt;text&gt;.  This module does not attempt to know all scripts and
what they look like.  It does know what Latn script looks like so when &lt;text&gt; is written using other than the Latn
script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should not be Latn.

Conversely, when &lt;text&gt; is written using the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should be Latn.

For the purposes of this test, Latf (Fraktur) and Latg (Gaelic) are considered to be equivalent to Latn because
unicode treats these two scripts as font-specific variants of Latn.

Returns an error message when mismatch detected; nil else.

]]

local function text_script_match_test (script, is_latn_text, pos, char)
	local scripts_t = {['latf'] = true, ['latg'] = true, ['latn'] = true};		-- unicode 'latn' scripts; 'latf' and 'latg' are font variants so there are no Fraktur or Gaelic codepoints
	if is_set (script) then														-- don't bother with the rest of this if &lt;script&gt; is nil or empty string
		script = script:lower();												-- lower case to index into &lt;scripts_t&gt;
		if is_latn_text then													-- when text is wholly Latn script
			if not scripts_t[script] then										-- but a non-Latn script is specified
				return cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_txt_mismatch;			-- emit an error message
			end
		else																	-- when text is not wholly Latn script
			if scripts_t[script] then											-- but a Latn script is specified
				return substitute (cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_scr_mismatch, {pos, char});	-- emit an error message with position of first offending character
			end
		end
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; B I N A R Y _ S E A R C H &gt;---------------------------------------------------

conducts a binary search of &lt;ranges_t&gt; for a sub-range that holds &lt;target&gt;.

returns boolean true if a sub-range holding &lt;target&gt; is found; boolean false else.

]]

local function binary_search (target, ranges_t)
	local idx_bot = 1;															-- initialize to index of first key
	local idx_top = sizeof_ranges_t;											-- initialize to index of last key (number of keys)

	if (target &lt; ranges_t[idx_bot][1]) or (target &gt; ranges_t[idx_top][2]) then	-- invalid; target out of range
		return;																	-- abandon
	end

	local idx_mid;																-- calculated index of range midway between top index and bottom index
	local flag = false;															-- flag to tell us when we've evaluated last (highest) range in &lt;ranges_t&gt;

	while 1 do
		idx_mid = math.ceil ((idx_bot + idx_top) / 2);							-- get the mid-point in the &lt;ranges_t&gt; sequence
		if (target &gt;= ranges_t[idx_mid][1]) and (target &lt;= ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then		-- indexed range low value &lt;= target &lt;= indexed range high value
			return true;														-- we found the range that holds the &lt;target&gt; character; return true
		
		elseif (target &gt; ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then								-- is &lt;target&gt; &gt; indexed range high value?
			idx_bot = idx_mid;													-- adjust &lt;idx_bot&gt; up

		else																	-- here when &lt;target&gt; less than indexed range low value
			idx_top = idx_mid - 1;												-- adjust &lt;idx_top&gt; down
		end

		if flag then
			break;																-- here when we just evaluated the last range and &lt;target&gt; not found
		end
	
		if not flag and (idx_bot == idx_top) then								-- set true just before we evaluate the last (highest) range in &lt;ranges_t&gt;
			flag = true;
		end
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ L A T I N &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------

compare &lt;text&gt; as codepoints to lists of known codepoints accepted as Latn script

returns boolean true and modified &lt;text&gt; when &lt;text&gt; is wrapped in accept-as-written markup

returns boolean true and &lt;text&gt; when codepoint is known

returns boolean false, &lt;text&gt;, non-Latn codepoint position in &lt;text&gt; (left to right), and the codepoint character
	when codepoint is not known

TODO: when text has accept-as-written markup, return a non-boolean value to indicate that &lt;text&gt; is not wholly
	latn script?  Use that return value to create non-Latn HTML lang= attribute because &lt;text&gt; isn't really
	latn so lang=und (undetermined)? or instead, omit the -Latn subtag? (without -Latn need to force |italic=yes)

]]

local function is_latin (text, tag)
	local count;
	text, count = text:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1');							-- remove accept-as-written markup if present
	if 0 ~= count then
		return true, text;														-- markup present so assume that &lt;text&gt; is Latn-script
	end

	local pos = 0;																-- position counter for error messaging
	for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint (text) do							-- fetch each code point
		pos = pos + 1;															-- bump the position counter

		if not is_latn_data.singles_t[codepoint] and							-- codepoint not found in the singles list?
			not binary_search (codepoint, is_latn_data.ranges_t) and			-- codepoint not a member of a listed range?
			not (tag and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint] and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint][tag]) then	-- not a language-specific codepoint?
				return false, text, pos, mw.ustring.char (codepoint);			-- codepoint not known; return false with codepoint position and character representation
		end
	end
	return true, text;															-- is known; return &lt;text&gt;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ L A N G &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------

Entry point for {{lang}}.

There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}}
	&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:lang|lang}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;

Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame).

]]

local function _lang (args)
	local out = {};
	local language_name;														-- used to make category names
	local category_name;														-- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set
	local subtags = {};															-- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private
	local code;																	-- the language code
	local msg;																	-- for error messages
	local tag = 'span';															-- initial value for make_text_html()
	local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.lang;

	maint_cats = {};															-- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once
	maint_msgs = {};
	
	validate_cat_args (args);													-- determine if categorization should be suppressed

	if args[1] and args.code then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'1', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.code}), args, template);
	else
		args.code = args[1] or args.code;										-- prefer args.code
	end

	if args[2] and args.text then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'2', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template);
	else
		args.text = args[2] or args.text;										-- prefer args.text
	end

	msg = validate_text (template, args);										-- ensure that |text= is set
	if is_set (msg) then														-- msg is an already-formatted error message
		return msg;
	end
	
	args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text);								-- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly

	args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative;							-- convert to boolean: 'yes' -&gt; true, other values -&gt; false

	args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto);								-- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {msg}), args, template);
	end

	code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code);	-- |script=, |region=, |variant= not supported because they should be part of args.code ({{{1}}} in {{lang}})

	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end

	local is_latn_text, pos, char;
	is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, code);		-- make a boolean

	msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char)
	if msg then																	-- if an error detected then there is an error message
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end

	args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args);
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end

	if nil == args.italic then													-- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.italic controls
		if ('latn' == subtags.script) or								 		-- script is latn
			(this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and not has_poem_tag (args.text) and is_latn_text) then -- text not this wiki's language, no script specified and not in poem markup but is wholly latn script (auto-italics)
				args.italic = 'italic';											-- DEFAULT for {{lang}} templates is upright; but if latn script set for font-style:italic
		else
			args.italic = 'inherit';											-- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style
		end
	end
	
	if is_set (subtags.script) then												-- if script set, override rtl setting
		if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then
			args.rtl = true;													-- script is an rtl script
		else
			args.rtl = false;													-- script is not an rtl script
		end
	end

	args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private);	-- format to recommended subtag styles
	language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true);					-- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant

	if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic and 'span' == tag then				-- invert only supported for in-line content
		args.text = invert_italics (args.text)
	end

	args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto);			-- prefix proto-language text with a splat

	table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.italic, args.size, language_name));
	table.insert (out, make_category (code, language_name, args.nocat));
	table.insert (out, render_maint (args.nocat));								-- maintenance messages and categories

	return table.concat (out);													-- put it all together and done
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------

Entry point for {{lang}}.

There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}}
	&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:lang|lang}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;

Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame).

]]

local function lang (frame)
	local args_t = getArgs (frame, {											-- this code so that we can detect and handle wiki list markup in text
		valueFunc = function (key, value)
			if 2 == key or 'text' == key then									-- the 'text' parameter; do not trim wite space
				return value;													-- return untrimmed 'text'
			elseif value then													-- all other values: if the value is not nil
				value = mw.text.trim (value);									-- trim whitespace
				if '' ~= value then												-- empty string when value was only whitespace
					return value;
				end
			end
			return nil;															-- value was empty or contained only whitespace
		end																		-- end of valueFunc
		});

	args_t.fn = nil;															-- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang|...}}

	local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang);				-- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}}
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang);				-- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message
	end

	return _lang (args_t);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E &gt;----------------------------------------------

Stand-alone function to create literal translation of main text.

Also used by {{lang-x2}}.

]]

local function translation_make (args_t)
	local translation_t = {', '};												-- initialize output

	if 'none' ~= args_t.label then												-- if we want a label
		table.insert (translation_t, '&lt;small&gt;');								-- open the &lt;small&gt; HTML tag
		if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args_t.link then
			table.insert (translation_t, substitute ('&lt;abbr title=&quot;$1&quot;&gt;$2&lt;/abbr&gt;', {cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr}));	-- unlinked form
		else
			table.insert (translation_t, make_wikilink (cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr));	-- linked form
		end
		table.insert (translation_t, &quot;&amp;thinsp;&lt;/small&gt;&quot;);						-- close the &lt;small&gt; HTML tag
	end
	table.insert (translation_t, table.concat ({								-- user styling spans match spand from {{gloss}}
		'&lt;span class=&quot;gloss-quot&quot;&gt;\'&lt;/span&gt;',									-- user styling span for quote marks; use HTML entities to avoid wiki markup confusion
		'&lt;span class=&quot;gloss-text&quot;&gt;',											-- open user styling span for the translation
		args_t.translation,														-- the translation
		'&lt;/span&gt;',																-- close user styling span for the translation
		'&lt;span class=&quot;gloss-quot&quot;&gt;\'&lt;/span&gt;'									-- user styling span for quote marks
		}));
	return table.concat (translation_t);										-- make a big string and done
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ L A N G _ X X &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------

For the {{lang-??}} templates, the only parameter required to be set in the template is the language code.  All
other parameters can, usually should, be written in the template call.  For {{lang-??}} templates for languages
that can have multiple writing systems, it may be appropriate to set |script= as well.

For each {{lang-??}} template choose the appropriate entry-point function so that this function knows the default
styling that should be applied to text.

