Wikipedia lldwiki https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata_prinzipala MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Speciale Discussione Utente Discussioni utente Wikipedia Discussioni Wikipedia File Discussioni file MediaWiki Discussioni MediaWiki Template Discussioni template Aiuto Discussioni aiuto Categoria Discussioni categoria TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussioni modulo Evento Discussioni evento 0 728 246371 246303 2026-04-10T09:24:21Z Asenoner 208 246371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{distinguish|lingaz rumanc}} [[File:Romance Languages-World-Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stac cun lingac neolatins sciche lingac ufiziei (a orancien) y sciche lingac naziunei o segondo lingaz (a ghiel)]] [[File:Romance 14c it.svg|thumb|I lingac neolatins tl'[[Europa]]]] I '''lingac romanc''' (singuler: ''lingaz romanz''), nce tlamei '''lingac latins''' o '''lingac neolatins''', ie derivazions dal latin antich, che se à mudà aldo dl substrat y dla situazions locales. Aldidancuei ie chisc i lingac neolatins: [[Ladin]], [[Lingaz talian|Talian]], Sard, [[Lingaz franzëus|Franzëus]], Provenzal, Catalan, Gallego, [[Lingaz spanuel|Spanuel]], Portughesc, Rumen. De chisc ie n valgun lingac rujenedes mundieles (Spanuel, Franzëus), autri pitli [[Lingaz de mendranza|lingac de mendranza]], sciche l [[Ladin]]. La familia ladina ie metuda adum da: Ladin dla Dolomites, [[Rumanc]] di Grijons y [[Ladin furlan|Furlan]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Funtanes== *Harald Haarmann "Babylonische Welt", Campus, Frankfurt,2001 ==Referënzes== <references/> ==Plates cunliedes== *[[Ladin]] *[[Lingac indoeuropeics]] *[[Lingaz]] {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] jwbhm26qxfvhaveax6rq6act73kc8x5 0 733 246382 246293 2026-04-10T09:48:09Z Asenoner 208 246382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Franzëus / Franzesc / Franzous | nativename = {{lang|fr|Français}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ|}} | states = [[Franzia]], [[Belje]], [[Svizra]], [[Canada]], [[Republica Democratica dl Congo]] y autri posć te la [[Francofonia]] | speakers = Rujeneda de l'oma: 80 milions | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = De ndut ([[First language|L1]] + [[Second language|L2]]): 274 milions (2022)<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Numer che rejona | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes italiches|Italich]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]] | fam5 = [[Lingac italo-uzidentei|Italo-uzidentel]] | fam6 = [[Western Romance languages|Romanz uzidentel]] | fam7 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romanz]] | fam8 = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]] | ancestor = [[Latin vedl]] | ancestor2 = [[Latin vulgher]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-romanz]] | ancestor4 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-romanz vedl]] | ancestor5 = [[Franzëus vedl]] | ancestor6 = [[Franzëus mesan]] | script = [[Alfabet latin]] ([[Alfabet franzëus]])<br />[[Braille franzëus]] | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela|28 stac]]| |{{flag|Belje}} |{{flag|Benin}} |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{flag|Burundi}} |{{flag|Camerun}} |{{flag|Canada}} |{{flag|Ciad}} |{{flag|Comores}} |{{flag|Costa d’Avore}} |{{flag|Franzia}} |{{flag|Gibuti}} |{{flag|Guinea Ecuatoriela}} |{{flag|Gabon}} |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{flag|Haiti}} |{{flag|Luxemburg}} |{{flag|Madagascar}} |{{flag|Monaco}} |{{flag|Niger}} |{{flag|Republica Democratica dl Congo}} |{{flag|Republica dl Congo}} |{{flag|Republica dl Zënter Africa}} |{{flag|Ruanda}} |{{flag|Senegal}} |{{flag|Seychelles}} |{{flag|Svizra}} |{{flag|Togo}} |{{flag|Vanuatu}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Nia ufiziela ma aministrativa/culturela|Nia ufiziela ma aministrativa/culturela]]| |{{flag|Algeria}} |{{flag|Cambogia}} |{{flag|Laos}} |{{flag|Liban}} |{{flag|Mali}} |{{flag|Maroch}} |{{flag|Mauritania}} |{{flag|Mauritius}} |{{flag|Tunisia}} |{{flag|Vietnam}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Ënc subnaziunei|11 subnaziunel]]| |{{IT-VAO}} <small>([[Talia]])</small> |{{flag|Polinesia Franzëusa}} |{{flag|Louisiana}} <small>([[Stac Unii]])</small> |{{flag|Maine}} <small>(Stac Unii)</small> |{{flag|Nueva Caledonia}} |{{flag|New Hampshire}} <small>(Stac Unii)</small> |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] <small>([[India]])</small> |{{flag|Saint Barthélemy}} |[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] |{{flag|Saint Pierre y Miquelon}} |{{flag|Wallis y Futuna}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Organisazions intergoverneles|Organisazions intergoverneles]]| |{{flag|Francofonia}} |{{flag|Nazions Unides}} |{{flag|Cumité Olimpich Internazionel}} |[[Cunferënza Generela di Pëisc y Mesures]] |{{flag|Comitat internazionèl de la Crousc Chécena|cross}} |{{flag|Union Europea}} |{{flag|Union Africana}} |{{flag|NATO}} |{{flag|Organisazion Mundiela dl Cumerz}} |{{flag|Cunsëi de l'Europa}} }} | agency = [[Académie Française]] (Academia Franzëusa) (Franzia) <br /> [[Office québécois de la langue française]] (Quebec) | iso1 = fr | iso2b = fre | iso2t = fra | iso3 = fra | lingua = 51-AAA-i | map = Countries where French is an official language.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#002375|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza<br>(Ponc: ziteies cun trasmiscion dal franzëus a n'autra rujeneda, ulache l franzëus ie suenz na mendranza)}} {{legend|#1886fe|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela o aministrativa ma nia la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}} {{legend|#79bdff|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie la rujeneda de na mendranza o na rujeneda culturela ma zënza n status ufiziel}} | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed French]]<br />''(français signé)'' | glotto = stan1290 | glottorefname = French }}L '''franzëus''' ([[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''franzëus'', [[badiot]]: ''franzesc'', [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''franzous''; franzëus standard: ''français'' {{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ|}} o {{lang|fr|langue française}} {{IPA-fr|lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz|}}) ie la prima [[rujeneda]] tla [[Franzia]] y la rujeneda dl’oma te pertes dla [[Svizra]] y dl [[Belje]]; l vën oradechël scialdi adurvà nce tl’[[Africa]] dl Nord y tla ex-colonies franzëuses, ulache l ie suënz la rujneda ufiziela. De ndut ie l franzëus na rujneda ofiziela te 29 [[stat|stac]] al mond. ==Storia== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] 2njojkudugkqdbqekxtsiju3cczwku3 246383 246382 2026-04-10T09:50:33Z Asenoner 208 246383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Franzëus / Franzesc / Franzous | nativename = {{lang|fr|Français}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ||LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-français.wav}} | states = [[Franzia]], [[Belje]], [[Svizra]], [[Canada]], [[Republica Democratica dl Congo]] y autri posć te la [[Francofonia]] | speakers = Rujeneda de l'oma: 80 milions | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = De ndut ([[First language|L1]] + [[Second language|L2]]): 274 milions (2022)<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Numer che rejona | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes italiches|Italich]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]] | fam5 = [[Lingac italo-uzidentei|Italo-uzidentel]] | fam6 = [[Western Romance languages|Romanz uzidentel]] | fam7 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romanz]] | fam8 = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]] | ancestor = [[Latin vedl]] | ancestor2 = [[Latin vulgher]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-romanz]] | ancestor4 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-romanz vedl]] | ancestor5 = [[Franzëus vedl]] | ancestor6 = [[Franzëus mesan]] | script = [[Alfabet latin]] ([[Alfabet franzëus]])<br />[[Braille franzëus]] | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela|28 stac]]| |{{flag|Belje}} |{{flag|Benin}} |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{flag|Burundi}} |{{flag|Camerun}} |{{flag|Canada}} |{{flag|Ciad}} |{{flag|Comores}} |{{flag|Costa d’Avore}} |{{flag|Franzia}} |{{flag|Gibuti}} |{{flag|Guinea Ecuatoriela}} |{{flag|Gabon}} |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{flag|Haiti}} |{{flag|Luxemburg}} |{{flag|Madagascar}} |{{flag|Monaco}} |{{flag|Niger}} |{{flag|Republica Democratica dl Congo}} |{{flag|Republica dl Congo}} |{{flag|Republica dl Zënter Africa}} |{{flag|Ruanda}} |{{flag|Senegal}} |{{flag|Seychelles}} |{{flag|Svizra}} |{{flag|Togo}} |{{flag|Vanuatu}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Nia ufiziela ma aministrativa/culturela|Nia ufiziela ma aministrativa/culturela]]| |{{flag|Algeria}} |{{flag|Cambogia}} |{{flag|Laos}} |{{flag|Liban}} |{{flag|Mali}} |{{flag|Maroch}} |{{flag|Mauritania}} |{{flag|Mauritius}} |{{flag|Tunisia}} |{{flag|Vietnam}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Ënc subnaziunei|11 subnaziunel]]| |{{IT-VAO}} <small>([[Talia]])</small> |{{flag|Polinesia Franzëusa}} |{{flag|Louisiana}} <small>([[Stac Unii]])</small> |{{flag|Maine}} <small>(Stac Unii)</small> |{{flag|Nueva Caledonia}} |{{flag|New Hampshire}} <small>(Stac Unii)</small> |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] <small>([[India]])</small> |{{flag|Saint Barthélemy}} |[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] |{{flag|Saint Pierre y Miquelon}} |{{flag|Wallis y Futuna}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[Lista di stac ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela#Organisazions intergoverneles|Organisazions intergoverneles]]| |{{flag|Francofonia}} |{{flag|Nazions Unides}} |{{flag|Cumité Olimpich Internazionel}} |[[Cunferënza Generela di Pëisc y Mesures]] |{{flag|Comitat internazionèl de la Crousc Chécena|cross}} |{{flag|Union Europea}} |{{flag|Union Africana}} |{{flag|NATO}} |{{flag|Organisazion Mundiela dl Cumerz}} |{{flag|Cunsëi de l'Europa}} }} | agency = [[Académie Française]] (Academia Franzëusa) (Franzia) <br /> [[Office québécois de la langue française]] (Quebec) | iso1 = fr | iso2b = fre | iso2t = fra | iso3 = fra | lingua = 51-AAA-i | map = Countries where French is an official language.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#002375|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza<br>(Ponc: ziteies cun trasmiscion dal franzëus a n'autra rujeneda, ulache l franzëus ie suenz na mendranza)}} {{legend|#1886fe|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie na rujeneda ufiziela o aministrativa ma nia la rujeneda de l'oma de la maiuranza}} {{legend|#79bdff|Stac y raions ulache l franzëus ie la rujeneda de na mendranza o na rujeneda culturela ma zënza n status ufiziel}} | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed French]]<br />''(français signé)'' | glotto = stan1290 | glottorefname = French }}L '''franzëus''' ([[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''franzëus'', [[badiot]]: ''franzesc'', [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''franzous''; franzëus standard: ''français'' {{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ|pron|LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-français.wav}} o {{lang|fr|langue française}} {{IPA-fr|lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz|}}) ie la prima [[rujeneda]] tla [[Franzia]] y la rujeneda dl’oma te pertes dla [[Svizra]] y dl [[Belje]]; l vën oradechël scialdi adurvà nce tl’[[Africa]] dl Nord y tla ex-colonies franzëuses, ulache l ie suënz la rujneda ufiziela. De ndut ie l franzëus na rujneda ofiziela te 29 [[stat|stac]] al mond. ==Storia== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] f0lxj781z1gd9oqb7tnllqbd29zt21o 0 737 246378 246295 2026-04-10T09:29:32Z Asenoner 208 246378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dolomitan}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Ladin | image = Ladin2 K.jpg | nativename = ''lingaz ladin'' | states = {{flag|Talia}} | region = {{flag|Ladinia}} | speakers = zirca {{formatnum:40000}} | date = 2006<ref name=veneto2006>{{citation |last1=Dell'Aquila |first1=Vittorio |last2=Iannàccaro |first2=Gabriele |title=Survey Ladins: Usi linguistici nelle valli ladine |language=it |trans-title=Survey Ladins: Linguistic uses in the Ladin valleys |date=2006 |publisher=Regione autonoma Trentino-Alto Adige |isbn=88-86053-69-X |page=196 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1635334}}</ref>–2011<ref name=altoadige2011>{{cite web |title=South Tyrol in Figures |work=Declaration of language group affiliation – Population Census 2011 |url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-10-07 |archive-date=2013-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728113109/http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=trentino2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistica.provincia.tn.it/binary/pat_statistica/demografia/15CensGenPopolazione.1340956277.pdf |title=15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori) |trans-title=15th Population and Housing Census. Survey on the consistency and territorial dislocation of the members of the Ladin, Mòchena and Cimbrian speaking populations (provisional data) |year=2012 |publisher=Autonomous Province of Trento |language=it |access-date=2012-10-07}}</ref> | ethnicity = [[Ladins]] | familycolor = Indo-Europeich |fam1={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19860}} |fam2={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q131848}} |fam3={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q33478}} |fam4={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q19814}} |fam5={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q112608}} |fam6={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q2714388}} |fam7={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q500394}} |fam8={{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q515593}} o {{wikidata|label|short|linked|Q97646466}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1250 |title=Ladin |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144616/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1250 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Ladin gherdëina|Gherdëina]] | dia2 = [[Ladin Val Badia|Badiot]] | dia3 = [[Ladin fascian|Fascian]] | dia4 = [[Ladin fodom|Fodom]] | dia5 = [[Ladin anpezan|Anpezan]] | agency = [[Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü]]<br>[[Istitut Cultural Ladin “Majon di fascegn”]]<br>[[Istitut Cultural Ladin Cesa de Jan]] | iso3 = lld | glotto = ladi1250 | glottorefname = Ladin | lingua = 51-AAA-l | notice = IPA | script = [[Scritura latina|Latin]] (Alfabet ladin) | stand1 = [[Ladin Dolomitan]] | map = Ladin.png }}L '''ladin''' é n [[lingaz romanz]] de la familia [[lingac retoromans|retoromana]] che s'à conservà tles [[Dolomites]] te cinch variantes locales ([[Badiot|badiot -Ladin Val Badia]], [[Ladin Gherdëina|gherdëina]], [[Ladin fascian|fascian]], [[Ladin fodom|fodom]] y [[Ladin anpezan|anpezan]]) y che adum cul [[Lingaz rumanc|rumanc]] di [[Grijon|Grijuns]] y l [[Ladin furlan|furlan]] fej pert di [[lingac retoromans]]. L ladin s'à formà cun la romanisazion dles [[Alpes]]. La popolazion retica à sourantout l [[Lingaz latin|latin]] popolar; sot a la influenza de particolarités de si lingaz (sintassa, fonetica, lessich) àla svilupé l lingaz ladin. L lingaz ladin é la realisazion direta dl latin popolar rejoné tles Alpes entourn la fin dl [[Storia romana|Imper Roman]]. La fin dl retich tles Alpes po vegnì confronteda con la fin dl galich tla [[Franzia]]. I Retoromans y i Rumens é i soui che porta te sia denominazion la parola "Roma"; i abitanc dla [[Val dl En]] y dles [[Dolomites]] se nomineia enfinamai "Ladins", donca Latins. Na pruma forma dl ladin podessa se avei svilupé, sciche ence i autri lingac neolatins, plu o manco entourn l 8./9. secul. L lingaz é plu o manco anter l franzeis y l talian. Vejin al retoroman é ence l ozitan o l catalan. Ajache per l raion ladin fálel ciamò na cronologia dles fases linguistiches reconesciuda amplamenter (na periodisazion), propon l prof.univ. [[Paul Videsott]] chesta partizion: # enfin a entourn al ann 850 [[Anno Domini|do Crist]]: temp dl latin vulgar, temp caraterisé te prest duta la Romania da enlaouta da inovazions plu o manco valives; # dal 850 enfin al 10eisem centené za.: an rejona de proto-ladin (temp caraterisé da svilups linguistics a gran linges valifs che corespon