For normal, upright style:
	&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_inherit|code=xx}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
For italic style:
	&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_italic|code=xx}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;

All other parameters should be received from the template's frame (parent frame)

Supported parameters are:
	|code = (required) the IANA language code
	|script = IANA script code; especially for use with languages that use multiple writing systems
	|region = IANA region code
	|variant = IANA variant code
	|text = (required) the displayed text in language specified by code
	|link = boolean false ('no') does not link code-spcified language name to associated language article
	|rtl = boolean true ('yes') identifies the language specified by code as a right-to-left language
	|nocat = boolean true ('yes') inhibits normal categorization; error categories are not affected
	|cat = boolian false ('no') opposite form of |nocat=
	|italic = boolean true ('yes') renders displayed text in italic font; boolean false ('no') renders displayed text in normal font; not set renders according to initial_style_state
	|lit = text that is a literal translation of text
	|label = 'none' to suppress all labeling (language name, 'translit.', 'lit.')
				any other text replaces language-name label - automatic wikilinking disabled
	
	for those {{lang-??}} templates that support transliteration (those templates where |text= is not entirely latn script):
	|translit = text that is a transliteration of text
	|translit-std = the standard that applies to the transliteration
	|translit-script = ISO 15924 script name; falls back to code

For {{lang-??}}, the positional parameters are:
	{{{1}}}	text
	{{{2}}}	transliterated text
	{{{3}}}	literal translation text
no other positional parameters are allowed

]]

local function _lang_xx (args, base_template)									-- base_template will be either of 'langx' or 'lang-xx'
	local out = {};
	local language_name;														-- used to make display text, article links
	local category_name;														-- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set
	local subtags = {};															-- IETF subtags script, region, and variant
	local code;																	-- the language code

	local translit_script_name;													-- name associated with IANA (ISO 15924) script code
	local translit;
	local msg;																	-- for error messages
	local tag = 'span';															-- initial value for make_text_html()
	local template = args.template or base_template;

	maint_cats = {};															-- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once
	maint_msgs = {};
	
	local text_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1;		-- for {{langx}} 'text' positional parameter is '2'
	local translit_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 3 or 2;
	local xlate_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 4 or 3;

	if args[text_idx] and args.text then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {text_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template);
	else
		args.text = args[text_idx] or args.text;								-- prefer positional 'text' parameter
	end

	msg = validate_text (template, args);										-- ensure that |text= is set, does not contain italic markup and is protected from improper bolding
	if is_set (msg) then
		return msg;
	end

	args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text);								-- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly

	if args[translit_idx] and args.translit then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {translit_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.translit}), args, template);

	else
		args.translit = args[translit_idx] or args.translit						-- prefer positional 'translit' parameter
	end

	args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar;			-- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else

	if args[xlate_idx] and (args.translation or args.lit) then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_n_lit, {xlate_idx}), args, template);
	elseif args.translation and args.lit then
		return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_lit, args, template);
	else
		args.translation = args[xlate_idx] or args.translation or args.lit;		-- prefer positional 'translation' parameter
	end

	if args.links and args.link then
		return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_link, args, template);
	else
		args.link = args.link or args.links;									-- prefer args.link
	end

	validate_cat_args (args);													-- determine if categorization should be suppressed

	args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative;							-- convert to boolean: 'yes' -&gt; true, other values -&gt; false

	code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code, args.script, args.region, args.variant);	-- private omitted because private

	if msg then																	-- if an error detected then there is an error message
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end
	
	if args.translit then
		local latn, pos, char;
		latn, args.translit, pos, char = is_latin (args.translit, (('' ~= subtags.private) and (code .. '-x-' .. subtags.private)) or code);
		if not latn then
			return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template);
		end
	end

	local is_latn_text, text, pos, char = is_latin (args.text, code);			-- make a boolean
	args.text = text;															-- may have been modified (accept-as-written markup removed)

	msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char)
	if msg then																	-- if an error detected then there is an error message
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end

	args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args);
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end
																				
	if cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template then								-- auto-italics  for {{langx}} templates; adapted from {{lang}} (no support for poem tag) 
		if nil == args.italic then												-- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.italic controls
			if ('latn' == subtags.script) or								 	-- script is latn
				(this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and is_latn_text) then -- text is not this wiki's language, no script specified and is wholly latn script (auto-italics)
					args.italic = 'italic';										-- set font-style:italic
			else
				args.italic = 'inherit';										-- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style
			end
		end
	
	else																		-- {{lang-xx}} does not do auto italics; retained for those wikis that don't support {{langx}}
		if nil == args.italic then												-- args.italic controls
			if is_set (subtags.script) then
				if 'latn' == subtags.script then
					args.italic = 'italic';										-- |script=Latn; set for font-style:italic
				else
					args.italic = initial_style_state;							-- italic not set; script is not latn; set for font-style:&lt;initial_style_state&gt;
				end
			else
				args.italic = initial_style_state;								-- here when |italic= and |script= not set; set for font-style:&lt;initial_style_state&gt;
			end
		end
	end
	
	if is_set (subtags.script) then												-- if script set override rtl setting
		if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then
			args.rtl = true;													-- script is an rtl script
		else
			args.rtl = false;													-- script is not an rtl script
		end
	end

	args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto);								-- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {args.proto}), args, template);
	end

	args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private);	-- format to recommended subtag styles
	language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true);					-- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant

	category_name = language_name;												-- category names retain IANA parenthetical diambiguators (if any)
	language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', '');							-- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them

	if args.label then
		if 'none' ~= args.label then
			table.insert (out, table.concat ({args.label, ': '}));				-- custom label
		end
	else
		if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args.link then
			table.insert (out, language_name);									-- language name without wikilink
		else
			if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then
				table.insert (out, make_wikilink (language_name));				-- collective language name uses simple wikilink
			elseif lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()] then				-- is IETF tag in article name over ride?
				table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()], language_name));	-- language name with wikilink from override data
			elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then							-- is language tag in article override
				table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], language_name));	-- language name with wikilink from override data
			else
				table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$2 $1', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), language_name));	-- language name with wikilink
			end
		end
		table.insert (out, ': ');												-- separator
	end

	if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic then
		args.text = invert_italics (args.text)
	end
	
	args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto);			-- prefix proto-language text with a splat

	table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.italic, args.size, ('none' == args.label) and language_name or nil))

	if is_set (args.translit) and not is_latn_text then							-- transliteration; not supported when args.text is wholly latn text (this is an imperfect test)
		table.insert (out, ', ');												-- comma to separate text from translit
		if 'none' ~= args.label then
			table.insert (out, '&lt;small&gt;');
			if script_table[args['translit-script']] then						-- when |translit-script= is set, try to use the script's name
				translit_script_name = script_table[args['translit-script']];
			else
				translit_script_name = language_name;							-- fall back on language name
			end

			local translit_title_obj = mw.title.makeTitle (0, substitute ('$2 $1',{cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name}));		-- make a title object; no engvar, article titles use US spelling
			if translit_title_obj.exists and (cfg.keywords_t.negative ~= args.link) then
				table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$2 $1', {cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name or language_name}),
					substitute ('$1', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})) .. ':');	-- make a wikilink if there is an article to link to; engvar the display text

			else
				table.insert (out, substitute ('$1:', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']}));	-- else plain text per engvar

			end
			table.insert (out, '&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;');								-- close the small tag
		end
		
		translit = make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.translit, args['translit-std'], args['translit-script'], nil, args.engvar)
		if is_set (translit) then
			table.insert (out, translit);
		else
			return make_error_msg (substitute ('$1: $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.invalid_xlit_std, args['translit-std'] or '[missing]'}), args, template);
		end
	
	elseif is_set (args.translit) and is_latn_text then							-- when creating a transliteration of Latn script &lt;text&gt;
		return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.xlit_of_latn, args, template);		-- emit error message and abandon
	end

	if is_set (args.translation) then											-- translation (not supported in {{lang}})
		table.insert (out, translation_make (args));
	end
	
	table.insert (out, make_category (code, category_name, args.nocat));
	table.insert (out, render_maint(args.nocat));								-- maintenance messages and categories

	return table.concat (out);													-- put it all together and done
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G _ X X _ A R G S _ G E T &gt;----------------------------------------------

Common function to get args table from {{lang-??}} templates.

Returns table of args.

Text positional parameters are not trimmed here but are selectively trimmed at html_tag_select().

]]

local function lang_xx_args_get (frame, base_template)
	local args_t = getArgs(frame,
		{
		parentFirst= true,														-- parameters in the template override parameters set in the {{#invoke:}}
		valueFunc = function (key, value)
			if ((cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1) == key then	-- the 'text' positional parameter; 1 for {{lang-??}}, 2 for {{langx}}; do not trim wite space
				return value;													-- return untrimmed 'text' positional parameter
			elseif value then													-- all other values: if the value is not nil
				value = mw.text.trim (value);									-- trim whitespace
				if '' ~= value then												-- empty string when value was only whitespace
					return value;
				end
			end
			return nil;															-- value was empty or contained only whitespace
		end																		-- end of valueFunc
	});

	return args_t;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_italic(). Sets the initial style state to italic.

]]

local function lang_xx_italic (frame)
	local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx);
	args.fn = nil;																-- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_italic|...}}
	
	local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx);				-- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}}
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx);				-- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message
	end

	initial_style_state = 'italic';
	return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates]]';	-- temporary category
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C &gt;------------------------------------------------

Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to italic.

]]

local function _lang_xx_italic (args)
	initial_style_state = 'italic';
	return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T &gt;------------------------------------------------

Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit(). Sets the initial style state to inherit.

]]

local function lang_xx_inherit (frame)
	local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx);
	args.fn = nil;																-- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_inherit|...}}

	local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx);				-- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}}
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx);				-- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message
	end

	initial_style_state = 'inherit';
	return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates]]';	-- temporary category
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T &gt;----------------------------------------------

Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to inherit.

]]

local function _lang_xx_inherit (args)
	initial_style_state = 'inherit';
	return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ L A N G X &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------

Entry point from another module.

]]

local function _langx (args_t)
	local langx_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/langx');						-- get necessary data 
	local rtl_t = langx_data.rtl_t;												-- get list of language tags for languages that are rendered right-to-left
	local link_t = langx_data.link_t;											-- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |link=&lt;something&gt;
	local size_t = langx_data.size_t;											-- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |size=&lt;something&gt;

	local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx);
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx);
	end

	args_t.code = args_t[1] or args_t.code;										-- get the language tag; must be {{{1}}} or |code=
	if not args_t.code then
		return make_error_msg (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx);
	end
	
	args_t.rtl = args_t.rtl or (rtl_t[args_t.code] and cfg.keywords_t.affirmative);	-- prefer |rtl= in template call, use rtl_t else
	args_t.link = args_t.link or link_t[args_t.code];							-- prefer |link= in template call, use link_t felse
	args_t.size = args_t.size or size_t[args_t.code];							-- prefer |size= in template call, use size_t else
	
	args_t[1] = nil;															-- unset to mimic {{lang-??}} templates which set |code=xx

	local lang_subtag = args_t.code;											-- use only the base language subtag for unsupported tag test; some args_t.code are modified by |script= etc
	return _lang_xx (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G X &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------

Entry point for {{langx}}.

this function calls _lang_xx() to render non-English text. The {{lang-??}} templates have three positional paramters
but {{langx}} has four:

				|  1	|  2		|  3		|  4	
	{{lang-xx	|&lt;text&gt;	|&lt;xlit&gt;		|&lt;xlat&gt;		}}
	{{langx		|&lt;tag&gt;	|&lt;text&gt;		|&lt;xlit&gt;		|&lt;xlat&gt;		}}

The calls to lang_xx_args_get() and _lang_xx() use 'langx' as a flag for those functions to select the proper
positional parameters.

{{lang-??}} depends on the calling template to select 'inherit' or 'italic' to establish the default rendering.

{{langx}} can't do that.  The initial version of {{langx}} relied on a list of language tags (inherit_t in ~/langx)
scraped from those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit() to render text in upright font. langx() now
uses auto-italics code adapted from {{lang}} (doesn't support poem tags).

]]

local function langx (frame)
	local args_t = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langx);				-- get the arguments; 'langx' is the &lt;base_template&gt; used to decide which positional param is 'text', 'translit', 'lit'
	
	return _langx (args_t);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ I S _ I E T F _ T A G &gt;------------------------------------------------------

Returns true when a language name associated with IETF language tag exists; nil else.  IETF language tag must be valid.

All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function.

Module entry point from another module.

]]

local function _is_ietf_tag (tag)												-- entry point when this module is require()d into another
	local c, s, r, v, p, err;													-- code, script, region, variant, private, error message
	c, s, r, v, p, err = get_ietf_parts (tag);									-- disassemble tag into constituent part and validate

	return ((c and not err) and true) or nil;									-- return true when code portion has a value without error message; nil else
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ I E T F _ T A G &gt;--------------------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}.

]]

local function is_ietf_tag (frame)
	return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame)[1]);									-- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; also get parent frame
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ I E T F _ T A G _ F R A M E &gt;--------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}; same as is_ietf_tag() except does not get parameters from the parent
(template) frame.  This function not useful when called by {{lang|fn=is_ietf_tag_frame|&lt;tag&gt;}} because &lt;tag&gt;
is in the parent frame.

]]

local function is_ietf_tag_frame (frame)
	return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame, {frameOnly = true,})[1]);				-- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; do not get parent frame
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Returns language name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else.

All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function.

Set invoke's |link= parameter to yes to get wikilinked version of the language name.

Module entry point from another module.

]]

local function _name_from_tag (args)
	local subtags = {};															-- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private
	local raw_code = args[1];													-- save a copy of the input IETF subtag
	local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args['link'];					-- make a boolean
	local label = args.label;
	local code;																	-- the language code
	local msg;																	-- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid
	local language_name = '';
	
	code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code);
	if msg then
		local template = (args['template'] and table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '})) or '';	-- make template name (if provided by the template)
		return make_error_span (template, msg);
	end

	raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private);	-- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private
	language_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code);							-- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant

	if 'yes' ~= args.raw then
		language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', '');						-- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them
	end

	if link then																-- when |link=yes, wikilink the language name
		if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then
			language_name = make_wikilink (language_name, label);				-- collective language name uses simple wikilink
		elseif lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()] then					-- is IETF tag in article name override?
			language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()], label or language_name);	-- language name with wikilink from override data
		elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then								-- is language tag in article name override?
			language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], label or language_name);	-- language name with wikilink from override data
		else
			language_name = make_wikilink (substitute ('$2 $1', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), label or language_name);	-- language name with wikilink
		end
	end

	return language_name;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G &gt;----------------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}.

]]

local function name_from_tag (frame)											-- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|&lt;IETF tag&gt;|link=&lt;yes&gt;|template=&lt;template name&gt;}}
	return _name_from_tag (getArgs(frame))										-- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Returns the IETF language tag associated with the language name.  Spelling of language name must be correct
according to the spelling in the source tables.  When a standard language name has a parenthetical disambiguator,
that disambiguator must be omitted (they are not present in the data name-to-tag tables).

Module entry point from another module.

]]

local function _tag_from_name (args)											-- entry point from another module
	local msg;

	if args[1] and '' ~= args[1] then
		local data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/tag from name');					-- get the reversed data tables TODO: change when going live
		local lang = args[1]:lower();											-- allow any-case for the language name (speeling must till be correct)
		local tag = data.rev_override_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_dep_table[lang];	-- get the code; look first in the override then in the standard

		if tag then
			return tag, true;													-- language name found so return tag and done; second return used by is_lang_name()
		else
			msg = substitute (cfg.tag_from_name_t.lang_not_found, {args[1]});	-- language name not found, error message
		end
	else
		msg = cfg.tag_from_name_t.missing_lang_name;							-- language name not found, error message
	end

	local template = '';
	if args.template and '' ~= args.template then
		template = table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '});				-- make template name (if provided by the template)
	end
	return make_error_span (template, msg);

end


--[[--------------------------&lt; T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E &gt;----------------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}.

]]

local function tag_from_name (frame)											-- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|tag_from_name|&lt;language name&gt;|link=&lt;yes&gt;|template=&lt;template name&gt;}}
	local result, _ = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame))							-- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by is_lang_name()
	return result;		
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ L A N G _ N A M E &gt;------------------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}.

]]

local function is_lang_name (frame)
	local _, result = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame))							-- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by tag_from_name()
	return result and true or nil;		
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ X L I T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------

Module entry point from another module.

]]

local function _xlit (args)
	local title_table = lang_data.translit_title_table;							-- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards
	local language_name;														-- language name that matches language code; used for tool tip
	local translit;																-- transliterated text to display
	local script;																-- IANA script
	local msg;																	-- for when called functions return an error message
	local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.transliteration;

	maint_cats = {};															-- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once
	maint_msgs = {};
	
	if is_set (args[3]) then													-- [3] set when {{transliteration|code|standard|text}}
		args.text = args[3];													-- get the transliterated text
		args.translit_std = args[2] and args[2]:lower();						-- get the standard; lower case for table indexing

		if not title_table[args.translit_std] then
			return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_xlit_std, {args.translit_std}), args, template);
		end
	else
		if is_set (args[2]) then												-- [2] set when {{transliteration|code|text}}
			args.text = args[2];												-- get the transliterated text
		else
			if args[1] and (args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or					-- args[2] missing; is args[1] a language or script tag or is it the transliterated text?
				args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-')) then							-- or is args[1] a private-use tag
					return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.no_text, args, template);	-- args[1] is a code so we're missing text
			else
				args.text = args[1];											-- args[1] is not a code so we're missing that; assign args.text for error message
				return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template);
			end
		end
	end

	if is_set (args[1]) then													-- IANA language code used for HTML lang= attribute; or ISO 15924 script code
		if args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-') then	-- args[1] has correct form?
			args.code = args[1]:lower();										-- use the language/script code; only (2, 3, or 4 alpha characters) or private-use; lower case because table indexes are lower case
		else
			return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args[1]}), args, template);	-- invalid language / script code
		end
	else
		return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template);	-- missing language / script code so quit
	end

	local is_latn_text, pos, char;
	is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, args.code);		-- is latn text? strip accept-as-written markup
	if not is_latn_text then													-- when text is not latn
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template);	-- abandon with error message
	end


	args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args);
	if msg then
		return make_error_msg (msg, args, template);
	end
	
	if 'italic' == args.italic then												-- 'italic' when |italic=yes; because that is same as absent or not set and |italic=default
		args.italic = nil;														-- set to nil; 
	end

	args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar;			-- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else

	if override_table[args.code] then											-- is code a language code defined in the override table?
		language_name = override_table[args.code];
		args.code = args.code:match ('^%a%a%a?');								-- if private use, strip all but language subtag
	elseif lang_table[args.code] then											-- is code a language code defined in the standard language code tables?
		language_name = lang_table[args.code];
	elseif lang_dep_table[args.code] then										-- is code a language code defined in the deprecated language code tables?
		language_name = lang_dep_table[args.code];
	elseif script_table[args.code] then											-- if here, code is not a language code; is it a script code?
		language_name = script_table[args.code];
		script = args.code;														-- code was an ISO 15924 script so use that instead
		args.code = '';															-- unset because not a language code
	else
		return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args.code}), args, template);	-- invalid language / script code
	end
																				-- here only when all parameters passed to make_translit() are valid
	return make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.text, args.translit_std, script, args.italic, args.engvar);
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; X L I T &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}.

]]

local function xlit (frame)
	return _xlit (getArgs(frame));
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G &gt;--------------------------------------------

Returns category name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else.

All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function.

Module entry point from another module.

]]

local function _category_from_tag (args_t)
	local subtags = {};															-- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private
	local raw_code = args_t[1];													-- save a copy of the input IETF subtag
	local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args_t.link;						-- make a boolean
	local label = args_t.label;
	local code;																	-- the language code
	local msg;																	-- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid
	local category_name = '';
	
	code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code);
	if msg then
		local template = (args_t.template and table.concat ({'{{', args_t.template, '}}: '})) or '';	-- make template name (if provided by the template)
		return make_error_span (template, msg);
	end

	raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private);	-- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private
	category_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code);							-- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant
	category_name = make_category (code, category_name, nil, true):gsub ('[%[%]]', '');

	if link then
		return table.concat ({'[[:', category_name, ']]'});
	else
		return category_name;
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G &gt;--------------------------------------------

Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}.