tl sens lerch a duta la Galloromania y dantaldut a la Cisalpinia che fossa tant che l raion di dialec dl nord dla Italia y la Retoromania); # dal 10eisem centené al 14eisem centené: an rejona de vedl-ladin (temp caraterisé da inovazions y conservazions propies dl ladin en confront a la Padania); # dal 14eisem enfin al 18eisem centené za.: an rejona de vedl marou, vedl badiot, vedl # gherdeina, vedl fascian, vedl fodom y vedl ampezan (spana de temp carateriseda da spidiciament dialetal dl ladin tres maiour al intern); # dal 19eisem al 20eisem centené: idioms ladins moderns (temp caraterisé da la scritura y # da la normazion di idioms). # dal 21eisem centené inant: elaborazion de n lingaz ladin scrit unifiché adum cun i idioms ladins. == Storia == [[File:Rhaeto-Romance languages now and 1200 years ago..png|thumb|Raions ladins entëur l ann 800 [[Anno Domini|do G.Crist]]]] L lingaz ladin s’à furmá cun la romanisazion di raions dla [[Alpes|Elpes]] (Rezia) a pié via dal 15 [[Anno Domini|dan G.Crist]] cun la concuistes de Drusus y Tiberius mandei dal imparadú [[Augustus]]<ref>Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 19</ref>. L [[lingaz latin]] vulgher di soldeies romans se muscëida cun l lingaz autochton dla popolazions retiches dl post y furmea n [[lingaz]] nëuf, l retoroman o ladin. Ti secui V – X vën i raions ladins for mëndri dantaldut aldó dla invajions di Baiuvaresc dal nord y di Longobarc dal sud y l lingaz ladin vën rujené inant tla valedes plu isoledes. === [[Ladin evoluziun storica|Evoluziun storica dl lingaz ladin]] === Aladô dl’orgina dl ladin dal lingaz [[Lingaz latin|latin]] él deplü studiá che arata che le ladin é na sort de [[Lingaz latin|latin]] baié ciamó aldedaincö te deplü raiuns dles [[Alpes]], avisa sciöche al é gnü definí d’atri lingac neolatins<ref>Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 83</ref>. Anter le latin baié (“latin volgar”) y le ladin baié él dagnora sté na continuité, nia na zesöra sciöche danter le latin scrit (“latin classich”) y le ladin scrit. Les gaujes dla trasformaziun dl latin ti lingac neolatins è da chirí tla [[storia]], dantadöt tla desdrüta dl [[Storia romana|Imper roman]], insciö che le lingaz baié jô tres plü indalater co le lingaz scrit, co ê conesciü y gnô coltivé da tres manco [[Porsona|porsones]]. Tl tëmp jô sonns y [[Parola|parores]] intieres a perde y d’atri gnô pormez. ==== Protoladin ==== Tl seco VIII ê i lingac neolatins bele valgamia formá. Cina encër le seco X pon baié de “protoladin” <ref>da n referat dl Prof. Paul Videsott te Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 83</ref> ==== Ladin vedl ==== Dal secul X cina al XIV se desfarënziëia le ladin tres deplü dai atri lingac neolatins cun un di sëgn plü sigüsc la palatalisaziun de “ca” y “ga” che devënta “cia” y “gia” y la desinënza “on” che devënta “un” tla [[Val Badia]]. ==== Secui XIV – XVIII ==== Al se formëia les variantes de val dl ladin, le vedl [[mareo]], le vedl [[badiot]], le vedl [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]], le vedl [[Ladin fodom|fodom]], le vedl [[Ladin fascian|fascian]] y le vedl [[Ladin anpezan|ampezan]]. Le rotazism (evoluziun da “l” a “r” te n valgönes parores) se fej sintí tl mareo y tl ampezan. Tl gherdëna y tl fascian passa le “a” a “e” ince tla penultima silba, deperpo che al romagn tla Val Badia. Le “ou” che vëgn dant tl fodom devënta “u” tla Val Badia y “ëu” tl gherdëna. Tl badiot s’afermëia le “ü” che devënta tl mareo plü gonot “ö”, p.ej ''cürt'' → ''cört''. Tles atres valades ladines sparësc le “ü” y le “ö” daldöt (tut fora Moena). I vocai azentá sparësc gonot, tl badiot ince amez les parores, p.ej. ''prozesciun'' → ''purciun''. Te düc i idioms ladins ti lascia n püch al piade le tëmp perfet scëmpl la lerch al al perfet formé cun n verb ausiliar. ==== Secui XIX - XX ==== Al se svilupëia les variantes d’aldedaincö ince tla forma scrita, cun regoles y normes. Al se fej ince sintí l’influs di atri lingac vijins: te [[Fascia]], [[Fodom]] y [[Anpezo|Ampëz]] le [[Lingaz talian|talian]] y i dialec taliagn, te [[Gherdëina|Gherdëna]] y tla Val Badia, dantadöt te [[Mareo]], le [[Lingaz tudësch|todësch]] y le dialet todësch-tirolesc. Chësc influs se lascia sintí tla lita dles parores y ince tla strotöra dla frasa y tles manires de dí. === Tabela de confrunt === '''Test da na fabula de Esop por latin traslaté tles variantes dl ladin'''<ref>da n referat dl Prof. Paul Videsott te Cultura Ladina, Lois Ellecosta, Intendënza Ladina, Balsan, 2007, pl. 84-85</ref> {| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" width="100%" cellspacing="20" align="center" |[[Lingaz latin|LATIN]] | align="left" |Vulpes ex more suo fame vexata corvum frustrum casi in rostro tenentem videt. “Id mihi bene saperet”, secum cogitavit et corvum vocavit: “Quam pulcher es! Se cantus tuus tam pulcher est quam adspectus tuus, non dubium est te pulcherrimum omnium avium esse.” |- |PROTOLADIN | align="left" |La volps era endebos ün viade afamada. Ente chel veit ela ün corf che teniva ün toch de chiasuol ento so bech. “Chel me sabes bon”, se pensae ela, et clamae le corf: “Tant biels che tü ies! Se to schiantar ies tant biels che tos chialar for a, despo ies de segür tü le plus biels auciels de dütg.” |- |LADIN VEDL | align="left" |La volp era endebò ün viade afamada. Ente chel veit era ün corf che teniva ün toch de cajuel ento so bech. “Chel me sabes bun”, s’àra pensé, e à clamé le corf: “Tant bel che t’és! Śe to ciantér è tant bel che to cialér for a, despo este de segür tü le plü bel aucel de düć.” |- |[[Ladin Val Badia|LADIN VAL BADIA]] | align="left" |La olp ê indô n iade afamada. Te chël vëighera n corf che tignî n toch de ciajó te so bech. “Chël me saves bun”, s’ára ponsé, y á cherdé le corf: “Tan bel che t’es! Sce to cianté é tan bel co to ciaré fora, spo este dessigü tö le plü bel vicel de düc.” |- |[[Ladin gherdëina|GHERDËINA]] | align="left" |La bolp fova inò n iede afameda. Te chëla vëijela n corf che tën n tòch de ciajuel te si bech. “Chël me savessa bon”, se ala mpensà y à cherdà l corf: “Ce bel che te ies! Sce te ciantes tan bel coche te cëles ora, pona ies dessegur tu l plu bel ucel de duc.” |- |[[Ladin fascian|FASCIAN]] | align="left" |La bolp era endò famèda. Te chela la veit n corf con n toch de formai tel bech. Chel, vé, me saessa bon”, la se peissa, e la ge disc al corf. “Che bel che t’es! Se tie ciantèr l’è scì bel che tia parbuda, dapo’ t’es de segur tu l più bel anter duc i ucie.” |- |[[Ladin fodom|FODOM]] | align="left" |La volp l’eva ndavò afamada. Nte chëla la veiga n còrf che l se tegniva n tòch de formai ntel bech. “Chël me savëssa ben bon”, la s’à pensé ntra de dëla, e l’à clamé l còrf: “Cotànt bel che t’és! Se tuo cianté l è bel coche ti te ciale fòra, nlouta t’es segur ti l plu bel de duc cànc i uciei.” |- |[[Ladin anpezan|ANPEZAN]] | align="left" |Ra volpe r’èa danoo infamentada. Cenoné ra vede un cròo, che ‘l aèa inze ‘l bèco un toco de formèi. “Chel ši che el me saarae bon”, ra s’à pensà ra volpe, e r’à ciamà el cròo: “Cè un bel che te sos! Se te ciantes polito cemodo che che te se vede, de seguro te sos el pì bel de dute i uzièi.” |- |[[Ladin dolomitan|LADIN DOLOMITAN STANDARD]] | align="left" |La volp fova endò n iade afameda. Te chel veidela n corf che tegniva n toch de ciajuel te sie bech. “Chel me savessa bon”, se ála pensé, y à cherdé l corf: “Tant bel che te ies! Sce tie cianté è tant bel che tie cialé fora, spo ieste dessegur tu l plu bel vicel de duc.” |- |[[Rumanc|RUMANTSCH GRISCHUN]] | align="left" |La vulp era puspè ina giada fomentada. Qua ha ella vis sin in pign in corv che tegneva in toc chaschiel en ses pichel. Quai ma gustass, ha ella pensà, ed ha clamà al corv: “Tge bel che ti es! Sche tes chant è uschè bel sc otia parita, lur es ti il pli bel utschè da tuts.” |- |[[Ladin furlan|FURLAN]] CENTRÂL | align="left" |La bolp e jere indaûr plene di fan, In chel e viôt un corvat, che al veve un toc di formadi tal bec. “Chel sì che mi plasarès”, e pensà la bolp e e clamà il corvat: “Ce biel che tu sês! Se la tô vôs e je biele come che tu sês tu, alore tu sês pardabon il plui biel di ducj i uciei!” |} == Idioms ladins== L ladin dles Dolomites tol ite cinch idioms /variantes de valeda: *[[Ladin Val Badia|Ladin dla Val Badia]] *[[Ladin gherdëina|Gherdëina]] *[[Ladin fascian|Fascian]] *[[Ladin anpezan|Anpezan]] *[[Ladin fodom|Fodom]] == Ejëmpli== Desche ejempl végnel chilò metù dant na pert dl paternoster ti idioms desvalifs y per todesch y talian. ; Maréo/Badiot : Nosc Pere dl cil,<br> al sides santifiché to inom,<br> al vëgnes to rëgn,<br> tüa orentè sides fata,<br> sciöche al cil insciö söla tera. ; Gherdëina : Pere nost, che t'ies tl ciel,<br> sibe santificà ti inuem,<br> vënie ti rëni,<br> sibe fata ti ulentà,<br> coche en ciel enscì en tiera. ; Fascian : Père nosc che te es sun ciel,<br> sie fat sent to inom,<br> fa che vegne to regn,<br> to voler sie semper respetà,<br> tant sun ciel che su la tera. ; Fodom : Père nòst che t'es sun paradíš,<br> benedât lé l tuo inóm,<br> resta con nos,<br> che sará fat ci che te vòs<br> sun ciél e su la tièra. ; Anpezan : Pare nosc, che te stas su in zielo,<br> sée fato santo el to gnon,<br> viene el to regno,<br> sée fato chel che te vos tu,<br> tanto in zielo che su ra tera. ; [[Ladin dolomitan]] : Pere nost, che te ies en ciel,<br> al sie santifiché tie inom,<br> al vegne tie regn,<br> al vegne fat tia volonté,<br> coche en ciel enscì sun la tera. ; [[Lingaz tudësch|Deutsch]] : Vater unser im Himmel,<br> geheiligt werde Dein Name.<br> Dein Reich komme.<br> Dein Wille geschehe,<br> wie im Himmel so auf Erden. ; [[Lingaz talian|Italiano]] : Padre nostro che sei nei cieli,<br> sia santificato il tuo nome,<br> venga il tuo regno,<br> sia fatta la tua volontà<br> come in cielo, così in terra.: ; Vallader (rätoromanisches Idiom) : Bap nos, tü chi est in tschêl,<br> fat sonch vegna teis nom,<br> teis reginam vegna nanpro,<br> tia vöglia dvainta sco in tschêl eir sün terra. == Lingaz scrit unitar ladin == * [[Ladin dolomitan]] * [[SPELL]] * [[Heinrich Schmid]] : ''Wegleitung für den Aufbau einer gemeinsamen Schriftsprache der Dolomitenladiner.'' 1998. == Referënzes == <references /> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} 4d2ibbfrdxm8ekz93dkdn4tzl479rk5 0 742 246334 235593 2026-04-10T08:12:19Z Asenoner 208 246334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaviches|Balto-Slavich]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slav]] | fam4 = [[East Slavic languages|Slav Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slav Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' ie na [[rujeneda slava]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] [[Rujenedes slaves|Slav]] fm813cgu4qkw9jihdwhwge2uw3h5u1q 246335 246334 2026-04-10T08:12:57Z Asenoner 208 246335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaviches|Balto-Slavich]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slav]] | fam4 = [[East Slavic languages|Slav Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slav Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' ie na [[rujeneda slava]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] i5p9izg1x7mt73k67j3aqwvv9tfvzjq 246340 246335 2026-04-10T08:23:02Z Asenoner 208 246340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaviches|Balto-Slavich]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slav]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves urienteles|Slav Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slav Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' ie na [[rujeneda slava]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] rtv565x3qjj5g8v8b6l2ul2rlm9wviu 246354 246340 2026-04-10T08:37:46Z Asenoner 208 246354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaves|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves urienteles|Slave Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slave Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' ie na [[rujeneda slava urientela]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] 24p2yo82is36438leso3novdjnat86h 246386 246354 2026-04-10T09:56:29Z Asenoner 208 246386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaves|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves urienteles|Slave Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slave Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' (per rus:{{langx|ru|Русский язык||label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk|pron|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava urientela]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] jddisn7y0wthmjpzjetj9bv4g3tehhl 246387 246386 2026-04-10T09:56:44Z Asenoner 208 246387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaves|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves urienteles|Slave Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slave Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' (per rus: {{langx|ru|Русский язык||label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk|pron|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava urientela]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] om573n5a41swfnxg06nbttpot7dodrm 246389 246387 2026-04-10T10:55:12Z Wolverène 110 p. 246389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}}''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Lingac balto-slavesc|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves urienteles|Slave Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slave Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' (per rus: {{langx|ru|Русский язык||label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk|pron|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava urientela]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] 356iu3ch8p1kmqn7vbogzr73yw6b5pm 246390 246389 2026-04-10T10:55:29Z Wolverène 110 p. 246390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}}{{Infobox rujeneda | name = Rus | nativename = {{lang|ru|русский язык}} ''russkiy yazyk'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk||Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Rusc]] | region = dantaldut te i stac ex-Sovietichsc | speakers = 154 milions | date = 2012 | ref = e21 | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: 110&nbsp;milions (2012)<ref name=e21/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Lingac balto-slavesc|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves urienteles|Slave Urientel]] | ancestor = [[Slave Vedl Urientel]] | script = [[Alfabet zirilich|Zirilich]] ([[Alfabet rus]]) | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=5 cumëmbri de l'ONU| | *{{RUS}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=RusConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=Constitution.ru |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> *{{BLR}} <small>(rujeneda dl stat)</small><ref name=Belarus>{{cite web |url=http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus |website=President.gov.by |date=11 May 1998 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> *{{KAZ}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |first=N. |last=Nazarbaev |url=http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ |archive-date=20 October 2007 |title=Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan |website=Constcouncil.kz |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><br/> *{{flag|Chirghistan}} <small>(co-ufiziela)</small><ref name=Kyrgyzstan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.kg/ky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263|url-status=dead|title=Официальный сайт Правительства КР|archive-date=22 December 2012|website=Gov.kg|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Tajichistan}} <small>(detlareda rujeneda inter-etnica dala costituzion)</small><ref>{{cite web |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН |url=http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html |website=prokuratura.tj |publisher=Parliament of Tajikistan |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Coche rujeneda inter-etnica ma zënza status ufiziel| *{{TKM}} <small>(inter-ethnic)</small> *{{flag|Usbechistan}}<small>(inter-ethnic)</small>{{NoteTag|Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" {{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |archive-date=7 May 2019}}}} <ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Юрий Подпоренко |title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане |url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |year=2001 |publisher=Дружба Народов |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам? |url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015 |website=365info.kz |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/ |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web |author=Евгений Абдуллаев |title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html |year=2009 |publisher=Неприкосновенный запас |access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}}: ** [[Gagauzia]] <small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Gagauzia>{{cite web |url=http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |title=Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) |website=Gagauzia.md |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240 |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> ** [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] <small>(co-official)</small> *{{flag|Ucraina}}: ** [[Republica autonoma de la Crim]]{{NoteTag|The status of [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]] since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].