]]

local function category_from_tag (frame)										-- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|category_from_tag|&lt;IETF tag&gt;|template=&lt;template name&gt;}}
	return _category_from_tag (getArgs (frame));								-- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; E X P O R T E D   F U N C T I O N S &gt;------------------------------------------
]]

return {
	category_from_tag = category_from_tag,										-- frame entry points when this module is #invoke:ed into templates/wikitext
	lang = lang,																-- entry point for {{lang}}
	langx = langx,																-- entry point for {{langx}}
	lang_xx_inherit = lang_xx_inherit,											-- entry points for {{lang-??}}
	lang_xx_italic = lang_xx_italic,
	is_ietf_tag = is_ietf_tag,
	is_ietf_tag_frame = is_ietf_tag_frame,
	is_lang_name = is_lang_name,
	tag_from_name = tag_from_name,												-- returns IETF tag associated with language name
	name_from_tag = name_from_tag,												-- used for template documentation; possible use in ISO 639 name from code templates
	xlit = xlit,																-- entry point for {{transliteration}}
	
	_category_from_tag = _category_from_tag,									-- API entry points when this module is require()d into other modules
	_lang = _lang,
	_langx = _langx,
	_lang_xx_inherit = _lang_xx_inherit,
	_lang_xx_italic = _lang_xx_italic,
	_is_ietf_tag = _is_ietf_tag,
	get_ietf_parts = get_ietf_parts,
	_tag_from_name = _tag_from_name, 
	_name_from_tag = _name_from_tag,
	_xlit = _xlit,
	_translation_make = translation_make,
	};</text>
      <sha1>qwdubp3dzoo9pdr7gbom1fva4v068jr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz svedesc</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246318</id>
      <parentid>238812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:10:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="193" sha1="av2ng42lo8s51eky7riyaemg5pyl01i" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
L '''svedesc''' ie la [[rujeneda]] ufiziela de la [[Svezia]].

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}
[[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>av2ng42lo8s51eky7riyaemg5pyl01i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulo:Lang/configuration</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>189692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246279</id>
      <parentid>246273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T07:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246279</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="12132" sha1="c41nh3mwzcwtu8scp1nfyatqc6sf9gs" xml:space="preserve">--[[--------------------------&lt; T E M P L A T E S _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------
]]

local templates_t = {
	lang = 'Lang',
	langx = 'Langx',
	langxx = 'Lang-xx',
	transliteration = 'Transliteration',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; K N O W N _ P A R A M S &gt;------------------------------------------------------

lists of all parameters known to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-xx}} templates.

Exception: |fn= is known to {{lang}} but is not a 'lang' template;  that parameter causes the module to call the
specified lang(), lang_xx_inherit(), or lang_xx_italic() function.  These separate functions set |fn= to nill
and then do the known-param checking on the other template parameters

]]

local known_params_t = {
	['common_params_all_t'] = {													-- these parameters common to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{lang-xx}}
		['code'] = true,
		['text'] = true,
		['rtl'] = true,
		['italic'] = true,
		['italics'] = true,
		['i'] = true,
		['size'] = true,
		['proto'] = true,
		['nocat'] = true,
		['cat'] = true,

		['template'] = true,													-- supplied by external templates to provide template name for error messaging ({{nihongo}}, etc)
		},
	
	['params_lang_t'] = {														-- unique to {{lang}}
		[1] = true,																-- alias of |code=
		[2] = true,																-- alias of |text=
		},

	['params_x_t'] = {															-- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}}
		['translit'] = true,
		['translit-std'] = true,
		['translit-script'] = true,
		['translation'] = true,
		['lit='] = true,
		['label'] = true,
		['link'] = true,
		['links'] = true,
		['lit'] = true,
		['engvar'] = true,
		},

	['params_langx_t'] = {														-- unique to {{langx}}
		[1] = true,																-- alias of |code=
		[2] = true,																-- alias of |text=
		[3] = true,																-- alias of |translit=
		[4] = true,																-- alias of |translation=
		},

	['params_lang_xx_t'] = {													-- unique to {{lang-xx}}
		[1] = true,																-- alias of |text=
		[2] = true,																-- alias of |translit=
		[3] = true,																-- alias of |translation=
		['script'] = true,														-- these needed to override default params in {{lang-??}} templates
		['region'] = true,
		['variant'] = true,
		},
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; E N G _ V A R &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------

Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar
specified by a {{Use xxx English}}.  Not likely useful outside of en.wiki

This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no
need for the clutter.

]]

local engvar_sel_t = {															-- select either UK English or US English
	['au'] = 'gb_t',															-- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case)
	['ca'] = 'us_t',
	['gb'] = 'gb_t',
	['ie'] = 'gb_t',
	['in'] = 'gb_t',
	['nz'] = 'gb_t',
	['us'] = 'us_t',															-- default engvar
	['za'] = 'gb_t'
	};

local engvar_t = {
	['gb_t'] = {
		['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisazion',										-- lower case
		['romanisz_uc'] = 'romanisazion',										-- upper case; unused can be deleted
		['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanisà',											-- past tense
		},
	['us_t'] = {																-- default engvar
		['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisazion',										-- lower case
		['romanisz_uc'] = 'romanisazion',										-- upper case; unused can be deleted
		['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanisà',											-- past tense
		}
	}

local default_engvar = 'us_t';


--[[
=============================&lt;&lt; M E S S A G I N G   T A B L E S &gt;&gt;=============================================

these tables are for internationalization.  Messages or fragments thereof are mostly grouped by function name.
Some messages are shared by functions other than the function table that lists the message or fragment.

]]


--[[--------------------------&lt; K E Y W O R D S _ T &gt;----------------------------------------------------------
]]

local keywords_t = {
	['affirmative'] = 'yes',
	['negative'] = 'no',
	['unset'] = 'unset',
	['invert'] = 'invert',
	['default'] = 'default',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; M I S C _ T E X T _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------


]]

local misc_text_t = {
	['error'] = 'fal',														-- make_error_msg(), tag_from_name()
	['language'] = 'lingaz',													-- make_translit(), lang_xx(), name_from_tag()
	['help'] = 'aiut',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G _ T &gt;----------------------------------------------
]]

local make_error_msg_t = {
	['xlit_err_cat'] = 'Transliteration template errors',
	['lang_err_cat'] = 'Lang and lang-xx template errors',
	['undefined'] = 'undefined',
	}
	

--[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------
]]

local parameter_validate_t = {
	['invalid_param'] = 'invalid parameter: &amp;#124;$1=',							-- $1 is parameter name
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------
]]

local validate_italic_t = {
	['multi_italic'] = 'only one of &amp;#124;italic=, &amp;#124;italics=, or &amp;#124;i= can be specified',
	}
	

--[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E _ T E X T _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------
]]

local validate_text_t = {
	['no_text'] = 'no text',
	['malformed_markup'] = 'text has malformed markup',
	['italic_markup'] = 'text has italic markup',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T _ T &gt;------------------------------
]]

local text_script_match_test_t = {
	['latn_txt_mismatch'] = 'Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch',
	['latn_scr_mismatch'] = 'Non-latn text (pos $1: $2)/Latn script subtag mismatch',	-- $1 identifies offending character's position; $2 is the character
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------
]]

local lang_t = {
	['conflict_n_param'] = 'conflicting: {{{$1}}} and &amp;#124;$2=',				-- $1 is positional param number, $2 is named param; shared with _lang_xx()
	['conflict_n_param_types'] = {
		['code'] = 'code',
		['text'] = 'text',
		['translit'] = 'translit',
		},
	['invalid_proto'] = 'invalid &amp;#124;proto=: $1',								-- _lang_xx also emits this message
	}
	
	
--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G _ X X _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------
]]

local lang_xx_t	= {
	['conflict_n_lit'] = 'conflicting: {{{$1}}} and &amp;#124;lit= or &amp;#124;translation=',	-- $1 is positional parameter; can be either 3 ({{lang-??}}) or 4 ({{langx}})
	['conflict_lit'] = 'conflicting: &amp;#124;lit= and &amp;#124;translation=',
	['conflict_link'] = 'conflicting: &amp;#124;links= and &amp;#124;link=',
	['invalid_xlit_std'] = 'invalid translit-std',
	['romanization'] = 'Romanization of',
	['translit_nonlatn'] = 'transliteration text not Latin script (pos $1: $2)',	-- _xlit() also emits this message; $1 identifies offending character's position; $2 is the character
	['xlit_of_latn'] = 'transliteration of latn script',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------
]]

local tag_from_name_t = {
	['lang_not_found'] = 'language: $1 not found',								-- $1 is language name parameter value
	['missing_lang_name'] = 'missing language name',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; T R A N S L _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------
]]

local transl_t = {
	['unrecog_xlit_std'] = 'unrecognized transliteration standard: $1',			-- $1 is |translit_std- parameter value
	['no_text'] = 'no text',
	['missing_lang_scr'] = 'missing language / script code',
	['unrecog_lang_scr'] = 'unrecognized language / script code: $1',			-- $1 is the language/script code
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S _ T &gt;----------------------------------------------
]]

local get_ietf_parts_t = {
	['maint_promo_cat'] = 'Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1|$1',		-- $1 is ISO 639-2/3 subtag
	['maint_promo_msg'] = 'code: $1 promoted to code: $2',						-- $1 is ISO 639-2/3 subtag, $2 is synonymous ISO 639-1 subtag

	['missing_lang_tag'] = 'missing language tag',								-- also used in _langx()
	['redundant_scr'] = 'redundant script tag',
	['redundant_reg'] = 'redundant region tag',
	['redundant_var'] = 'redundant variant tag',
	['unrecog_tag'] = 'unrecognized language tag: $1',							-- $1 is the whole language tag
	['unrecog_code'] = 'unrecognized language code: $1',						-- $1 is code
	['unrecog_reg_code'] = 'unrecognized region: $1 for code: $2',				-- $1 is region, $2 is code
	['unrecog_scr_code'] = 'unrecognized script: $1 for code: $2',				-- $1 is script, $2 is code
	['script_code'] = 'script: $1 not supported for code: $2',					-- $1 is script, $2 is code
	['unrecog_var'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1',								-- $1 is variant
	['unrecog_var_code'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code: $2',				-- $1 is variant, $2 is code
	['unrecog_var_code_scr'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code-script pair: $2-$3',	-- $1 is variant, $2 is code, $3 is script
	['unrecog_var_code_reg'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code-region pair: $2-$3',	-- $1 is variant, $2 is code, $3 is region
	['unrecog_pri'] = 'unrecognized private tag: $1',							-- $1 is private tag
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T _ T &gt;----------------------------------------
]]

local language_name_get_t = {
	['deprecated_cat'] = 'Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|$1',	-- $1 is deprecated ISO 639 subtag
	['deprecated_msg'] = 'code: $1 is deprecated',								-- $1 is deprecated ISO 639 subtag
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; H T M L _ T I T L E _ T E X T _ T &gt;--------------------------------------------
]]

local make_text_html_t = {
	['zxx'] = 'text',															-- for zxx no linguistic content
	['collective'] = 'collective text',											-- for collective languages
	['individual'] = 'language text',											-- for individual languages
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E _ T &gt;------------------------------------------
]]

local translation_make_t = {
	['lit_xlation'] = 'Literal translation',									-- article title fragment and HTML title attribute
	['lit_abbr'] = 'lit.',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------
]]

local make_category_t = {
	['collective_cat'] = 'Category:Articles with text in',						-- for collective languages
	['cat_prefix'] = 'Category:Articles containing',							-- prefix for explicitly cited and individual languages
	['explicit_cat'] = 'explicitly cited',										-- for explicitly citing this wiki's language
	['cat_postfix'] = 'language text',											-- postfix for individual languages
	}
	