}}}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Lista de autri raions ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela| *{{flag|Abcasia}}<ref name="partialrecognition">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|partially recognized countries]]</ref><small>(co-official)</small><ref name=Abkhazia>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|title=Конституция Республики Абхазия|date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica de Artsach}}<small>(co-official)</small> <ref name="partialrecognition2">The Republics of Artsakh, Donetsk, Lugansk and Transnistria are only recognized by other [[states with limited recognition|non-UN member states]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html |website=RFERL |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Donetsk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref name="2020/03/06/russkij">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Русский признали в ДНР единственным государственным языком |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/06/russkij-priznali-v-dnr-edinstvennym-gosudarstvennym-iazykom.html |trans-title=Russian language became the sole state language in the DPR |website=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|Российская газета]] |language=ru|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> *{{flag|Republica Populera de Lugansk}}<ref name="partialrecognition2"/><small>(state)</small><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ru:Парламент ЛНР признал русский язык единственным государственным в республике |language=ru |trans-title=LPR legislature adopted Russian language as the sole state language of the republic |agency=Interfax |publication-date=3 June 2020 |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/711580 |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> *{{flag|Ossetia dl Sud}}<ref name="partialrecognition"/><small>(state)</small><ref name=Ossetia>{{cite web |url=http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105 |title=КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ |trans-title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> *{{flag|Transnistria}}<small>(co-official)</small><ref name="partialrecognition2"/><ref name="Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR">{{cite web |url=http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |title=Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR |publisher=U.S. English Foundation Research |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436 |archive-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref>}} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| {{flag|Nazions Unides}} * [[Agenzia Nternaziunela de l'Energia Atomica|IAEA]] * [[Organisazion Nternaziunela de l'Aviazion Zivila|ICAO]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Organisazion Mundiela de la Sanità|OMS]] [[Cumunità de Stac Ndependënc|CSN]]<br/> [[Union Economica Eurasiatica|UEE]]<br/> {{flag|OTSC}}<br/> [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]<br/> [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]<br/> [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|ATS]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]}} | minority = {{collapsible list| {{ROU}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RO |title=Romania : Languages of Romania |website=Ethnologue.com |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name=No148>{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011) |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1 |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br/> {{POL}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic |publisher=Vlada.cz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><br/> {{SVK}}<ref name=No148/><br/> {{flag|Letonia}}<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population|title=At home Latvian is spoken by 62% of Latvian population; the majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna county |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=[[Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]]}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Moldavia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm |title=Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare |publisher=Deschide.md |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=21 September 2006|script-title=ru:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным|language=ru|trans-title=Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia|agency=New Region|url=http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170315/http://www.nr2.ru/83966.html|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref><br/> {{flag|Ucraina}}<ref name="UAConstitution">[http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm#r1 Article 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521190059/http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm |date=May 21, 2011}} of the Constitution says: "The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</ref><br/> }} | agency = [[Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |title=Istitut de la Rujeneda Russa |website=Ruslang.ru |access-date=16 mei 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims |archive-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> a la [[Academia Russa de la Scienzes]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus | lingua = 53-AAA-ea < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br/>(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat) | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Raions ulache l rus ie la rujeneda de la maiuranza (brum scur) o mendranza (brum linëus) | map2 = Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg | mapcaption2 = Stac ulache l rus ie na rujeneda ufiziela (brum scur) o la rujeneda de plu dl 30% de la populazion (brum petrolio) | notice = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | glotto = russ1263 | glottorefname = Rus }} L '''rus''' (per rus: {{langx|ru|Русский язык||label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk|pron|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava urientela]] prejënta dantaldut tla [[Federazion Russa]], ma nce adurveda te pertes dla ex-Udssr. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== == Plates cunliedes == [[Alfabet zirilich]] ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] bwp1l10kd5b6rbp74mqnokgub0dlezl 0 743 246367 246291 2026-04-10T09:13:01Z Asenoner 208 246367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = spanuel / spagnol | altname = castilian | image = | nativename = {{cslist|{{lang|es|español}}<br>{{lang|es|castellano}}}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}<br/>{{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano|}}, {{IPA-es|kasteˈʝano|}} | states = [[Spania]], [[America hispanica]] <br> <small>(cëla [[Hispanosfera]])</small> | speakers = 474.7 millions (rujeneda de l'oma) | date = 2022 | ref = <ref name="Ethnologue 200">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=2022|access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref> | speakers2 = 100 milions (segonda rujeneda)<ref name=viva18/>{{br}}Total: 574 million (2022) | speakers_label = Numer che rejona | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italich]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]] | fam5 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam6 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam7 = [[Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] | fam8 = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]] | fam9 = [[Castilian languages|Castilian]]<ref name="Ethnologue">{{Harvcoltxt|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2020}}</ref><ref name="Glottolog">{{cite book|chapter=Castilic|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|editor4-first=Sebastian|editor4-last=Bank|year=2022|title=[[Glottolog|Glottolog 4.6]]|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|ref={{sfnref|Glottolog|2022}}|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095200/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|url-status=live}}</ref> | ancestor = [[Lingaz proto-indo-europeich|Proto-Indo-Europeich]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italich]] | ancestor3 = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor4 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor5 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]] | ancestor6 = [[Old Spanish]] | ancestor7 = [[Early Modern Spanish]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet]])<br />[[Spanish Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|20 countries]]| |[[Argentina]] |[[Bolivia]] |[[Chile]] |[[Colombia]] |[[Costa Rica]] |[[Cuba]] |[[Dominican Republic]] |[[Ecuador]] |[[El Salvador]] |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Guatemala]] |[[Honduras]] |[[Mexico]] |[[Nicaragua]] |[[Panama]] |[[Paraguay]] |[[Peru]] |[[Spain]] |[[Uruguay]] |[[Venezuela]] }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Dependent territories]]| |[[Puerto Rico]] }} <!-- This list is intended for dependent territories that do not form an integral part of a country (such as Puerto Rico), as well as integral parts of nations that are not traditionally considered Spanish-speaking. Adding Ceuta and Melilla will result in deletion as they are integral parts of Spain. This also applies to Chile and the case of Easter Island. --> <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Significant minority]]| |[[Andorra]] |[[Belize]] |[[Gibraltar]] |[[Philippines]] |[[United States]] }} <!-- This list is only intended for countries and territories where Spanish is currently spoken by a significant minority of the population (~20% or more) and is used as a major working language in government and other institutions. The Philippines, Morocco, Western Sahara, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and other former historic Spanish colonies where considerably less than 20% of the population speaks standard Spanish should not be listed. --> <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International organizations where Spanish is official|International<br />organizations]]| | [[African Union]] | [[Association of Caribbean States]] | [[Caribbean Community]] | [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] | [[European Union]] | [[Latin American Integration Association|ALADI]] | [[Latin American Parliament]] | [[Mercosur]] | [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] | [[Organization of American States]] | [[United Nations]] | [[Union of South American Nations]] | [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] }} | agency = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]]<br />({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 22 other national Spanish language academies) | iso1 = es | iso2 = spa | iso3 = spa | lingua = 51-AAA-b | sign = [[Signed Spanish]] (using signs of the local language) | glotto = stan1288 | glottorefname = Spanish | map = Spanish language World Map.svg | mapcaption = | notice = IPA }} L '''spanuel''' ({{lang|es|español}} o {{lang|es|lengua española}}; [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''spanuel'', [[badiot]] y [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''spagnol'') o nce tlamà '''castilian''' ({{lang|es|lengua castellana}}) ie na [[lingac neolatins|rujeneda romanza]] che à si urigin te la penijula iberica. Aldidancuei iel na rujeneda a livel mundial che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de passa 500 miliones de persones, dantaldut te la [[Spania]] y te l'[[America|America Latina]]. L ie la sgonda majra rujeneda de l'oma al mond do l [[lingaz cinesc|cinesc]] y l cuarto lingaz plu rujenà al mond do l [[lingaz englesc|nglëisc]], l cinesc y l hindi. L spanuel fej pert de l grup iberich di lingac neolatins, che se à svilupà dal [[lingaz latin|latin vulgher]] te l'Iberia do la tumeda dl [[storia romana|mper roman uzidentel]] tl 5. secul. Coche rujeneda neolatina vën l spanuel dal latin, da chël che l à un di mëndri livei de defrënzia (zirca l 20%) adum cul [[lingaz talian|talian]] y la rujeneda sarda. Zirca l 75% dl vocabuler spanuel vën diretamënter dal latin. N pitla pert (zirca l 8%) vën dal [[lingaz arab|arab]], che fova l lingaz ufiziel te la penijula iberica ai tëmps dl [[Al-Andalus]]. L rest dl vocabuler vën da autra rujnedes [[Europa|europeics]] y ënghe rujnedes americanes, [[Africa|africanes]] y [[Asia|asiatiches]] cun chëles che la Spania à abù cuntat tres l [[colonialism]]. L spanuel ie una de la sies rujnedes ufizieles de la [[ONU|Nazions Unides]], sciche ënghe na rujeneda ufiziela te l'[[Union europea|Union Europea]] y de ngrum de autra urganisazions nternaziuneles. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela de 20 [[stat|stac]] al mond. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] [[Categoria:Spania]] jfxwa44sc2427lmub3xpvlsyh2hvtos 246384 246367 2026-04-10T09:53:12Z Asenoner 208 246384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = spanuel / spagnol | altname = castilian | image = | nativename = {{cslist|{{lang|es|español}}<br>{{lang|es|castellano}}}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-es|espaˈɲol||Es-español.oga}}<br/>{{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano||Es castellano 001.ogg}}<br/>{{IPA-es|kasteˈʝano||Es-Castellano.oga}} | states = [[Spania]], [[America hispanica]] <br> <small>(cëla [[Hispanosfera]])</small> | speakers = 474.7 millions (rujeneda de l'oma) | date = 2022 | ref = <ref name="Ethnologue 200">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=2022|access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref> | speakers2 = 100 milions (segonda rujeneda)<ref name=viva18/>{{br}}Total: 574 million (2022) | speakers_label = Numer che rejona | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italich]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]] | fam5 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam6 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam7 = [[Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] | fam8 = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]] | fam9 = [[Castilian languages|Castilian]]<ref name="Ethnologue">{{Harvcoltxt|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2020}}</ref><ref name="Glottolog">{{cite book|chapter=Castilic|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|editor4-first=Sebastian|editor4-last=Bank|year=2022|title=[[Glottolog|Glottolog 4.6]]|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|ref={{sfnref|Glottolog|2022}}|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095200/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|url-status=live}}</ref> | ancestor = [[Lingaz proto-indo-europeich|Proto-Indo-Europeich]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italich]] | ancestor3 = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor4 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor5 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]] | ancestor6 = [[Old Spanish]] | ancestor7 = [[Early Modern Spanish]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet]])<br />[[Spanish Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|20 countries]]| |[[Argentina]] |[[Bolivia]] |[[Chile]] |[[Colombia]] |[[Costa Rica]] |[[Cuba]] |[[Dominican Republic]] |[[Ecuador]] |[[El Salvador]] |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Guatemala]] |[[Honduras]] |[[Mexico]] |[[Nicaragua]] |[[Panama]] |[[Paraguay]] |[[Peru]] |[[Spain]] |[[Uruguay]] |[[Venezuela]] }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Dependent territories]]| |[[Puerto Rico]] }} <!-- This list is intended for dependent territories that do not form an integral part of a country (such as Puerto Rico), as well as integral parts of nations that are not traditionally considered Spanish-speaking. Adding Ceuta and Melilla will result in deletion as they are integral parts of Spain. This also applies to Chile and the case of Easter Island. --> <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Significant minority]]| |[[Andorra]] |[[Belize]] |[[Gibraltar]] |[[Philippines]] |[[United States]] }} <!-- This list is only intended for countries and territories where Spanish is currently spoken by a significant minority of the population (~20% or more) and is used as a major working language in government and other institutions. The Philippines, Morocco, Western Sahara, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and other former historic Spanish colonies where considerably less than 20% of the population speaks standard Spanish should not be listed. --> <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International organizations where Spanish is official|International<br />organizations]]| | [[African Union]] | [[Association of Caribbean States]] | [[Caribbean Community]] | [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]] | [[European Union]] | [[Latin American Integration Association|ALADI]] | [[Latin American Parliament]] | [[Mercosur]] | [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] | [[Organization of American States]] | [[United Nations]] | [[Union of South American Nations]] | [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] }} | agency = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]]<br />({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 22 other national Spanish language academies) | iso1 = es | iso2 = spa | iso3 = spa | lingua = 51-AAA-b | sign = [[Signed Spanish]] (using signs of the local language) | glotto = stan1288 | glottorefname = Spanish | map = Spanish language World Map.svg | mapcaption = | notice = IPA }} L '''spanuel''' ({{lang|es|español}}, {{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|pron|Es-español.oga}}) o {{lang|es|lengua española}}; [[Ladin gherdëina|gherdëina]]: ''spanuel'', [[badiot]] y [[Ladin fascian|fascian]]: ''spagnol'') o nce tlamà '''castilian''' ({{lang|es|lengua castellana}}) ie na [[lingac neolatins|rujeneda romanza]] che à si urigin te la [[penijula iberica]]. Al didancuei iel na rujeneda a livel mundial che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de passa 500 miliones de persones, dantaldut te la [[Spania]] y te l'[[America|America Latina]]. L ie la sgonda majra rujeneda de l'oma al mond do l [[lingaz cinesc|cinesc]] y l cuarto lingaz plu rujenà al mond do l [[lingaz englesc|nglëisc]], l cinesc y l hindi. L spanuel fej pert de l grup iberich di lingac neolatins, che se à svilupà dal [[lingaz latin|latin vulgher]] te l'Iberia do la tumeda dl [[storia romana|mper roman uzidentel]] tl 5. secul. Coche rujeneda neolatina vën l spanuel dal latin, da chël che l à un di mëndri livei de defrënzia (zirca l 20%) adum cul [[lingaz talian|talian]] y la rujeneda sarda. Zirca l 75% dl vocabuler spanuel vën diretamënter dal latin. N pitla pert (zirca l 8%) vën dal [[lingaz arab|arab]], che fova l lingaz ufiziel te la penijula iberica ai tëmps dl [[Al-Andalus]]. L rest dl vocabuler vën da autra rujnedes [[Europa|europeics]] y ënghe rujnedes americanes, [[Africa|africanes]] y [[Asia|asiatiches]] cun chëles che la Spania à abù cuntat tres l [[colonialism]]. L spanuel ie una de la sies rujnedes ufizieles de la [[ONU|Nazions Unides]], sciche ënghe na rujeneda ufiziela te l'[[Union europea|Union Europea]] y de ngrum de autra urganisazions nternaziuneles. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela de 20 [[stat|stac]] al mond. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] [[Categoria:Spania]] 8tg9flm9u37z3c7huoa0xmr5ntzmw8m 0 744 246385 246294 2026-04-10T09:54:31Z Asenoner 208 246385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Talian | nativename = ''italiano'', ''lingua italiana'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-it|itaˈljaːno||It-italiano.ogg}} | ethnicity = [[Talians]] | speakers = {{formatnum:64.82}} milions | date = 2012 | ref = <ref name=e25>{{cite web |url = https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ita |title=Talian pra l Ethnologue |type=report |date= juni 2012 |publisher= [[Cumiscion Europea]] |access-date=24 lugio 2015 |url-status=|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> | speakers2 = Segonda rujeneda: {{formatnum:3.08}} milions<ref name=e25/><br>De ndut: {{formatnum:67.90}} milions<ref name=e25/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes italiches|Italich]] | fam3 = [[Lingac romanc|Romanz]] | fam4 = Italo-Uzidentel | ancestor = [[Latin vedl]] | ancestor2 = [[Latin vulgher]] | ancestor3 = [[dialet toscan|Toscan]] | dia1 = Dialec toscans, Dialec talians zentrei, plu formes raioneles dl talian | script = [[Scritura latina|Latin]] (Alfabet talian) | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 4 stac| |{{flag|Talia}} |{{flag|Svizra}} |{{flag|San Marino}} |{{flag|Zità dl Vatican}} }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=2 regions| | [[Istria Slovena]] ([[Slovenia]]) | [[Istria]] ([[Croazia]]) }} <br />{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International institutions|Various international institutions]] }} | minority = <!--DO NOT ADD COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE AND CITING DEFINITE SOURCES!--> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 4 stac| | {{flag|Bosnia y Herzegovina}} | {{flag|Croazia}} | {{flag|Romania}} | {{flag|Slovenia}} }} | agency = [[Accademia della Crusca]] | iso1 = it | iso2b = ita | iso2t = ita | map = Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg | map2 = | mapcaption = {{legend|#0c5eb1|Rujeneda ufiziela}} {{legend|#9fceff|Plu da giut rujeneda co-ufiziela}} {{legend|#00ff00|Presënza de cumuniteies italofones}} }} L '''talian''' (''italiano'', {{IPA-it|itaˈljaːno|pron|It-italiano.ogg}} o {{lang|it|lingua italiana}} {{IPA-it|ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna|}}) ie n [[lingaz romanz]] de la [[familia de lingac indoeuropeics]] che se à evolù dal [[latin vulgher]] dl [[Mper Roman]]. Adum cul [[lingaz sarde]] ie l talian la rujeneda che se à mudà l mancul dal [[latin]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages |title=Romance languages |encyclopaedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 February 2017 |quote=...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfvAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34|title=The peoples of Europe|isbn=9781176926981|last1=Fleure|first1=H. J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2MUAAAAIAAJ&q=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin|title=Hermathena|year=1942}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34|title=Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction|isbn=9789027261236|last1=Winters|first1=Margaret E.|date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Rujenà da ntëur a 85 milions de persones (tl 2022) ie l talian na rujeneda ufiziela te la [[Talia]], te la [[Svizra]] (tl [[Tessin]] y tl [[Grijon]]), a [[San Marino]] y te la [[Zità dl Vatican]]. L à n status ufiziel de mendranza te la [[Croazia]] y te n valguna pertes de l'[[Istria slovena]]. L talian vën ënghe rujenà da na gran pert de la [[diaspora taliana]] tl [[cuntinënt american]] y te l'[[Australia]].<ref name=e25/> L talian fej pert de la rujenedes curides tres l ''[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]'' te la [[Bosnia y Herzegovina]] y te la [[Romania]], nce sce l talian ne ie no co-ufiziel no na rujeneda scuneda te chisc stac.<ref name="coe" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf|title=MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA|language=ro|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095127/http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na gran pert de la jënt che rejona l talian sa da rujené doi rujenedes, l talian (standard o te na variazion raionela) y una de la rujenedes talianes dl post, suënz rujenedes a cësa ulache i ie cresciui su.<ref name=e25/> Da tenì cont iel che rujenedes sciche l [[lingaz sarde|sarde]], l [[lingaz napoletan|napoletan]] o l [[lingaz veneto|veneto]] ne vën te la linguistica nia ududes coche dialec dl talian ma plutosc coche rujenedes desfrëntes. L talian ie una de la majera rujenedes de l'[[Europa]], la ie una de la rujenedes ufizieles de la [[Organisazion per Segurëza y Cooperazion te l'Europa]] y una de la rujenedes de lëur dl [[Cunsëi d'Europa]]. La ie la segonda majera rujeneda de l'oma te l'[[Union Europa]] cun 67 milions de persones (15% de la populazion de l'UE) y la ie la segonda rujeneda de 13,4 milions de zitadins de l'UE (3%).<ref name="forbes">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2020/02/06/despite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far/|title=Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far|last=Keating|first=Dave|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="europa2012">[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |date= 6 January 2016 }}, [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf Data for EU27], published in 2012.</ref> Cumpedan nce chëi che rejona talian te stac nia de la UE (sciche la Svizra, Albania y l [[Riam Unì]]) y sun autri cuntinënc ie l numer total de persones che rejona l talian ntëur a 85 milions.<ref name="Italian language">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}</ref> L talian ie la rujeneda prinzipela de la [[Santa Sënta]] y la [[lingua franca]] te la gerarchia de la [[dlieja catolica]]. La ie nce la rujeneda ufiziela dl [[Orden Sovran Militer de Malta]]. L talian vën adurvà scialdi te la [[terminologia de mujiga]] y [[opera]] cun n gran numer de paroles talianes che fej referimënt ala mujiga che ie deventedes paroles nternaziuneles adurvedes te autra rujenedes ntëur al mond. L talian fova stat fat la rujeneda ufiziela dl stat do l'[[unificazion de la Talia]], ulache dant fovela mé na [[rujeneda leterera]] baseda sui [[dialec toscans]] se basan sun coche rujenova la tlas auta de la sozietà de [[Firënza]].<ref>[http://www.italian-language-study.com/italian-language/modern-italian.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003014156/http://www.italian-language-study.com/italian-language/modern-italian.htm|date=3 October 2009}}</ref> Belau duta la paroles natives tl talian fina cun na [[vocala]] y l talian à n sistem de set vocales ('e' y 'o' à n tonn mez-aut y mez-bas). L talian desferenzieia danter consonantes longes y curtes y geminazion (dublië) de la consonantes. <gallery mode="packed" heights=230 caption=""> Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|Scriver a man in corsivo a scola italiana Idioma%20italiano.png </gallery> ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] [[Categoria:Talia]] jxc4rpqn8lepuzz36nbix8vqkplnp3w 0 2973 246364 240127 2026-04-10T09:10:18Z Asenoner 208 246364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujenedes | name = Olandesc | nativename = {{lang|nl|Nederlands}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-nl|ˈneːdərlɑnts||nl-Nederlands.ogg}} | states = [[Paejes Basc]], [[Belje]] | region = [[Paejes Basc]], [[Brasil]], [[Belje]], [[Suriname]], [[Indonesia]];<br />Leprò te [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Flandern Franzëus]] y [[Sudafrica]] (coche [[Afrikaans]]) | speakers = 25 milions | date = 2021 | ref = e19 | speakers2 = De ndut (prima y segonda rujeneda): 30 milions (2021)<ref name="Eurobarometer Languages">{{cite web |author=[[European Commission]] |year=2006 |title=Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221061227/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archive-date=Feb 21, 2007 |access-date=February 3, 2007 |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]}} "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." (page 153).</ref><ref name="UofL">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/dutch |title=Dutch |publisher=University of Leicester |website=Languages at Leicester |access-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062920/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/dutch |url-status=live }}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles|Germanich uzidentel]] | fam4 = [[Germanich dl Weser-Rain]] | fam5 = [[Lingac Francs Basc|Franch Bas]] ([[Lingaz franch|Franch]]) | ancestor = [[Lingaz franch|Franch]] | ancestor2 = [[Olandesc vedl]] | ancestor3 = [[Olandesc mesan]] | script = {{plainlist| *[[Scritura latina|Latin]] ([[Dutch alphabet]]) *[[Braille Olandesc]]}} | sign = [[Signed Dutch]] (''NmG'') | nation = {{flag|Paejes Basc}}<br />{{flag|Belje}}<br />{{flag|Suriname}}<br />{{collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Raions dependënc| |{{flag|Aruba}} |{{flag|Curaçao}} |{{flag|Sint Maarten}} }} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| |{{flag|Benelux}} |{{flag|Union Europea}} |{{flag|Union of South American Nations|South American Union}} |[[Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America|PROSUR]] |{{flag|Caribbean Community}} }} | minority = | agency = {{lang|nl|Nederlandse Taalunie}} | iso1 = nl | iso2b = dut | iso2t = nld | iso3 = nld | iso3comment = Dutch/[[Flemish dialects|Flemish]] | lingua = 52-ACB-a | glotto = mode1257 | glottorefname = Modern Dutch | map = Map of the Dutch World.svg | mapcaption = Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter language [[Afrikaans]]) | map2 = Idioma neerlandés.PNG | mapcaption2 = Distribution of the Dutch standard language (dark blue where a majority language, light blue for Brussels, Friesland and Low Franconian dialects in France and Germany) in Europe | notice = IPA }}L''' olandesc''' (''Nederlands'') ie na [[rujeneda germanica uzidentela]] che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de zirca 25 milions de persones y che vën ora de chël mo rujeneda da zirca 5 milions de persones. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela di [[Paejes Basc]] y una de la trëi rujenedes ufizieles dl [[Belje]] (ulache l ie la rujeneda de l'oma de zirca l 60% de la populazion). L ie la terza majera [[Rujenedes germaniches|rujeneda germanica]] do l [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]] y l [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]. Dedora de l'Europa ie l olandesc ora de chël la rujeneda de l'oma de la majera pert de la populazion dl [[Suriname]] y l ie ënghe na rujeneda ufiziela tl [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]] y [[Sint Maarten]]. L olandesc ti semea scialdi al tudësch y mpue ënghe al nglëisc y l vën suënz dit che l ie danter chëla doi rujenedes. Ngrum de dialec olandesc univa nfin da puech rujenei te la [[Germania]], dantaldut tl [[Rheinland]] ntëur [[Duisburg]]. L Plattdeutsch tl nord de la Germania univa ënghe rujenà te pertes dl nord di Pajes Basc. Nsci ne fova l cunfin danter i Paejes Basc y l Deutschland nia diretamënter n cunfin linguistich, ma chël iel deventà cul tëmp cul lascé do di dialec y la adozion de la rujeneda standardiseda te uni paesc. L olandesc y l tudësch vën suënz udui coche doi formes standardisedes dl gran continuum de dialec tudësc te l'Europa continentela. L olandesc ne adrova nia l [[umlaut]] sciche l tudësch y ne adrova nia plu l congiuntif. L olandesc ova n iede trëi geni gramatichei (masculin, feminin y neutral) sciche l tudësch, ma n'à al dinancuei mé plu doi. L olandesc adrova plu paroles latines y franzëuses dl tudësch, ma scialdi de manco dl nglëisc. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac germanics]] hgs1lutnzek7206p02aucw08fi9hwdm 246366 246364 2026-04-10T09:12:10Z Asenoner 208 246366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujenedes | name = Olandesc | nativename = {{lang|nl|Nederlands}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-nl|ˈneːdərlɑnts||nl-Nederlands.ogg}} | states = [[Paejes Basc]], [[Belje]] | region = [[Paejes Basc]], [[Brasil]], [[Belje]], [[Suriname]], [[Indonesia]];<br />Leprò te [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Flandern Franzëus]] y [[Sudafrica]] (coche [[Afrikaans]]) | speakers = 25 milions | date = 2021 | ref = e19 | speakers2 = De ndut (prima y segonda rujeneda): 30 milions (2021)<ref name="Eurobarometer Languages">{{cite web |author=[[European Commission]] |year=2006 |title=Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221061227/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archive-date=Feb 21, 2007 |access-date=February 3, 2007 |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]}} "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." (page 153).