--[[--------------------------&lt; M A K E _ T R A N S L I T _ T &gt;------------------------------------------------
]]

local make_translit_t = {
	['script'] = 'script',
	['transliteration'] = 'transliteration',
	}


--[[--------------------------&lt; E X P O R T S &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
	known_params_t = known_params_t,
	templates_t = templates_t,

	default_engvar = default_engvar,											-- engvar support not likely useful outside of en.wiki
	engvar_t = engvar_t,
	engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t,

	get_ietf_parts_t = get_ietf_parts_t,										-- messaging tables
	keywords_t = keywords_t,
	lang_t = lang_t,
	lang_xx_t = lang_xx_t,
	language_name_get_t = language_name_get_t,
	make_category_t = make_category_t,
	make_error_msg_t = make_error_msg_t,
	make_text_html_t = make_text_html_t,
	make_translit_t = make_translit_t,
	misc_text_t = misc_text_t,
	parameter_validate_t = parameter_validate_t,
	tag_from_name_t = tag_from_name_t,
	text_script_match_test_t = text_script_match_test_t,
	transl_t = transl_t,
	translation_make_t = translation_make_t,
	validate_italic_t = validate_italic_t,
	validate_text_t = validate_text_t,
	}</text>
      <sha1>c41nh3mwzcwtu8scp1nfyatqc6sf9gs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingaz turch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246280</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T07:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{gherdëina}}L '''turch''' ie n [[lingaz turchich]] che vën rujenà te la [[Turchia]].&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246280</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="88" sha1="3eedrxf9r9293nuhdmejhpu76xi17es" xml:space="preserve">{{gherdëina}}L '''turch''' ie n [[lingaz turchich]] che vën rujenà te la [[Turchia]].</text>
      <sha1>3eedrxf9r9293nuhdmejhpu76xi17es</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Lingac indoeuropeics</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246281</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste | Name= Lingac indoeuropeics | Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] | Farbschema=grau | Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png   | Gruppe1= [[Italich]] | Inhalt1= [[spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]  | Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | Inhalt2= ngl...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1294" sha1="hpiol21t75h7za19caf9lr7piclt42w" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[yiddisc]]
&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[ Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe4= [[Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe5= [[Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe7= [[Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe8= [[Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hpiol21t75h7za19caf9lr7piclt42w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246282</id>
      <parentid>246281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:12:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1960" sha1="qifwhp2to9to7y70ydzpurafdvyv98v" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[ Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe5= [[Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe7= [[Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe8= [[Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qifwhp2to9to7y70ydzpurafdvyv98v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246283</id>
      <parentid>246282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2570" sha1="bnzii3c3z3qwv7mu5uu1zyryaw5uzgu" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[ Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]]

| Gruppe5= [[Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[lingaz irlandesc|rus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|polach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|ucrain]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|serbo-croat]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|cech]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|bulgar]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|slovach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|belarus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|lituan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|sloven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|macedon]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|letton]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe7= [[Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe8= [[Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bnzii3c3z3qwv7mu5uu1zyryaw5uzgu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246284</id>
      <parentid>246283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2638" sha1="ia15fgutvozhta6s65qgxgquk19ks84" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]]

| Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[lingaz irlandesc|rus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|polach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|ucrain]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|serbo-croat]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|cech]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|bulgar]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|slovach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|belarus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|lituan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|sloven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|macedon]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|letton]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe7= [[Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]

| Gruppe8= [[Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[Sajon de plueia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[Sajon suta]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ia15fgutvozhta6s65qgxgquk19ks84</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246285</id>
      <parentid>246284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2601" sha1="ckf4wid9yrl1xl7uwnmthx0jmj9ft0q" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]]

| Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[lingaz irlandesc|rus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|polach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|ucrain]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|serbo-croat]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|cech]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|bulgar]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|slovach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|belarus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|lituan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|sloven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|macedon]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|letton]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]]

| Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]]

| Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ckf4wid9yrl1xl7uwnmthx0jmj9ft0q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246298</id>
      <parentid>246285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2614" sha1="0pai1t8fwvwjxusjdt8j0i3q84sx101" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]]

| Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[lingaz irlandesc|rus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|polach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|ucrain]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|serbo-croat]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|cech]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|bulgar]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|slovach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|belarus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|lituan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|sloven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|macedon]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|letton]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]]

| Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]]

| Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0pai1t8fwvwjxusjdt8j0i3q84sx101</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246299</id>
      <parentid>246298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:01:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2628" sha1="bz3xen0ffyfs3g7dnltohcuv3xfhew9" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]]

| Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[lingaz irlandesc|rus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|polach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|ucrain]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|serbo-croat]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|cech]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|bulgar]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|slovach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|belarus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|lituan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|sloven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|macedon]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|letton]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]]

| Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]]

| Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bz3xen0ffyfs3g7dnltohcuv3xfhew9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246300</id>
      <parentid>246299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2642" sha1="m8vc7kbaazg35knxle4eaa9k0h0blkt" xml:space="preserve">{{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste
| Name= Lingac indoeuropeics
| Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]
| Farbschema=grau
| Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png
 
| Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]]
| Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz furlan|furlan]]

| Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]]
| Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]]

| Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]]
| Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]]

| Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]]
| Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]]

| Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slav]]
| Inhalt5= [[lingaz irlandesc|rus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|polach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|ucrain]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|serbo-croat]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|cech]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|bulgar]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|slovach]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|belarus]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|lituan]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|sloven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|macedon]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull; [[lingaz irlandesc|letton]]

| Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]]
| Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]]

| Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]]
| Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]]

| Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]]
| Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m8vc7kbaazg35knxle4eaa9k0h0blkt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingac celtics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246286</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac celtics''' ie n ram di [[lingac indo-europeics]] che vën dala [[rujeneda proto-celtica]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Celtic languages: An Overview&quot;, Donald MacAulay, ''The Celtic Languages'', ed. Donald MacAulay, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; La parola &quot;celtich&quot; fova stata adurveda per l prim iede per fé referimënt a chësta familia de rujenedes da [[Edward Lhuyd]] tl 1707,&lt;ref&gt;Cunliffe, Barry W. 2003. ''The Celts: a very short introduction''. pg...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="810" sha1="10jw0cfjjnt2hajil2zsf8kljlpr51j" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
I '''lingac celtics''' ie n ram di [[lingac indo-europeics]] che vën dala [[rujeneda proto-celtica]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Celtic languages: An Overview&quot;, Donald MacAulay, ''The Celtic Languages'', ed. Donald MacAulay, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; La parola &quot;celtich&quot; fova stata adurveda per l prim iede per fé referimënt a chësta familia de rujenedes da [[Edward Lhuyd]] tl 1707,&lt;ref&gt;Cunliffe, Barry W. 2003. ''The Celts: a very short introduction''. pg.48&lt;/ref&gt; do che [[Paul-Yves Pezron]] ova abinà n liam cuncret danter i populi [[celtics]] che unia dant te la scritures tlasiches y la rujeneda [[lingaz valis|valisa]] y [[lingaz breton|bretona]].&lt;ref&gt;Alice Roberts, ''The Celts'' (Heron Books 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;{{pn |date=March 2026}}

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>10jw0cfjjnt2hajil2zsf8kljlpr51j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246287</id>
      <parentid>246286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:30:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="787" sha1="jlcfv8wm1wi7e314d5ddxjvb28r6bt8" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
I '''lingac celtics''' ie n ram di [[lingac indo-europeics]] che vën dala [[rujeneda proto-celtica]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Celtic languages: An Overview&quot;, Donald MacAulay, ''The Celtic Languages'', ed. Donald MacAulay, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; La parola &quot;celtich&quot; fova stata adurveda per l prim iede per fé referimënt a chësta familia de rujenedes da [[Edward Lhuyd]] tl 1707,&lt;ref&gt;Cunliffe, Barry W. 2003. ''The Celts: a very short introduction''. pg.48&lt;/ref&gt; do che [[Paul-Yves Pezron]] ova abinà n liam cuncret danter i populi [[celtics]] che unia dant te la scritures tlasiches y la rujeneda [[lingaz valis|valisa]] y [[lingaz breton|bretona]].&lt;ref&gt;Alice Roberts, ''The Celts'' (Heron Books 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jlcfv8wm1wi7e314d5ddxjvb28r6bt8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246307</id>
      <parentid>246287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="813" sha1="bmcdwrgxpz3x8utcgcsb2degitav2f0" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
I '''lingac celtics''' ie n ram di [[lingac indo-europeics]] che vën dala [[rujeneda proto-celtica]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Celtic languages: An Overview&quot;, Donald MacAulay, ''The Celtic Languages'', ed. Donald MacAulay, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; La parola &quot;celtich&quot; fova stata adurveda per l prim iede per fé referimënt a chësta familia de rujenedes da [[Edward Lhuyd]] tl 1707,&lt;ref&gt;Cunliffe, Barry W. 2003. ''The Celts: a very short introduction''. pg.48&lt;/ref&gt; do che [[Paul-Yves Pezron]] ova abinà n liam cuncret danter i populi [[celtics]] che unia dant te la scritures tlasiches y la rujeneda [[lingaz valis|valisa]] y [[lingaz breton|bretona]].&lt;ref&gt;Alice Roberts, ''The Celts'' (Heron Books 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>bmcdwrgxpz3x8utcgcsb2degitav2f0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingac indo-iranians</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246288</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Gherdëina}} I lingac indo-iranians ie l majer ram de la familia di lingac indo-europeics. Leprò toca plu de 300 rujenedes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/indo-iranian | title=Indo-Iranian| work = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320 | title=Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian| access-date = 1 February 2023| work = [[Glottolog]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; che vën rujeneds da zirca 1,7 miliarc...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="646" sha1="tcp25vfj4zioeq9m6neqrkq6gte1f46" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
I lingac indo-iranians ie l majer ram de la familia di lingac indo-europeics. Leprò toca plu de 300 rujenedes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/indo-iranian | title=Indo-Iranian| work = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320 | title=Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian| access-date = 1 February 2023| work = [[Glottolog]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; che vën rujeneds da zirca 1,7 miliarc de persones sëura dut l mond, dantaldut te l'[[Asia dl sud]], l'[[Asia dl vest]] y pertes de l'[[Asia zentrela]].