</ref><ref name="UofL">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/dutch |title=Dutch |publisher=University of Leicester |website=Languages at Leicester |access-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062920/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/dutch |url-status=live }}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles|Germanich uzidentel]] | fam4 = [[Germanich dl Weser-Rain]] | fam5 = [[Lingac Francs Basc|Franch Bas]] ([[Lingaz franch|Franch]]) | ancestor = [[Lingaz franch|Franch]] | ancestor2 = [[Olandesc vedl]] | ancestor3 = [[Olandesc mesan]] | script = {{plainlist| *[[Scritura latina|Latin]] ([[Dutch alphabet]]) *[[Braille Olandesc]]}} | sign = [[Signed Dutch]] (''NmG'') | nation = {{flag|Paejes Basc}}<br />{{flag|Belje}}<br />{{flag|Suriname}}<br />{{collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Raions dependënc| |{{flag|Aruba}} |{{flag|Curaçao}} |{{flag|Sint Maarten}} }} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Organisazions| |{{flag|Benelux}} |{{flag|Union Europea}} |{{flag|Union of South American Nations|South American Union}} |[[Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America|PROSUR]] |{{flag|Caribbean Community}} }} | minority = | agency = {{lang|nl|Nederlandse Taalunie}} | iso1 = nl | iso2b = dut | iso2t = nld | iso3 = nld | iso3comment = Dutch/[[Flemish dialects|Flemish]] | lingua = 52-ACB-a | glotto = mode1257 | glottorefname = Modern Dutch | map = Map of the Dutch World.svg | mapcaption = Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter language [[Afrikaans]]) | map2 = Idioma neerlandés.PNG | mapcaption2 = Distribution of the Dutch standard language (dark blue where a majority language, light blue for Brussels, Friesland and Low Franconian dialects in France and Germany) in Europe | notice = IPA }}L''' olandesc''' (''Nederlands''; {{IPA-nl|ˈneːdərlɑnts|pron|nl-Nederlands.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda germanica uzidentela]] che ie la rujeneda de l'oma de zirca 25 milions de persones y che vën ora de chël mo rujeneda da zirca 5 milions de persones. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela di [[Paejes Basc]] y una de la trëi rujenedes ufizieles dl [[Belje]] (ulache l ie la rujeneda de l'oma de zirca l 60% de la populazion). L ie la terza majera [[Rujenedes germaniches|rujeneda germanica]] do l [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]] y l [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]. Dedora de l'Europa ie l olandesc ora de chël la rujeneda de l'oma de la majera pert de la populazion dl [[Suriname]] y l ie ënghe na rujeneda ufiziela tl [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]] y [[Sint Maarten]]. L olandesc ti semea scialdi al tudësch y mpue ënghe al nglëisc y l vën suënz dit che l ie danter chëla doi rujenedes. Ngrum de dialec olandesc univa nfin da puech rujenei te la [[Germania]], dantaldut tl [[Rheinland]] ntëur [[Duisburg]]. L Plattdeutsch tl nord de la Germania univa ënghe rujenà te pertes dl nord di Pajes Basc. Nsci ne fova l cunfin danter i Paejes Basc y l Deutschland nia diretamënter n cunfin linguistich, ma chël iel deventà cul tëmp cul lascé do di dialec y la adozion de la rujeneda standardiseda te uni paesc. L olandesc y l tudësch vën suënz udui coche doi formes standardisedes dl gran continuum de dialec tudësc te l'Europa continentela. L olandesc ne adrova nia l [[umlaut]] sciche l tudësch y ne adrova nia plu l congiuntif. L olandesc ova n iede trëi geni gramatichei (masculin, feminin y neutral) sciche l tudësch, ma n'à al dinancuei mé plu doi. L olandesc adrova plu paroles latines y franzëuses dl tudësch, ma scialdi de manco dl nglëisc. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac germanics]] 7ztit3hkjjo3u907hgte2yymlo8jpn3 0 3033 246345 20354 2026-04-10T08:32:46Z Asenoner 208 246345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}}L '''cech''' (per cech: ''čeština'' (pronunzia: ˈtʃɛʃcɪna) {{IPA|cs|ˈtʃɛʃcɪna|pron|audio=Cs-čeština.ogg}}) ) ie na rujeneda [[slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da 10 milions de persones y ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Republica Ceca]].<br> L cech ti smea scialdi al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y ënghe, scebën mpue de manco, al [[Lingaz polach|polach]]. L vocabuler cech ie stat nfluenzà scialdi dal [[tudësch]] y dal [[latin]]. ff77qigstv1kmj0d6ripx52ptvaa48c 246360 246345 2026-04-10T09:07:53Z Asenoner 208 246360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}}L '''cech''' (per cech: ''čeština'' (pronunzia: ˈtʃɛʃcɪna) {{IPA|cs|ˈtʃɛʃcɪna|pron|audio=Cs-čeština.ogg}}) ) ie na rujeneda [[slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da 10 milions de persones y ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Republica Ceca]].<br> L cech ti smea scialdi al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y ënghe, scebën mpue de manco, al [[Lingaz polach|polach]]. L vocabuler cech ie stat nfluenzà scialdi dal [[tudësch]] y dal [[latin]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] hqmwc1s64nemk0o36bfuxxc5tttbpbf 246361 246360 2026-04-10T09:08:35Z Asenoner 208 246361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}}L '''cech''' (per cech: ''čeština''; {{IPA|cs|ˈtʃɛʃcɪna|pron|audio=Cs-čeština.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da zirca 10 milions de persones y ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Republica Ceca]].<br> L cech ti smea scialdi al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y ënghe, scebën mpue de manco, al [[Lingaz polach|polach]]. L vocabuler cech ie stat nfluenzà scialdi dal [[tudësch]] y dal [[latin]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] hkllw7d8lgfnypoulik9b1vmfkryz50 246362 246361 2026-04-10T09:09:00Z Asenoner 208 246362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}}L '''cech''' (per cech: ''čeština''; {{IPA|cs|ˈtʃɛʃcɪna|pron|audio=Cs-čeština.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da zirca 10 milions de persones y ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Republica Ceca]].<br> L cech ti semea scialdi al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y ënghe, scebën mpue de manco, al [[lingaz polach|polach]]. L vocabuler cech ie stat nfluenzà scialdi dal [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]] y dal [[latin]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] dytrtvbfvpyborhv0958zuq2p4xydum 246365 246362 2026-04-10T09:12:00Z Asenoner 208 246365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}}L '''cech''' (per cech: ''čeština''; {{IPA-cs|ˈtʃɛʃcɪna|pron|Cs-čeština.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da zirca 10 milions de persones y ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Republica Ceca]].<br> L cech ti semea scialdi al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y ënghe, scebën mpue de manco, al [[lingaz polach|polach]]. L vocabuler cech ie stat nfluenzà scialdi dal [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]] y dal [[latin]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac indoeuropeics]] o9jhynuhih9ze6uc1dq5gsw4rjxn19m 0 3034 246341 241807 2026-04-10T08:24:31Z Asenoner 208 246341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Polach | nativename = {{lang|pl|polski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}} | states = [[Polonia]] | speakers = Native: {{formatnum:39.96}} milions | date = 2012 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 5 milions<ref name=e25/><br>De ndut: 45 milions<ref name=e25/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaviches|Balto-Slavich]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slav]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves uzidenteles|Slav Uzidentel]] | fam5 = [[Rujenedes Lechitiches|Lechitich]] | ancestor = [[Polach vedl]] | ancestor2 = [[Polach mesan]] | script = {{ubl|[[ Alfabet latin|Latin]] ([[Alfabet polach]])}} | nation = {{ubl|[[Polonia]]|[[Union Europea]]}} | minority = {{ubl|[[Bosnia y Herzegovina]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>| |[[Brazil]]<ref>[https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/08/01/polish-made-official-language-in-brazilian-town-founded-by-poles/ Polish made official language in Brazilian town founded by Poles]</ref>| [[Czech Republic]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>|[[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europapont.blog.hu/2016/03/16/nyelvi_sokszinuseg_az_eu-ban_hivatalos_regionalis_es_kisebbsegi_nyelvek_a_tagallamokban|title=Nyelvi sokszínűség az EU-ban – hivatalos regionális és kisebbségi nyelvek a tagállamokban|access-date=28 November 2018|date=16 March 2016|language=hu}}</ref>|[[Lithuania]]<ref>{{cite act|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18/04/02&CL=ENG|title=Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|index=157|type=Treaty|legislature=Council of Europe|date=1 February 1995|access-date=28 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045738/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18%2F04%2F02&CL=ENG |date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minelres.lv/NationalLegislation/Lithuania/lithuania.htm|title=MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania|website=www.minelres.lv|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>|[[Romania]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>|[[Slovakia]]<ref name="euro-charter"/>|[[Ukraine]]<ref name="euro-charter"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014) | publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>}} | agency = [[Polish Language Council]]<br>(of the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]) | iso1 = pl | iso2 = pol | iso3 = pol | lc1 = szl | ld1 = [[Silesian Polish|Silesian]] | lingua = 53-AAA-cc [[West Slavic languages|53-AAA-b..-d]]<br>(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu) | map = Polish language map.PNG | mapcaption = {{legend|#0080FE|Majority of Polish speakers}} {{legend|#5AAFDF|Polish used together alongside other languages}} {{legend|#88C4FE|Minority of Polish speakers}} | notice = IPA | glotto = poli1260 | glottorefname = Polish }} L '''polach''' (polach: ''język polski'', {{IPA-pl|ˈjɛw̃zɨk ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-język polski.ogg}}, ''polszczyzna'' {{IPA-pl|pɔlˈʂt͡ʂɨzna||Pl-polszczyzna.ogg}} o mé ''polski'', {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da 45 milions de persones coche rujeneda de l'oma y da mo 5 milions de persones coche rujeneda mpareda. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Polonia]].<br> De duta la rujenedes ti smea l polach l plu al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y al [[Lingaz cech|cech]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> [[Categoria:Polonia]] h2fdp4gjp07noizehucushkm3dvvt7b 246355 246341 2026-04-10T08:38:24Z Asenoner 208 246355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Polach | nativename = {{lang|pl|polski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}} | states = [[Polonia]] | speakers = Native: {{formatnum:39.96}} milions | date = 2012 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 5 milions<ref name=e25/><br>De ndut: 45 milions<ref name=e25/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaves|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves uzidenteles|Slave Uzidentel]] | fam5 = [[Rujenedes Lechitiches|Lechitich]] | ancestor = [[Polach vedl]] | ancestor2 = [[Polach mesan]] | script = {{ubl|[[ Alfabet latin|Latin]] ([[Alfabet polach]])}} | nation = {{ubl|[[Polonia]]|[[Union Europea]]}} | minority = {{ubl|[[Bosnia y Herzegovina]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>| |[[Brazil]]<ref>[https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/08/01/polish-made-official-language-in-brazilian-town-founded-by-poles/ Polish made official language in Brazilian town founded by Poles]</ref>| [[Czech Republic]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>|[[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europapont.blog.hu/2016/03/16/nyelvi_sokszinuseg_az_eu-ban_hivatalos_regionalis_es_kisebbsegi_nyelvek_a_tagallamokban|title=Nyelvi sokszínűség az EU-ban – hivatalos regionális és kisebbségi nyelvek a tagállamokban|access-date=28 November 2018|date=16 March 2016|language=hu}}</ref>|[[Lithuania]]<ref>{{cite act|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18/04/02&CL=ENG|title=Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|index=157|type=Treaty|legislature=Council of Europe|date=1 February 1995|access-date=28 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045738/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18%2F04%2F02&CL=ENG |date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minelres.lv/NationalLegislation/Lithuania/lithuania.htm|title=MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania|website=www.minelres.lv|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>|[[Romania]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>|[[Slovakia]]<ref name="euro-charter"/>|[[Ukraine]]<ref name="euro-charter"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014) | publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>}} | agency = [[Polish Language Council]]<br>(of the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]) | iso1 = pl | iso2 = pol | iso3 = pol | lc1 = szl | ld1 = [[Silesian Polish|Silesian]] | lingua = 53-AAA-cc [[West Slavic languages|53-AAA-b..-d]]<br>(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu) | map = Polish language map.PNG | mapcaption = {{legend|#0080FE|Majority of Polish speakers}} {{legend|#5AAFDF|Polish used together alongside other languages}} {{legend|#88C4FE|Minority of Polish speakers}} | notice = IPA | glotto = poli1260 | glottorefname = Polish }} L '''polach''' (polach: ''język polski'', {{IPA-pl|ˈjɛw̃zɨk ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-język polski.ogg}}, ''polszczyzna'' {{IPA-pl|pɔlˈʂt͡ʂɨzna||Pl-polszczyzna.ogg}} o mé ''polski'', {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da 45 milions de persones coche rujeneda de l'oma y da mo 5 milions de persones coche rujeneda mpareda. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Polonia]].<br> De duta la rujenedes ti smea l polach l plu al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y al [[Lingaz cech|cech]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> [[Categoria:Polonia]] si002iv9aamyhhd7gmxhnemza29a52f 246356 246355 2026-04-10T08:38:53Z Asenoner 208 246356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gherdëina}} {{Infobox rujeneda | name = Polach | nativename = {{lang|pl|polski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}} | states = [[Polonia]] | speakers = Native: {{formatnum:39.96}} milions | date = 2012 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 5 milions<ref name=e25/><br>De ndut: 45 milions<ref name=e25/> | familycolor = Indo-Europeich | fam2 = [[Rujenedes balto-slaves|Balto-Slave]] | fam3 = [[Rujenedes slaves|Slave]] | fam4 = [[Rujenedes slaves uzidenteles|Slave Uzidentel]] | fam5 = [[Rujenedes Lechitiches|Lechitich]] | ancestor = [[Polach vedl]] | ancestor2 = [[Polach mesan]] | script = {{ubl|[[ Alfabet latin|Latin]] ([[Alfabet polach]])}} | nation = {{ubl|[[Polonia]]|[[Union Europea]]}} | minority = {{ubl|[[Bosnia y Herzegovina]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>| |[[Brazil]]<ref>[https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/08/01/polish-made-official-language-in-brazilian-town-founded-by-poles/ Polish made official language in Brazilian town founded by Poles]</ref>| [[Czech Republic]]<ref name="euro-charter">[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref>|[[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europapont.blog.hu/2016/03/16/nyelvi_sokszinuseg_az_eu-ban_hivatalos_regionalis_es_kisebbsegi_nyelvek_a_tagallamokban|title=Nyelvi sokszínűség az EU-ban – hivatalos regionális és kisebbségi nyelvek a tagállamokban|access-date=28 November 2018|date=16 March 2016|language=hu}}</ref>|[[Lithuania]]<ref>{{cite act|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18/04/02&CL=ENG|title=Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|index=157|type=Treaty|legislature=Council of Europe|date=1 February 1995|access-date=28 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045738/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18%2F04%2F02&CL=ENG |date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minelres.lv/NationalLegislation/Lithuania/lithuania.htm|title=MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania|website=www.minelres.lv|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>|[[Romania]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>|[[Slovakia]]<ref name="euro-charter"/>|[[Ukraine]]<ref name="euro-charter"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17 | title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014) | publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua | work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2 | date=1 February 2014 | access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>}} | agency = [[Polish Language Council]]<br>(of the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]) | iso1 = pl | iso2 = pol | iso3 = pol | lc1 = szl | ld1 = [[Silesian Polish|Silesian]] | lingua = 53-AAA-cc [[West Slavic languages|53-AAA-b..