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tcp25vfj4zioeq9m6neqrkq6gte1f46</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246289</id>
      <parentid>246288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="2og9pchtgaoujnhxmdogkuy2hkaszd9" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
I '''lingac indo-iranians''' ie l majer ram de la familia di [[lingac indo-europeics]]. Leprò toca plu de 300 rujenedes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/indo-iranian | title=Indo-Iranian| work = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320 | title=Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian| access-date = 1 February 2023| work = [[Glottolog]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; che vën rujeneds da zirca 1,7 miliarc de persones sëura dut l mond, dantaldut te l'[[Asia dl sud]], l'[[Asia dl vest]] y pertes de l'[[Asia zentrela]].

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2og9pchtgaoujnhxmdogkuy2hkaszd9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>246290</id>
      <parentid>246289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T08:59:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>246290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="682" sha1="95dohjuyfsi6wjccurkfab8pciwh8fv" xml:space="preserve">{{Gherdëina}}
I '''lingac indo-iranians''' ie l majer ram de la familia di [[lingac indo-europeics]]. Leprò toca plu de 300 rujenedes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/indo-iranian | title=Indo-Iranian| work = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320 | title=Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian| access-date = 1 February 2023| work = [[Glottolog]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; che vën rujeneds da zirca 1,7 miliarc de persones sëura dut l mond, dantaldut te l'[[Asia dl sud]], l'[[Asia dl vest]] y pertes de l'[[Asia zentrela]].

==Storia==
==Gramatica==
==Referënzes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lingac indoeuropeics}}</text>
      <sha1>95dohjuyfsi6wjccurkfab8pciwh8fv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes Celtiches</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189699</id>
    <redirect title="Lingac celtics" />
    <revision>
      <id>246309</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac celtics]]</comment>
      <origin>246309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="ctsgi4v9u17eh336ye4oxxmbxq3nhds" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Lingac celtics]]</text>
      <sha1>ctsgi4v9u17eh336ye4oxxmbxq3nhds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes celtiches</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189700</id>
    <redirect title="Lingac celtics" />
    <revision>
      <id>246311</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac celtics]]</comment>
      <origin>246311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="ctsgi4v9u17eh336ye4oxxmbxq3nhds" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Lingac celtics]]</text>
      <sha1>ctsgi4v9u17eh336ye4oxxmbxq3nhds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes indo-iranianes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189701</id>
    <redirect title="Lingac indo-iranians" />
    <revision>
      <id>246312</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:06:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac indo-iranians]]</comment>
      <origin>246312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="flbgfsm2h6qis1fyd3dqhd16gmtvj6v" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Lingac indo-iranians]]</text>
      <sha1>flbgfsm2h6qis1fyd3dqhd16gmtvj6v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingac indo-europeics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189702</id>
    <redirect title="Lingac indoeuropeics" />
    <revision>
      <id>246313</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]</comment>
      <origin>246313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="5gqycx4u3y870tv72n44c8mwitb36y3" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Lingac indoeuropeics]]</text>
      <sha1>5gqycx4u3y870tv72n44c8mwitb36y3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes neolatines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189703</id>
    <redirect title="Lingac romanc" />
    <revision>
      <id>246315</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac romanc]]</comment>
      <origin>246315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="2e0xztrt17vdk6lr72f4ifevutg32f3" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Lingac romanc]]</text>
      <sha1>2e0xztrt17vdk6lr72f4ifevutg32f3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rujenedes Indo-Iranianes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189704</id>
    <redirect title="Lingac indo-iranians" />
    <revision>
      <id>246319</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac indo-iranians]]</comment>
      <origin>246319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="flbgfsm2h6qis1fyd3dqhd16gmtvj6v" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Lingac indo-iranians]]</text>
      <sha1>flbgfsm2h6qis1fyd3dqhd16gmtvj6v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Swiss populations ref</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246322</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Swiss populations data {{{1}}}|{{{2|}}}|QUELLE}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="fle2wbooqbq7on2r2vyu74qu7aujdi8" xml:space="preserve">{{Swiss populations data {{{1}}}|{{{2|}}}|QUELLE}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fle2wbooqbq7on2r2vyu74qu7aujdi8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Swiss populations ref/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246323</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:39:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} This template displays the reference for the population from [[:Category:Swiss populations data templates|Swiss population data]].  ==Usage==  The template uses the following syntax &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Swiss populations ref|ISO code|SFOS number}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;  ==Parameters== * ''ISO code'' is the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] code for Switzerland followed by a &quot;-&quot; and the ISO code for the...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1736" sha1="ghygn9znsaz3rcd7hymsrtufataq6ui" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use}}
This template displays the reference for the population from [[:Category:Swiss populations data templates|Swiss population data]].

==Usage==

The template uses the following syntax
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Swiss populations ref|ISO code|SFOS number}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Parameters==
* ''ISO code'' is the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] code for Switzerland followed by a &quot;-&quot; and the ISO code for the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Canton]] e.g. &lt;code&gt;CH-BE&lt;/code&gt; would be for any municipality in the [[Canton of Bern]].  For a list of the 26 cantons, see [[Cantons of Switzerland#List|List of Swiss Cantons]].
* ''SFOS number'' is the [[Community Identification Number#Switzerland|Community Identification Number]] for each municipality.  It is found in the individual municipality's infobox.  ex. &lt;code&gt;0351&lt;/code&gt; is the code for [[Bern]].  Larger political organizations also have a SFOS number, for example &lt;code&gt;B0246&lt;/code&gt; is the number for the [[Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]].

==Example==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Swiss populations ref|CH-BE|0301}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
returns {{Swiss populations ref|CH-BE|0301}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

==See also==

* [[Template:Swiss populations]] provides the actual population number
* [[Template:Swiss populations date]] provides the date that the population was recorded
* [[Template:Swiss populations YM]] returns only the year and month
* [[Template:Swiss populations Y]] returns only the year