-d]]<br>(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu) | map = Polish language map.PNG | mapcaption = {{legend|#0080FE|Majority of Polish speakers}} {{legend|#5AAFDF|Polish used together alongside other languages}} {{legend|#88C4FE|Minority of Polish speakers}} | notice = IPA | glotto = poli1260 | glottorefname = Polish }} L '''polach''' (polach: ''język polski'', {{IPA-pl|ˈjɛw̃zɨk ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-język polski.ogg}}, ''polszczyzna'' {{IPA-pl|pɔlˈʂt͡ʂɨzna||Pl-polszczyzna.ogg}} o mé ''polski'', {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔlskʲi||Pl-polski.ogg}}) ie na [[rujeneda slava uzidentela]] che vën scrita tl [[alfabet latin]]. La vën rujeneda da 45 milions de persones coche rujeneda de l'oma y da mo 5 milions de persones coche rujeneda mpareda. L ie la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Polonia]].<br> De duta la rujenedes ti smea l polach l plu al [[lingaz slovach|slovach]] y al [[Lingaz cech|cech]]. ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Polonia]] bfx6fhir5i6raf9e5qsheywvo4g0htt 828 14579 246344 37331 2026-04-10T08:31:21Z Asenoner 208 246344 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2022-03-02 return { ["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Armenia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"}, ["AR"] = {"Argentina"}, ["AS"] = {"Samoa Americana"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Ijules Åland"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["BA"] = {"Bosnia y Herzegovina"}, ["BB"] = {"Barbados"}, ["BD"] = {"Bangladesh"}, ["BE"] = {"Belje"}, ["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"}, ["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["BH"] = {"Bahrain"}, ["BI"] = {"Burundi"}, ["BJ"] = {"Benin"}, ["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"}, ["BM"] = {"Bermuda"}, ["BN"] = {"Brunei Darussalam"}, ["BO"] = {"Bolivia"}, ["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"}, ["BR"] = {"Brazil"}, ["BS"] = {"Bahamas"}, ["BT"] = {"Bhutan"}, ["BV"] = {"Bouvet Island"}, ["BW"] = {"Botswana"}, ["BY"] = {"Belarus"}, ["BZ"] = {"Belize"}, ["CA"] = {"Canada"}, ["CC"] = {"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"}, ["CD"] = {"The Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, ["CF"] = {"Central African Republic"}, ["CG"] = {"Congo"}, ["CH"] = {"Switzerland"}, ["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"}, ["CK"] = {"Cook Islands"}, ["CL"] = {"Chile"}, ["CM"] = {"Cameroon"}, ["CN"] = {"China"}, ["CO"] = {"Colombia"}, ["CP"] = {"Clipperton Island"}, ["CR"] = {"Costa Rica"}, ["CU"] = {"Cuba"}, ["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde"}, ["CW"] = {"Curaçao"}, ["CX"] = {"Christmas Island"}, ["CY"] = {"Cyprus"}, ["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Czech Republic"}, ["DE"] = {"Germany"}, ["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"}, ["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"}, ["DK"] = {"Denmark"}, ["DM"] = {"Dominica"}, ["DO"] = {"Dominican Republic"}, ["DZ"] = {"Algeria"}, ["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"}, ["EC"] = {"Ecuador"}, ["EE"] = {"Estonia"}, ["EG"] = {"Egypt"}, ["EH"] = {"Western Sahara"}, ["ER"] = {"Eritrea"}, ["ES"] = {"Spain"}, ["ET"] = {"Ethiopia"}, ["EU"] = {"European Union"}, ["EZ"] = {"Eurozone"}, ["FI"] = {"Finland"}, ["FJ"] = {"Fiji"}, ["FK"] = {"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"}, ["FM"] = {"Federated States of Micronesia"}, ["FO"] = {"Faroe Islands"}, ["FR"] = {"France"}, ["GA"] = {"Gabon"}, ["GB"] = {"United Kingdom"}, ["GD"] = {"Grenada"}, ["GE"] = {"Georgia"}, ["GF"] = {"French Guiana"}, ["GG"] = {"Guernsey"}, ["GH"] = {"Ghana"}, ["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"}, ["GL"] = {"Greenland"}, ["GM"] = {"Gambia"}, ["GN"] = {"Guinea"}, ["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"}, ["GQ"] = {"Equatorial Guinea"}, ["GR"] = {"Greece"}, ["GS"] = {"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"}, ["GT"] = {"Guatemala"}, ["GU"] = {"Guam"}, ["GW"] = {"Guinea-Bissau"}, ["GY"] = {"Guyana"}, ["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"}, ["HM"] = {"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"}, ["HN"] = {"Honduras"}, ["HR"] = {"Croatia"}, ["HT"] = {"Haiti"}, ["HU"] = {"Hungary"}, ["IC"] = {"Canary Islands"}, ["ID"] = {"Indonesia"}, ["IE"] = {"Ireland"}, ["IL"] = {"Israel"}, ["IM"] = {"Isle of Man"}, ["IN"] = {"India"}, ["IO"] = {"British Indian Ocean Territory"}, ["IQ"] = {"Irach"}, ["IR"] = {"Republica Islamica de Iran"}, ["IS"] = {"Iceland"}, ["IT"] = {"Talia"}, ["JE"] = {"Jersey"}, ["JM"] = {"Jamaica"}, ["JO"] = {"Jordan"}, ["JP"] = {"Japan"}, ["KE"] = {"Kenya"}, ["KG"] = {"Kyrgyzstan"}, ["KH"] = {"Cambodia"}, ["KI"] = {"Kiribati"}, ["KM"] = {"Comoros"}, ["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts and Nevis"}, ["KP"] = {"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}, ["KR"] = {"Republic of Korea"}, ["KW"] = {"Kuwait"}, ["KY"] = {"Cayman Islands"}, ["KZ"] = {"Kazakhstan"}, ["LA"] = {"Lao People's Democratic Republic"}, ["LB"] = {"Lebanon"}, ["LC"] = {"Saint Lucia"}, ["LI"] = {"Liechtenstein"}, ["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"}, ["LR"] = {"Liberia"}, ["LS"] = {"Lesotho"}, ["LT"] = {"Lithuania"}, ["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"}, ["LV"] = {"Latvia"}, ["LY"] = {"Libya"}, ["MA"] = {"Morocco"}, ["MC"] = {"Monaco"}, ["MD"] = {"Moldova"}, ["ME"] = {"Montenegro"}, ["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (French part)"}, ["MG"] = {"Madagascar"}, ["MH"] = {"Marshall Islands"}, ["MK"] = {"North Macedonia"}, ["ML"] = {"Mali"}, ["MM"] = {"Myanmar"}, ["MN"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["MO"] = {"Macao"}, ["MP"] = {"Northern Mariana Islands"}, ["MQ"] = {"Martinique"}, ["MR"] = {"Mauritania"}, ["MS"] = {"Montserrat"}, ["MT"] = {"Malta"}, ["MU"] = {"Mauritius"}, ["MV"] = {"Maldives"}, ["MW"] = {"Malawi"}, ["MX"] = {"Mexico"}, ["MY"] = {"Malaysia"}, ["MZ"] = {"Mozambique"}, ["NA"] = {"Namibia"}, ["NC"] = {"New Caledonia"}, ["NE"] = {"Niger"}, ["NF"] = {"Norfolk Island"}, ["NG"] = {"Nigeria"}, ["NI"] = {"Nicaragua"}, ["NL"] = {"Netherlands"}, ["NO"] = {"Norway"}, ["NP"] = {"Nepal"}, ["NR"] = {"Nauru"}, ["NU"] = {"Niue"}, ["NZ"] = {"New Zealand"}, ["OM"] = {"Oman"}, ["PA"] = {"Panama"}, ["PE"] = {"Peru"}, ["PF"] = {"French Polynesia"}, ["PG"] = {"Papua New Guinea"}, ["PH"] = {"Philippines"}, ["PK"] = {"Pakistan"}, ["PL"] = {"Poland"}, ["PM"] = {"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"}, ["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"}, ["PR"] = {"Puerto Rico"}, ["PS"] = {"State of Palestine"}, ["PT"] = {"Portugal"}, ["PW"] = {"Palau"}, ["PY"] = {"Paraguay"}, ["QA"] = {"Qatar"}, ["RE"] = {"Réunion"}, ["RO"] = {"Romania"}, ["RS"] = {"Serbia"}, ["RU"] = {"Russian Federation"}, ["RW"] = {"Rwanda"}, ["SA"] = {"Saudi Arabia"}, ["SB"] = {"Solomon Islands"}, ["SC"] = {"Seychelles"}, ["SD"] = {"Sudan"}, ["SE"] = {"Sweden"}, ["SG"] = {"Singapore"}, ["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"}, ["SI"] = {"Slovenia"}, ["SJ"] = {"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"}, ["SK"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"}, ["SM"] = {"San Marino"}, ["SN"] = {"Senegal"}, ["SO"] = {"Somalia"}, ["SR"] = {"Suriname"}, ["SS"] = {"South Sudan"}, ["ST"] = {"Sao Tome and Principe"}, ["SV"] = {"El Salvador"}, ["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"}, ["SY"] = {"Syrian Arab Republic"}, ["SZ"] = {"Eswatini", "eSwatini", "Swaziland"}, ["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"}, ["TC"] = {"Turks and Caicos Islands"}, ["TD"] = {"Chad"}, ["TF"] = {"French Southern Territories"}, ["TG"] = {"Togo"}, ["TH"] = {"Thailand"}, ["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"}, ["TK"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["TL"] = {"Timor-Leste"}, ["TM"] = {"Turkmenistan"}, ["TN"] = {"Tunisia"}, ["TO"] = {"Tonga"}, ["TR"] = {"Turkey"}, ["TT"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago"}, ["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Province of China"}, ["TZ"] = {"United Republic of Tanzania"}, ["UA"] = {"Ukraine"}, ["UG"] = {"Uganda"}, ["UM"] = {"United States Minor Outlying Islands"}, ["UN"] = {"United Nations"}, ["US"] = {"United States"}, ["UY"] = {"Uruguay"}, ["UZ"] = {"Uzbekistan"}, ["VA"] = {"Holy See (Vatican City State)"}, ["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"}, ["VE"] = {"Venezuela"}, ["VG"] = {"British Virgin Islands"}, ["VI"] = {"U.S. Virgin Islands"}, ["VN"] = {"Viet Nam"}, ["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"}, ["WF"] = {"Wallis and Futuna"}, ["WS"] = {"Samoa"}, ["YE"] = {"Yemen"}, ["YT"] = {"Mayotte"}, ["ZA"] = {"South Africa"}, ["ZM"] = {"Zambia"}, ["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwe"}, ["001"] = {"World"}, ["002"] = {"Africa"}, ["003"] = {"North America"}, ["005"] = {"South America"}, ["009"] = {"Oceania"}, ["011"] = {"Western Africa"}, ["013"] = {"Central America"}, ["014"] = {"Eastern Africa"}, ["015"] = {"Northern Africa"}, ["017"] = {"Middle Africa"}, ["018"] = {"Southern Africa"}, ["019"] = {"Americas"}, ["021"] = {"Northern America"}, ["029"] = {"Caribbean"}, ["030"] = {"Eastern Asia"}, ["034"] = {"Southern Asia"}, ["035"] = {"South-Eastern Asia"}, ["039"] = {"Southern Europe"}, ["053"] = {"Australia and New Zealand"}, ["054"] = {"Melanesia"}, ["057"] = {"Micronesia"}, ["061"] = {"Polynesia"}, ["142"] = {"Asia"}, ["143"] = {"Central Asia"}, ["145"] = {"Western Asia"}, ["150"] = {"Europe"}, ["151"] = {"Eastern Europe"}, ["154"] = {"Northern Europe"}, ["155"] = {"Western Europe"}, ["202"] = {"Sub-Saharan Africa"}, ["419"] = {"Latin America and the Caribbean"} } 83ew5ezz80gyh50qd7wtxvyhmfrwzsp 12 21346 246342 236582 2026-04-10T08:28:16Z Asenoner 208 Asenoner á sposté la plata [[Aiuto:AFI/Corsican]] a [[Aiuto:AFI/Corsich]] 46739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{IPA key|H:IPA-CO}} The charts below show how the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Corsican language|Corsican]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-co}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. {|style="background: none |----- | style="vertical-align:top;"| {|class="wikitable" !colspan=3| [[Consonant]]s |- ![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !Examples!!English approximation |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big> |'''b'''a'''bb'''u; '''p'''orta; '''v'''ai |'''b'''ike |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|c}}</big> |'''chj'''osu; ma'''chj'''a |s'''k'''ew |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big> |'''d'''ormi; '''t'''ettu |'''d'''one |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|d̪͡z̪|dz}}</big> |'''z'''itellu; pran'''z'''u |da'''ds''' |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big> |'''gi'''oia; pia'''c'''e |'''j'''ab |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}</big> |e'''dd'''u; cora'''dd'''u; sta'''dd'''a |'''d'''ine ([[Indian English]]) |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ð}}</big><ref>In some dialects, it is omitted or pronounced {{IPAblink|r}}.</ref> |'''d'''onna; stra'''d'''a |'''th'''is |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big> |'''f'''ora; go'''ff'''u |'''f'''ast |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big><ref>Sometimes omitted between vowels.</ref> |'''g'''attu; butte'''g'''a; rin'''gh'''era; fo'''c'''u |'''g'''as |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɟ}}</big><ref>Sometimes pronounced {{IPAblink|j}}.</ref> |'''ghj'''ornu; o'''ghj'''e |ar'''g'''ue |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big> |'''c'''orsu; bo'''cc'''a; '''ch'''i; '''q'''uale; '''k'''iwi |s'''c'''ar |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big><ref>In some dialects, it is pronounced {{IPAblink|r}}.</ref> |'''l'''atru; e'''ll'''u |'''l'''ip |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ}}</big> |fami'''gli'''a; a'''gli'''u |roughly like ''mi'''lli'''on'' |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big> |'''m'''ele; '''m'''a'''ma'''a; ca'''m'''pu <ref name="nasal">A [[nasal consonant]] always [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] its [[place of articulation]] to that of the following consonant. Thus, before {{IPA|/g/}} or {{IPA|/k/}}, it is velar {{IPAlink|ŋ}}, and before {{IPA|/v/}} or {{IPA|/f/}}, it is labiodental {{IPAlink|ɱ}}. It is alveolar {{IPAlink|m}} only before {{IPA|/p/}} or {{IPA|/b/}}.</ref> |'''m'''other |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɱ}}</big> |i'''n'''fini<ref name="nasal"/> |so'''me''' value |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big> |'''n'''eve; ce'''nn'''u |'''n'''est |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big> |ci'''n'''que; ri'''n'''ghera<ref name="nasal"/> |si'''ng''' |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big> |biso'''gn'''u; casta'''gn'''u |roughly like ''ca'''ny'''on'' |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big> |'''p'''esciu; '''p'''orgu; cas'''p'''a |s'''p'''in |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big> |'''r'''asoghju; fe'''rr'''u; pe'''r'''si |[[Alveolar trill|Trilled r]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: pe'''rr'''o |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|s̪|s}}</big><ref>In some dialects, it is pronounced {{IPAblink|ʃ}} before {{IPAblink|t}}.</ref> |'''s'''eccu; '''s'''trada; que'''ss'''u |'''s'''orry |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big> |'''sc'''effu; pe'''sci'''u |'''sh'''ip |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big> |'''t'''u'''tt'''u; a'''tt'''en'''t'''u |s'''t'''ar |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|t̪͡s̪|ts}}</big> |'''z'''appatu; la'''zz'''a |ca'''ts''' |- | style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big> |'''c'''ecu; '''c'''i |'''ch'''ip |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big> |ser'''v'''ici; a'''v'''iò: '''f'''rittu; '''''w'''att'' |'''v'''ent |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|z̪|z}}</big> |ca'''s'''a |'''z'''ipper |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big> |'''sgi'''ò; bru'''sg'''era |mea'''s'''ure |- !colspan="3"|[[Semivowel]]s |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big> |p'''i'''ù; me'''i'''u, gabb'''i'''a; A'''i'''acciu; '''''y'''acht'' |'''y'''ou |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big> |q'''u'''ale; g'''u'''erra; ne'''v'''e; '''b'''asta; '''''w'''eek-end'' |'''w'''ine |} | style="vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable" !colspan=3| [[Vowel]]s |- ![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !Examples!!English approximation |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big><ref>In some dialects, it is pronounced {{IPAblink|æ}}.</ref> |'''a'''rm'''a'''; ser'''à''' |roughly like f'''a'''ther |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big><ref name="e">In some dialects, it is pronounced {{IPAblink|æ}} or {{IPAblink|a}}.</ref> |'''e'''l'''e'''ttu; m'''e'''iu |roughly like p'''a'''y |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big><ref name="e"/> |'''è'''pica; t'''e'''rra |b'''e'''d |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big> |'''i'''; m'''ì''' |s'''ee''' |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big> |'''o'''ra; gi'''ò'''vani |st'''o'''ry |- |style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big> |avi'''ò''' |'''o'''ff |- |style="text-align:center;"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big> |'''u'''; pi'''ù''' |t'''oo''' |- | colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; |- !colspan=3|[[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]] |- ![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !Examples!!English approximation |- |style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big> |'''làm'''pana {{IPA|[ˈlampana]}} |'''bo'''ttle |- |style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ˌ}}</big> |'''pru'''pia'''men'''te {{IPA|[ˌprupjaˈmente]}} |'''in'''to'''na'''tion |- |style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA|.