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
[[Category:Swiss populations data templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ghygn9znsaz3rcd7hymsrtufataq6ui</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Swiss populations data CH-ZH</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246325</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if: {{{2|}}} |				   {{#switch: {{{2|}}} &lt;!-- Stand und Quelle sind unabhängig vom Gemeindeschlüssel --&gt;				   | STAND = 31 December 2020				   | QUELLE  = &lt;ref name=Stat2020_ZH&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201 |title=Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit |date= 31 December 2020|website= bfs.admin.ch|publisher= Swiss Federal Statist...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8068" sha1="69naz6o3syt5wbbauzafqpfxu8tori1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if: {{{2|}}} |				
  {{#switch: {{{2|}}} &lt;!-- Stand und Quelle sind unabhängig vom Gemeindeschlüssel --&gt;				
  | STAND = 31 December 2020				
  | QUELLE  = &lt;ref name=Stat2020_ZH&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201 |title=Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit |date= 31 December 2020|website= bfs.admin.ch|publisher= Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB|access-date= 21 September 2021 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;				
  | YM = December 2020				
  | YEAR = 2020				
  | #default= &lt;strong class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Incorrect Municipal Code 2 &lt;samp&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;[[Category:Swiss populations data templates/Failure]]				
}} |				
{{#switch: {{{1}}}				
| TIMESTAMP = 31 December 2020				
| YM = December 2020				
| YEAR = 2020				
| Quelle = [https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201 Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB], online database – Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit				
|	CH-ZH	=	1553423	&lt;!-- Canton of  Zürich --&gt;
|	B0101	=	55839	&lt;!-- Bezirk Affoltern --&gt;
|	0001	=	2014	&lt;!-- Aeugst am Albis --&gt;
|	0002	=	12289	&lt;!-- Affoltern am Albis --&gt;
|	0003	=	5610	&lt;!-- Bonstetten --&gt;
|	0004	=	3801	&lt;!-- Hausen am Albis --&gt;
|	0005	=	3795	&lt;!-- Hedingen --&gt;
|	0006	=	1245	&lt;!-- Kappel am Albis --&gt;
|	0007	=	2369	&lt;!-- Knonau --&gt;
|	0008	=	641	&lt;!-- Maschwanden --&gt;
|	0009	=	5380	&lt;!-- Mettmenstetten --&gt;
|	0010	=	5779	&lt;!-- Obfelden --&gt;
|	0011	=	2704	&lt;!-- Ottenbach --&gt;
|	0012	=	1148	&lt;!-- Rifferswil --&gt;
|	0013	=	3783	&lt;!-- Stallikon --&gt;
|	0014	=	5281	&lt;!-- Wettswil am Albis --&gt;
|	B0102	=	31959	&lt;!-- Bezirk Andelfingen --&gt;
|	0021	=	693	&lt;!-- Adlikon --&gt;
|	0022	=	856	&lt;!-- Benken (ZH) --&gt;
|	0023	=	595	&lt;!-- Berg am Irchel --&gt;
|	0024	=	1022	&lt;!-- Buch am Irchel --&gt;
|	0025	=	1917	&lt;!-- Dachsen --&gt;
|	0026	=	666	&lt;!-- Dorf --&gt;
|	0027	=	3697	&lt;!-- Feuerthalen --&gt;
|	0028	=	1430	&lt;!-- Flaach --&gt;
|	0029	=	1552	&lt;!-- Flurlingen --&gt;
|	0030	=	2232	&lt;!-- Andelfingen --&gt;
|	0031	=	2293	&lt;!-- Henggart --&gt;
|	0032	=	484	&lt;!-- Humlikon --&gt;
|	0033	=	2104	&lt;!-- Kleinandelfingen --&gt;
|	0034	=	1779	&lt;!-- Laufen-Uhwiesen --&gt;
|	0035	=	1933	&lt;!-- Marthalen --&gt;
|	0037	=	1724	&lt;!-- Ossingen --&gt;
|	0038	=	1287	&lt;!-- Rheinau --&gt;
|	0039	=	949	&lt;!-- Thalheim an der Thur --&gt;
|	0040	=	1055	&lt;!-- Trüllikon --&gt;
|	0041	=	449	&lt;!-- Truttikon --&gt;
|	0043	=	383	&lt;!-- Volken --&gt;
|	0292	=	2859	&lt;!-- Stammheim --&gt;
|	B0103	=	156900	&lt;!-- Bezirk Bülach --&gt;
|	0051	=	4188	&lt;!-- Bachenbülach --&gt;
|	0052	=	11924	&lt;!-- Bassersdorf --&gt;
|	0053	=	21998	&lt;!-- Bülach --&gt;
|	0054	=	7875	&lt;!-- Dietlikon --&gt;
|	0055	=	5491	&lt;!-- Eglisau --&gt;
|	0056	=	9610	&lt;!-- Embrach --&gt;
|	0057	=	2397	&lt;!-- Freienstein-Teufen --&gt;
|	0058	=	5266	&lt;!-- Glattfelden --&gt;
|	0059	=	2020	&lt;!-- Hochfelden --&gt;
|	0060	=	2951	&lt;!-- Höri --&gt;
|	0061	=	1067	&lt;!-- Hüntwangen --&gt;
|	0062	=	20429	&lt;!-- Kloten --&gt;
|	0063	=	2562	&lt;!-- Lufingen --&gt;
|	0064	=	5628	&lt;!-- Nürensdorf --&gt;
|	0065	=	1105	&lt;!-- Oberembrach --&gt;
|	0066	=	20954	&lt;!-- Opfikon --&gt;
|	0067	=	4628	&lt;!-- Rafz --&gt;
|	0068	=	2885	&lt;!-- Rorbas --&gt;
|	0069	=	17218	&lt;!-- Wallisellen --&gt;
|	0070	=	568	&lt;!-- Wasterkingen --&gt;
|	0071	=	1488	&lt;!-- Wil (ZH) --&gt;
|	0072	=	4648	&lt;!-- Winkel --&gt;
|	B0104	=	92079	&lt;!-- Bezirk Dielsdorf --&gt;
|	0081	=	613	&lt;!-- Bachs --&gt;
|	0082	=	1472	&lt;!-- Boppelsen --&gt;
|	0083	=	6555	&lt;!-- Buchs (ZH) --&gt;
|	0084	=	4278	&lt;!-- Dällikon --&gt;
|	0085	=	1846	&lt;!-- Dänikon --&gt;
|	0086	=	5968	&lt;!-- Dielsdorf --&gt;
|	0087	=	951	&lt;!-- Hüttikon --&gt;
|	0088	=	3229	&lt;!-- Neerach --&gt;
|	0089	=	4938	&lt;!-- Niederglatt --&gt;
|	0090	=	9449	&lt;!-- Niederhasli --&gt;
|	0091	=	3089	&lt;!-- Niederweningen --&gt;
|	0092	=	7386	&lt;!-- Oberglatt --&gt;
|	0093	=	1897	&lt;!-- Oberweningen --&gt;
|	0094	=	2943	&lt;!-- Otelfingen --&gt;
|	0095	=	459	&lt;!-- Regensberg --&gt;
|	0096	=	18568	&lt;!-- Regensdorf --&gt;
|	0097	=	8277	&lt;!-- Rümlang --&gt;
|	0098	=	858	&lt;!-- Schleinikon --&gt;
|	0099	=	1394	&lt;!-- Schöfflisdorf --&gt;
|	0100	=	2336	&lt;!-- Stadel --&gt;
|	0101	=	3583	&lt;!-- Steinmaur --&gt;
|	0102	=	1990	&lt;!-- Weiach --&gt;
|	B0105	=	97098	&lt;!-- Bezirk Hinwil --&gt;
|	0111	=	5052	&lt;!-- Bäretswil --&gt;
|	0112	=	7371	&lt;!-- Bubikon --&gt;
|	0113	=	7645	&lt;!-- Dürnten --&gt;
|	0114	=	2501	&lt;!-- Fischenthal --&gt;
|	0115	=	10282	&lt;!-- Gossau (ZH) --&gt;
|	0116	=	3716	&lt;!-- Grüningen --&gt;
|	0117	=	11354	&lt;!-- Hinwil --&gt;
|	0118	=	12494	&lt;!-- Rüti (ZH) --&gt;
|	0119	=	1427	&lt;!-- Seegräben --&gt;
|	0120	=	10200	&lt;!-- Wald (ZH) --&gt;
|	0121	=	25056	&lt;!-- Wetzikon (ZH) --&gt;
|	B0106	=	127263	&lt;!-- Bezirk Horgen --&gt;
|	0131	=	19049	&lt;!-- Adliswil --&gt;
|	0135	=	9207	&lt;!-- Kilchberg (ZH) --&gt;
|	0136	=	7902	&lt;!-- Langnau am Albis --&gt;
|	0137	=	5122	&lt;!-- Oberrieden --&gt;
|	0138	=	13670	&lt;!-- Richterswil --&gt;
|	0139	=	6113	&lt;!-- Rüschlikon --&gt;
|	0141	=	18278	&lt;!-- Thalwil --&gt;
|	0293	=	24832	&lt;!-- Wädenswil --&gt;
|	0295	=	23090	&lt;!-- Horgen, following 2018 merger --&gt;
|	B0107	=	106506	&lt;!-- Bezirk Meilen --&gt;
|	0151	=	5606	&lt;!-- Erlenbach (ZH) --&gt;
|	0152	=	6567	&lt;!-- Herrliberg --&gt;
|	0153	=	8815	&lt;!-- Hombrechtikon --&gt;
|	0154	=	14811	&lt;!-- Küsnacht (ZH) --&gt;
|	0155	=	11397	&lt;!-- Männedorf --&gt;
|	0156	=	14539	&lt;!-- Meilen --&gt;
|	0157	=	4857	&lt;!-- Oetwil am See --&gt;
|	0158	=	14791	&lt;!-- Stäfa --&gt;
|	0159	=	6225	&lt;!-- Uetikon am See --&gt;
|	0160	=	5587	&lt;!-- Zumikon --&gt;
|	0161	=	13311	&lt;!-- Zollikon --&gt;
|	B0108	=	61081	&lt;!-- Bezirk Pfäffikon --&gt;
|	0172	=	6574	&lt;!-- Fehraltorf --&gt;
|	0173	=	3733	&lt;!-- Hittnau --&gt;
|	0176	=	5585	&lt;!-- Lindau --&gt;
|	0177	=	12174	&lt;!-- Pfäffikon --&gt;
|	0178	=	4410	&lt;!-- Russikon --&gt;
|	0180	=	3365	&lt;!-- Weisslingen --&gt;
|	0181	=	1998	&lt;!-- Wila --&gt;
|	0182	=	1009	&lt;!-- Wildberg --&gt;
|	0296	=	17352	&lt;!-- Illnau-Effretikon --&gt;
|	0297	=	4881	&lt;!-- Bauma --&gt;
|	B0109	=	135234	&lt;!-- Bezirk Uster --&gt;
|	0191	=	29907	&lt;!-- Dübendorf --&gt;
|	0192	=	8829	&lt;!-- Egg --&gt;
|	0193	=	8934	&lt;!-- Fällanden --&gt;
|	0194	=	5307	&lt;!-- Greifensee --&gt;
|	0195	=	10780	&lt;!-- Maur --&gt;
|	0196	=	4082	&lt;!-- Mönchaltorf --&gt;
|	0197	=	5193	&lt;!-- Schwerzenbach --&gt;
|	0198	=	35337	&lt;!-- Uster --&gt;
|	0199	=	18865	&lt;!-- Volketswil --&gt;
|	0200	=	8000	&lt;!-- Wangen-Brüttisellen --&gt;
|	B0110	=	173053	&lt;!-- Bezirk Winterthur --&gt;
|	0211	=	701	&lt;!-- Altikon --&gt;
|	0213	=	2063	&lt;!-- Brütten --&gt;
|	0214	=	1037	&lt;!-- Dägerlen --&gt;
|	0215	=	797	&lt;!-- Dättlikon --&gt;
|	0216	=	1741	&lt;!-- Dinhard --&gt;
|	0218	=	936	&lt;!-- Ellikon an der Thur --&gt;
|	0219	=	3657	&lt;!-- Elsau --&gt;
|	0220	=	1095	&lt;!-- Hagenbuch --&gt;
|	0221	=	3101	&lt;!-- Hettlingen --&gt;
|	0223	=	5756	&lt;!-- Neftenbach --&gt;
|	0224	=	3948	&lt;!-- Pfungen --&gt;
|	0225	=	2796	&lt;!-- Rickenbach (ZH) --&gt;
|	0226	=	779	&lt;!-- Schlatt (ZH) --&gt;
|	0227	=	7420	&lt;!-- Seuzach --&gt;
|	0228	=	4983	&lt;!-- Turbenthal --&gt;
|	0230	=	114220	&lt;!-- Winterthur --&gt;
|	0231	=	6430	&lt;!-- Zell (ZH) --&gt;
|	0294	=	4960	&lt;!-- Elgg, following 2018 merger --&gt;
|	0298	=	6633	&lt;!-- Wiesendangen --&gt;
|	B0111	=	94533	&lt;!-- Bezirk Dietikon --&gt;
|	0241	=	1709	&lt;!-- Aesch (ZH) --&gt;
|	0242	=	6909	&lt;!-- Birmensdorf (ZH) --&gt;
|	0243	=	28057	&lt;!-- Dietikon --&gt;
|	0244	=	5046	&lt;!-- Geroldswil --&gt;
|	0245	=	6721	&lt;!-- Oberengstringen --&gt;
|	0246	=	2529	&lt;!-- Oetwil an der Limmat --&gt;
|	0247	=	19881	&lt;!-- Schlieren --&gt;
|	0248	=	4809	&lt;!-- Uitikon --&gt;
|	0249	=	3984	&lt;!-- Unterengstringen --&gt;
|	0250	=	10019	&lt;!-- Urdorf --&gt;
|	0251	=	4869	&lt;!-- Weiningen (ZH) --&gt;
|	B0112	=	421878	&lt;!-- Bezirk Zürich --&gt;
|	0261	=	421878	&lt;!-- Zürich --&gt;

&lt;!-- Former municipalities --&gt;
|	0036	=	1164	&lt;!-- Oberstammheim --&gt;
|	0042	=	928	&lt;!-- Unterstammheim --&gt;
|	0044	=	655	&lt;!-- Waltalingen --&gt;
|	0132	=	2179	&lt;!-- Hirzel, following 2018 merger --&gt;
|	0134	=	888	&lt;!-- Hütten --&gt;
|	0140	=	1832	&lt;!-- Schönenberg (ZH) --&gt;
|	0142	=	21792	&lt;!-- Wädenswil --&gt;	
|	0174	=	16298	&lt;!--	Illnau-Effretikon, per 2016 merger number	--&gt;
|	0175	=	411	&lt;!--	Kyburg	--&gt;
|	0171	=	4367	&lt;!-- Bauma --&gt;
|	0179	=	351	&lt;!--	Sternenberg	--&gt;
|	0212	=	1084	&lt;!-- Bertschikon --&gt;
|	0222	=	500	&lt;!-- Hofstetten (ZH), following 2018 merger --&gt;
|	0229	=	4955	&lt;!-- Wiesendangen --&gt;
| #default= &lt;strong class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Incorrect Municipal Code 1 &lt;samp&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;[[Category:Swiss populations data templates/Failure]]
}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>69naz6o3syt5wbbauzafqpfxu8tori1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Swiss populations data CH-ZH/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246326</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:42:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Documentation subpage}} &lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;  === Usage === This metadata contains the population of the [[Municipalities of Switzerland|Municipalities]] of the [[Canton of Zürich]] from {{Swiss populations data CH-ZH|TIMESTAMP}}. Data is from {{Swiss populations data CH-ZH|Quelle}}. This data is used by multiple templates, please edit with care.  Format is [[Community_Identification_Number#Switzerland|SFOS number]]...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="686" sha1="scrv5jn94jdkypzxtnwp0ta93ozl6q3" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

=== Usage ===
This metadata contains the population of the [[Municipalities of Switzerland|Municipalities]] of the [[Canton of Zürich]] from {{Swiss populations data CH-ZH|TIMESTAMP}}. Data is from {{Swiss populations data CH-ZH|Quelle}}. This data is used by multiple templates, please edit with care.  Format is [[Community_Identification_Number#Switzerland|SFOS number]] followed by population without commas.

=== See also ===

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Swiss populations data templates|Data CH-ZH]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>scrv5jn94jdkypzxtnwp0ta93ozl6q3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Densità</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246327</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:43:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{disp|}}} | table | style=text-align:right {{!}} {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum: {{{p|{{{1|}}}}}}|R}} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }} {{!!}} style=text-align:right {{!}} {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum: {{{a|{{{2|}}}}}}|R}} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }} {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{!!}} style=text-align:right {{!}} {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum:{{{a|{{{2|}}}}}}|R}} {{#switch: {{{3|}}} | km2=*0.38610 | sqmi=/0.38610 | }} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }} }} {{!!}} style=t...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="959" sha1="l79sgo398o0b837kvq38qig6b9he9hz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{disp|}}} | table | style=text-align:right {{!}} {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum: {{{p|{{{1|}}}}}}|R}} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }} {{!!}} style=text-align:right {{!}} {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum: {{{a|{{{2|}}}}}}|R}} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }} {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{!!}} style=text-align:right {{!}} {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum:{{{a|{{{2|}}}}}}|R}} {{#switch: {{{3|}}} | km2=*0.38610 | sqmi=/0.38610 | }} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }} }} {{!!}} style=text-align:right {{!}} }}{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum:{{{p|{{{1|}}}}}}|R}} / {{formatnum:{{{a|{{{2|}}}}}}|R}} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }}{{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{disp|}}} | table | {{!!}} style=text-align:right {{!}} | &amp;nbsp;(}}{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum:{{{p|{{{1|}}}}}}|R}} / {{formatnum:{{{a|{{{2|}}}}}}|R}} {{#switch: {{{3|}}} | km2=/0.38610 | sqmi=*0.38610 | }} round {{{pad|0}}} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{disp|}}} | table || )}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l79sgo398o0b837kvq38qig6b9he9hz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Densità/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246328</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:43:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Documentation subpage}} Template makes a simple ratio calculation, that can be used for population densities (amongst other things). ==Usage== {{tbullet|density|1000|10}} * {{code|{{density{{!}}p{{=}}1000{{!}}a{{=}}10}}}} &amp;rarr; {{density|p=1000|a=10}} {{tbullet|density|1000|10|km2}}  {| class=wikitable ! Code !! Population !! Area !! Density |- | {{code|{{density{{!}}disp{{=}}table{{!}}1000{{!}}10}}}} || {{density|disp=table|1000|10}} |}  {| class=wikitable ! rowspan=...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="999" sha1="d2hl58u7coevdqnedrtbmmohqzkxpqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
Template makes a simple ratio calculation, that can be used for population densities (amongst other things).
==Usage==
{{tbullet|density|1000|10}}
* {{code|{{density{{!}}p{{=}}1000{{!}}a{{=}}10}}}} &amp;rarr; {{density|p=1000|a=10}}
{{tbullet|density|1000|10|km2}}

{| class=wikitable
! Code !! Population !! Area !! Density
|-
| {{code|{{density{{!}}disp{{=}}table{{!}}1000{{!}}10}}}} || {{density|disp=table|1000|10}}
|}

{| class=wikitable
! rowspan=2 | Code !! rowspan=2 | Population !! colspan=2 | Area !! colspan=2 | Density
|-
! {{small|{{nobold|(km{{sup|2}})}}}} !! {{small|{{nobold|(sqmi)}}}} !! {{small|{{nobold|(/km{{sup|2}})}}}} !! {{small|{{nobold|(/sqmi)}}}}
|-
| {{code|{{density{{!}}disp{{=}}table{{!}}1000{{!}}10{{!}}km2}}}} || {{density|disp=table|1000|10|km2}}
|}

==See also==
* {{tl|Pop density}}
* {{tl|Population density WD}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories below this line --&gt;
[[Category:Mathematical function templates]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d2hl58u7coevdqnedrtbmmohqzkxpqm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tbullet</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189711</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Template example bullet" />
    <revision>
      <id>246329</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Template:Template example bullet]]</comment>
      <origin>246329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="ov954gas2t9wsu129y3iiijejx8pdwo" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template:Template example bullet]]</text>
      <sha1>ov954gas2t9wsu129y3iiijejx8pdwo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Template example bullet</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246330</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:44:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;* &lt;!--  --&gt;{{#if:{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}      |   &lt;span style=&quot;{{#if:{{{codesize|}}}|font-size:{{{codesize}}}}};{{{codestyle|}}}&quot;&gt;&lt;!--           --&gt;{{Tlx|{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}}}&lt;!--       --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;→&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--           --&gt;{{#if:{{{7|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}|3={{{4}}}|4={{{5}}}|5={{{6}}}|6={{{7}}}}}               | {{#if:{{{6|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1160" sha1="mair0jnq111v1dk09sr1e48seijep2a" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;* &lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}
     |   &lt;span style=&quot;{{#if:{{{codesize|}}}|font-size:{{{codesize}}}}};{{{codestyle|}}}&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
          --&gt;{{Tlx|{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}}}&lt;!--
      --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;→&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--
          --&gt;{{#if:{{{7|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}|3={{{4}}}|4={{{5}}}|5={{{6}}}|6={{{7}}}}}
              | {{#if:{{{6|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}|3={{{4}}}|4={{{5}}}|5={{{6}}}}}
                 | {{#if:{{{5|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}|3={{{4}}}|4={{{5}}}}}
                    | {{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}|3={{{4}}}}}
                       | {{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}}}
                          | {{#if:{{{2|}}} |{{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}|1={{{2}}}}}
                             | {{{{{1|{{THISTEMPLATE}}}}}}}
             }} }} }} }} }} }}
     |   &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:bigger;color:#FF0000;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;ERROR:&lt;/span&gt; No template specified.
    }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mair0jnq111v1dk09sr1e48seijep2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Template example bullet/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>246331</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creata pagina con &quot;{{Documentation subpage}}{{tsh|Tbullet}} &lt;!----PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES WHERE INDICATED AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE----&gt;  ===Usage=== Produces a bulleted item consisting of a link to a template followed by an example of its output. Up to six unnamed parameters may be supplied.  ===Examples=== &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{tbullet|Citation needed}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; produces: {{tbullet|Citation needed}} &lt;br/&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{tbullet|Redirect|Something}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; produces: {{tbullet|Red...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>246331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1232" sha1="h87rwh3st7vu1wi1nad6uk8dss3p1sr" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}{{tsh|Tbullet}}
&lt;!----PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES WHERE INDICATED AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE----&gt;

===Usage===
Produces a bulleted item consisting of a link to a template followed by an example of its output. Up to six unnamed parameters may be supplied.

===Examples===
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{tbullet|Citation needed}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; produces: {{tbullet|Citation needed}}
&lt;br/&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{tbullet|Redirect|Something}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; produces: {{tbullet|Redirect|Something}}
&lt;br/&gt;The parameters ''codesize'' and ''codestyle'' may be used, respectively, to amend the font-size of and/or add CSS styling to the {{tag|span}} tags surrounding the template link. For example,&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{tbullet|codesize=95%|Resolved mark}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; produces: {{tbullet|codesize=95%|Resolved mark}}

===Known issues===
Issues with improperly indented bullets may relate to:
* {{Section link|Template talk:Shortcut/Archive 1#Changing wiki-markup to pure HTML in lists}}
* {{Section link|Wikipedia:LISTGAPS#Lists}}

===See also===
* {{tl|tl}}
* {{tl|tlc}}
* {{tl|demo-inline}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other|
| &lt;!----CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE, PLEASE:----&gt;
[[Category:Documentation assistance templates]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h87rwh3st7vu1wi1nad6uk8dss3p1sr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Density</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>189714</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Densità" />
    <revision>
      <id>246332</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T09:44:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asenoner</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect alla pagina [[Template:Densità]]</comment>
      <origin>246332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="mf22zbrxfbli4vmvy48mww26kuge080" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template:Densità]]</text>
      <sha1>mf22zbrxfbli4vmvy48mww26kuge080</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>