}}</big> |v'''ia''' {{IPA|[ˈwi.a]}} |m'''oai''' |} |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{IPA keys}} pixnh2ypbpk0zyu7emv95fo4a74u2x4 828 188152 246358 235919 2026-04-10T08:51:54Z Asenoner 208 246358 Scribunto text/plain return { defaultLabel = "pronunzia per %s:", labels = { ["lang"] = "%s:", ["pron"] = "pronunzià", ["also"] = "ënghe", ["alsolang"] = "ënghe %s:", ["langalso"] = "%s ënghe", ["local"] = "dl post", ["localpron"] = "pronunzia dl post:", ["ipa"] = "AFI:", }, defaultKey = "Help:IPA", langs = { ["und"] = { text = "", defaultLabelCode = "ipa", }, ["mis"] = { text = "", defaultLabelCode = "ipa", }, ["en"] = { key = "Help:IPA/English", format = "/%s/", defaultLabelCode = "", dialects = { ["GB"] = { text = "UK", defaultLabelCode = "lang", }, ["UK"] = { aliasOf = "GB" }, ["US"] = { text = "UK", defaultLabelCode = "lang", }, }, }, ["acw"] = { name = "Hejazi Arabic", key = "Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic", }, ["ady"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Adyghe", }, ["aeb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic", }, ["aer"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["af"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Afrikaans", }, ["aln"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Albanian", }, ["als"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Albanian", }, ["am"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Amharic", }, ["ang"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Old English", }, ["apc"] = { dialects = { ["LB"] = { name = "Lebanese Arabic", key = "Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic", }, }, }, ["ar"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Arabic", }, ["arz"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic", }, ["as"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Assamese", }, ["ast"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese", dialects = { ["ES-LE"] = { name = "Leonese", }, }, }, ["aus"] = { text = "Aboriginal", key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["az"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Azerbaijani", }, ["be"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Belarusian", }, ["ber"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Berber", }, ["bg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Bulgarian", }, ["bn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Bengali", }, ["bo"] = { text = "Tibetan", key = "Help:IPA/Tibetan", }, ["br"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Breton", }, ["bs"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["ca"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Catalan", dialects = { ["ES-IB"] = { name = "Balearic Catalan", key = "Help:IPA/Insular Catalan", }, ["IT"] = { name = "Algherese", key = "Help:IPA/Insular Catalan", }, ["VALENCIA"] = { isVariant = true, -- makes it lowercase }, }, }, ["ckb"] = { name = "Central Kurdish", key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["cjy"] = { name = "Jin Chinese", key = "Help:IPA/Jin Chinese", }, ["cmn"] = { name = "Mandarin", link = "Standard Chinese", key = "Help:IPA/Mandarin", }, ["cnr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["co"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Corsican", }, ["crh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tatar", }, ["cs"] = { key = "Aiut:AFI/Cech", }, ["cy"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Welsh", }, ["da"] = { key = "Aiut:AFI/Danesc", }, ["de"] = { key = "Aiut:AFI/Tudësch Aut", dialects = { ["AT"] = {}, ["CH"] = {}, }, }, ["dsb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sorbian", }, ["egl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol", }, ["el"] = { key = "Aiut:AFI/Grech", }, ["eo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Esperanto", }, ["es"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Spanish", dialects = { ["419"] = { name = "Latin American Spanish", }, }, }, ["et"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Estonian", }, ["eu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Basque", }, ["ext"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese", }, ["fa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Persian", }, ["fi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Finnish", }, ["fil"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tagalog", }, ["fj"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Fijian", }, ["fr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/French", }, ["frp"] = { name = "Franco-Provençal", key = "Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal", }, ["fy"] = { key = "Help:IPA/West Frisian", }, ["ga"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Irish", dialects = { ["GB"] = { aliasOf = "x-ulster" }, ["IE-C"] = { name = "Connacht Irish", }, ["IE-M"] = { name = "Munster Irish", }, ["IE-U"] = { aliasOf = "x-ulster" }, ["x-ulster"] = { name = "Ulster Irish", }, } }, ["gct"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["gd"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic", }, ["gl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Galician", }, ["grc"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Greek", dialects = { ["x-attic"] = {}, ["x-classic"] = {}, }, }, ["gsw"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["gu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Gujarati", }, ["gv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Manx", }, ["haw"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hawaiian", }, ["hbo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hebrew", }, ["he"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hebrew", }, ["hi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu", }, ["hmn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hmong", }, ["hns"] = { name = "Hindustani", key = "Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu", }, ["hr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["hsb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sorbian", }, ["hsn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese", }, ["ht"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Haitian Creole", }, ["hu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hungarian", }, ["hy"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Armenian", }, ["id"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malay", }, ["ig"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Igbo", }, ["ik"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Inupiaq", }, ["is"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Icelandic", }, ["it"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Italian", dialects = { ["IT-52"] = { name = "Tuscan", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, ["IT-55"] = { name = "Central Italian", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, ["IT-57"] = { name = "Central Italian", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, ["IT-RM"] = { name = "Romanesco", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, }, }, ["iu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Inuktitut", }, ["ja"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Japanese", }, ["ka"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Georgian", }, ["khb"] = { name = "Tai Lue", key = "Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue", }, ["kk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kazakh", }, ["kl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Greenlandic", }, ["km"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Khmer", }, ["kmr"] = { name = "Northern Kurdish", key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["ko"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Korean", }, ["ksh"] = { name = "Colognian", key = "Help:IPA/Colognian", }, ["ku"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["ky"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kyrgyz", }, ["la"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Latin", dialects = { ["x-church"] = { name = "Ecclesiastical Latin", }, ["x-classic"] = { name = "Classical Latin", }, }, }, ["lb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Luxembourgish", }, ["lij"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Ligurian", }, ["lkt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lakota", }, ["lmo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lombard", }, ["lo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lao", }, ["lt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lithuanian", }, ["lv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Latvian", }, ["mfe"] = { name = "Mauritian Creole", key = "Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole", }, ["mg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malagasy", }, ["mh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Marshallese", }, ["mi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Māori", }, ["mk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Macedonian", }, ["ml"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malayalam", }, ["mn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Mongolian", }, ["mr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Marathi", }, ["ms"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malay", }, ["mt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Maltese", }, ["mwl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese", }, ["my"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Burmese", }, ["myn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Mayan", }, ["nah"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["nan"] = { dialects = { ["TW"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hokkien taiwanesc", }, }, }, ["nap"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Neapolitan", }, ["nci"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["ne"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nepali", }, ["nhe"] = { name = "Huasteca Nahuatl", key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["nl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Dutch", dialects = { ["BE"] = {}, }, }, ["nlv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["no"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Norwegian", dialects = { ["NO-03"] = { name = "Urban East Norwegian", }, } }, ["nod"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Northern Thai", }, ["nv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Navajo", }, ["oc"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Occitan", }, ["or"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Odia", }, ["pa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Punjabi", }, ["pht"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lao", }, ["pi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sanskrit", }, ["pjt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["pl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Polish", }, ["pms"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Piedmontese", }, ["prs"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Persian", }, ["pt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Portuguese", dialects = { ["BR"] = { name = "Brazilian Portuguese", }, ["PT"] = { name = "European Portuguese", }, } }, ["qu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Quechua", }, ["rgn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol", }, ["rm"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Romansh", }, ["ro"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Romanian", }, ["ru"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Russian", }, ["sa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sanskrit", }, ["sc"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sardinian", }, ["scn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sicilian", dialects = { ["IT-75"] = { name = "Salentino", }, ["IT-78"] = { name = "Calabrian", link = "Central-Southern Calabrian", }, }, }, ["sdh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["sh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["shn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue", }, ["sk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Slovak", }, ["sl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Slovene", }, ["sou"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Thai", }, ["sq"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Albanian", }, ["sr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["ss"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nguni", }, ["sv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Swedish", dialects = { ["FI"] = { name = "Finland Swedish", }, }, }, ["sw"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Swahili", }, ["swg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["syl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sylheti", }, ["ta"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tamil", }, ["te"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Telugu", }, ["tg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Persian", }, ["th"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Thai", }, ["ti"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tigrinya", }, ["tk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Turkmen", }, ["tl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tagalog", }, ["tr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Turkish", }, ["tt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tatar", }, ["tts"] = { name = "Isan", key = "Help:IPA/Lao", }, ["uk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Ukrainian", }, ["ur"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu", }, ["uz"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Uzbek", }, ["vec"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Venetian", }, ["vi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Vietnamese", }, ["wa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Walloon", }, ["wae"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["wbp"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["wen"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sorbian", }, ["wuu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Wu Chinese", }, ["xh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nguni", }, ["yi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Yiddish", }, ["yo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Yoruba", }, ["yue"] = { name = "Cantonese", key = "Help:IPA/Cantonese", }, ["za"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Zhuang", }, ["zsm"] = { name = "Malaysian", key = "Help:IPA/Malay", }, ["zu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nguni", }, }, } hmcbkuisnp0vsv7c735kui3hugba36y 246359 246358 2026-04-10T08:53:02Z Asenoner 208 246359 Scribunto text/plain return { defaultLabel = "pronunzia per %s:", labels = { ["lang"] = "%s:", ["pron"] = "pronunzià", ["also"] = "ënghe", ["alsolang"] = "ënghe %s:", ["langalso"] = "%s ënghe", ["local"] = "dl post", ["localpron"] = "pronunzia dl post:", ["ipa"] = "AFI:", }, defaultKey = "Help:IPA", langs = { ["und"] = { text = "", defaultLabelCode = "ipa", }, ["mis"] = { text = "", defaultLabelCode = "ipa", }, ["en"] = { key = "Help:IPA/English", format = "/%s/", defaultLabelCode = "", dialects = { ["GB"] = { text = "UK", defaultLabelCode = "lang", }, ["UK"] = { aliasOf = "GB" }, ["US"] = { text = "UK", defaultLabelCode = "lang", }, }, }, ["acw"] = { name = "Hejazi Arabic", key = "Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic", }, ["ady"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Adyghe", }, ["aeb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic", }, ["aer"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["af"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Afrikaans", }, ["aln"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Albanian", }, ["als"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Albanian", }, ["am"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Amharic", }, ["ang"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Old English", }, ["apc"] = { dialects = { ["LB"] = { name = "Lebanese Arabic", key = "Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic", }, }, }, ["ar"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Arabic", }, ["arz"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic", }, ["as"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Assamese", }, ["ast"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese", dialects = { ["ES-LE"] = { name = "Leonese", }, }, }, ["aus"] = { text = "Aboriginal", key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["az"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Azerbaijani", }, ["be"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Belarusian", }, ["ber"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Berber", }, ["bg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Bulgarian", }, ["bn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Bengali", }, ["bo"] = { text = "Tibetan", key = "Help:IPA/Tibetan", }, ["br"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Breton", }, ["bs"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["ca"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Catalan", dialects = { ["ES-IB"] = { name = "Balearic Catalan", key = "Help:IPA/Insular Catalan", }, ["IT"] = { name = "Algherese", key = "Help:IPA/Insular Catalan", }, ["VALENCIA"] = { isVariant = true, -- makes it lowercase }, }, }, ["ckb"] = { name = "Central Kurdish", key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["cjy"] = { name = "Jin Chinese", key = "Help:IPA/Jin Chinese", }, ["cmn"] = { name = "Mandarin", link = "Standard Chinese", key = "Help:IPA/Mandarin", }, ["cnr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["co"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Corsican", }, ["crh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tatar", }, ["cs"] = { key = "Aiuto:AFI/Cech", }, ["cy"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Welsh", }, ["da"] = { key = "Aiuto:AFI/Danesc", }, ["de"] = { key = "Aiuto:AFI/Tudësch Aut", dialects = { ["AT"] = {}, ["CH"] = {}, }, }, ["dsb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sorbian", }, ["egl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol", }, ["el"] = { key = "Aiuto:AFI/Grech", }, ["eo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Esperanto", }, ["es"] = { key = "Aiuto:AFI/Spanuel", dialects = { ["419"] = { name = "Latin American Spanish", }, }, }, ["et"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Estonian", }, ["eu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Basque", }, ["ext"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese", }, ["fa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Persian", }, ["fi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Finnish", }, ["fil"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tagalog", }, ["fj"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Fijian", }, ["fr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/French", }, ["frp"] = { name = "Franco-Provençal", key = "Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal", }, ["fy"] = { key = "Help:IPA/West Frisian", }, ["ga"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Irish", dialects = { ["GB"] = { aliasOf = "x-ulster" }, ["IE-C"] = { name = "Connacht Irish", }, ["IE-M"] = { name = "Munster Irish", }, ["IE-U"] = { aliasOf = "x-ulster" }, ["x-ulster"] = { name = "Ulster Irish", }, } }, ["gct"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["gd"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic", }, ["gl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Galician", }, ["grc"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Greek", dialects = { ["x-attic"] = {}, ["x-classic"] = {}, }, }, ["gsw"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["gu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Gujarati", }, ["gv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Manx", }, ["haw"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hawaiian", }, ["hbo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hebrew", }, ["he"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hebrew", }, ["hi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu", }, ["hmn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hmong", }, ["hns"] = { name = "Hindustani", key = "Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu", }, ["hr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["hsb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sorbian", }, ["hsn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese", }, ["ht"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Haitian Creole", }, ["hu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hungarian", }, ["hy"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Armenian", }, ["id"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malay", }, ["ig"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Igbo", }, ["ik"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Inupiaq", }, ["is"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Icelandic", }, ["it"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Italian", dialects = { ["IT-52"] = { name = "Tuscan", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, ["IT-55"] = { name = "Central Italian", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, ["IT-57"] = { name = "Central Italian", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, ["IT-RM"] = { name = "Romanesco", key = "Help:IPA/Central Italian", }, }, }, ["iu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Inuktitut", }, ["ja"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Japanese", }, ["ka"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Georgian", }, ["khb"] = { name = "Tai Lue", key = "Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue", }, ["kk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kazakh", }, ["kl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Greenlandic", }, ["km"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Khmer", }, ["kmr"] = { name = "Northern Kurdish", key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["ko"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Korean", }, ["ksh"] = { name = "Colognian", key = "Help:IPA/Colognian", }, ["ku"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["ky"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kyrgyz", }, ["la"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Latin", dialects = { ["x-church"] = { name = "Ecclesiastical Latin", }, ["x-classic"] = { name = "Classical Latin", }, }, }, ["lb"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Luxembourgish", }, ["lij"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Ligurian", }, ["lkt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lakota", }, ["lmo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lombard", }, ["lo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lao", }, ["lt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lithuanian", }, ["lv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Latvian", }, ["mfe"] = { name = "Mauritian Creole", key = "Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole", }, ["mg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malagasy", }, ["mh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Marshallese", }, ["mi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Māori", }, ["mk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Macedonian", }, ["ml"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malayalam", }, ["mn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Mongolian", }, ["mr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Marathi", }, ["ms"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Malay", }, ["mt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Maltese", }, ["mwl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese", }, ["my"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Burmese", }, ["myn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Mayan", }, ["nah"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["nan"] = { dialects = { ["TW"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hokkien taiwanesc", }, }, }, ["nap"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Neapolitan", }, ["nci"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["ne"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nepali", }, ["nhe"] = { name = "Huasteca Nahuatl", key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["nl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Dutch", dialects = { ["BE"] = {}, }, }, ["nlv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nahuatl", }, ["no"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Norwegian", dialects = { ["NO-03"] = { name = "Urban East Norwegian", }, } }, ["nod"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Northern Thai", }, ["nv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Navajo", }, ["oc"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Occitan", }, ["or"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Odia", }, ["pa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Punjabi", }, ["pht"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Lao", }, ["pi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sanskrit", }, ["pjt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["pl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Polish", }, ["pms"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Piedmontese", }, ["prs"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Persian", }, ["pt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Portuguese", dialects = { ["BR"] = { name = "Brazilian Portuguese", }, ["PT"] = { name = "European Portuguese", }, } }, ["qu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Quechua", }, ["rgn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol", }, ["rm"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Romansh", }, ["ro"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Romanian", }, ["ru"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Russian", }, ["sa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sanskrit", }, ["sc"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sardinian", }, ["scn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sicilian", dialects = { ["IT-75"] = { name = "Salentino", }, ["IT-78"] = { name = "Calabrian", link = "Central-Southern Calabrian", }, }, }, ["sdh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Kurdish", }, ["sh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["shn"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue", }, ["sk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Slovak", }, ["sl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Slovene", }, ["sou"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Thai", }, ["sq"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Albanian", }, ["sr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian", }, ["ss"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nguni", }, ["sv"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Swedish", dialects = { ["FI"] = { name = "Finland Swedish", }, }, }, ["sw"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Swahili", }, ["swg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["syl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sylheti", }, ["ta"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tamil", }, ["te"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Telugu", }, ["tg"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Persian", }, ["th"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Thai", }, ["ti"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tigrinya", }, ["tk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Turkmen", }, ["tl"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tagalog", }, ["tr"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Turkish", }, ["tt"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Tatar", }, ["tts"] = { name = "Isan", key = "Help:IPA/Lao", }, ["uk"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Ukrainian", }, ["ur"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu", }, ["uz"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Uzbek", }, ["vec"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Venetian", }, ["vi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Vietnamese", }, ["wa"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Walloon", }, ["wae"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Alemannic German", }, ["wbp"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Australian languages", }, ["wen"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Sorbian", }, ["wuu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Wu Chinese", }, ["xh"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nguni", }, ["yi"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Yiddish", }, ["yo"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Yoruba", }, ["yue"] = { name = "Cantonese", key = "Help:IPA/Cantonese", }, ["za"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Zhuang", }, ["zsm"] = { name = "Malaysian", key = "Help:IPA/Malay", }, ["zu"] = { key = "Help:IPA/Nguni", }, }, } l38vhousghq5rvmel2mk6rr5pd0hll2 828 188188 246357 235922 2026-04-10T08:48:43Z Asenoner 208 246357 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local function multiFind(s, patterns, init) local i, j = mw.ustring.find(s, patterns[1], init) for n = 2, #patterns do local i2, j2 = mw.ustring.find(s, patterns[n], init) if i2 and (not i or i2 < i) then i, j = i2, j2 end end return i, j end local function wrapAtSpaces(s) return mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(%s+)', '<span class="wrap">%1</span>') end local function wrapAtSpacesSafely(s) local patterns = { '%[%[[^%]|]-%s[^%]|]-|', -- Piped links '</?[A-Za-z][^>]-%s[^>]->' -- HTML tags } s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '%[%[([^%]|]-%s[^%]|]-)%]%]', '[[%1|%1]]') -- Pipe all links local t = {} local init while true do local i, j = multiFind(s, patterns, init) if not i then break end local pre = wrapAtSpaces(mw.ustring.sub(s, init, i - 1)) -- What precedes the match table.insert(t, pre) table.insert(t, mw.ustring.sub(s, i, j)) -- The match init = j + 1 end local post = wrapAtSpaces(mw.ustring.sub(s, init)) -- What follows the last match table.insert(t, post) return table.concat(t) end local function checkNamespace(isDebug) return isDebug or require('Module:Category handler').main({ true }) end local function renderCats(cats, isDebug) if not cats[1] or not checkNamespace(isDebug) then return '' end local t = {} for _, v in ipairs(cats) do table.insert(t, string.format( '[[%sCategory:%s]]', isDebug and ':' or '', v )) end return table.concat(t) end local function resolveSynonym(s) return mw.loadData('Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms')[s] or s end local function splitTag(s) local langCode = s:gsub('%-.*', ''):lower() langCode = resolveSynonym(langCode) local regionCode = s:match('%-(.+)') local isPrivate = regionCode and regionCode:sub(1, 2) == 'x-' return langCode, regionCode, isPrivate end local function getLangName(code, link, raw) return require('Module:Lang')._name_from_tag({ code, link = link, raw = raw, -- Without linking, "{{IPA}}" gets expanded in some contexts template = '[[Template:IPA|IPA]]' }) end local function linkLang(name, target, link) return link == 'yes' and string.format( '[[%s|%s]]', target or name .. ' language', name ) or name end function p._main(args) local ret, cats = {}, {} local isDebug = args.debug == 'yes' local s, langCode, regionCode, isPrivate -- Guide-linking mode if args[2] and args[2] ~= '' then local data = mw.loadData('Module:IPA/data') local isGeneric = args.generic == 'yes' s = args[2] langCode, regionCode, isPrivate = splitTag(args[1]) local langData = data.langs[langCode] or {} if regionCode then if not isPrivate then regionCode = regionCode:upper() end if langData.dialects and langData.dialects[regionCode] then -- Overwrite language data with the dialect's local newLangData = {} for k, v in pairs(langData) do if k ~= 'dialects' then newLangData[k] = v end end local dialectData = langData.dialects[regionCode] if dialectData.aliasOf then -- Use the canonical region code regionCode = dialectData.aliasOf isPrivate = regionCode:sub(1, 2) == 'x-' dialectData = langData.dialects[regionCode] end -- Lowercase IANA variant if dialectData.isVariant then regionCode = regionCode:lower() end for k, v in pairs(dialectData) do newLangData[k] = v end langData = newLangData else isGeneric = true end end local fullLangCode = regionCode and langCode .. '-' .. regionCode or langCode local langName = langData.name and linkLang(langData.name, langData.link, args.link) or getLangName(fullLangCode, args.link) if langName:sub(1, 5) == '<span' then -- Module:Lang has returned an error return langName .. renderCats({ 'IPA template errors' }, isDebug) end if args.cat ~= 'no' then local catLangName = langData.name or getLangName(fullLangCode, nil, 'yes') if catLangName:sub(1, 5) == '<span' then -- Module:Lang has returned an error, but it's not fatal table.insert(cats, 'IPA template errors') mw.addWarning(catLangName) else table.insert(cats, string.format('Pages with %s IPA', catLangName)) end end -- Label local label = args.label if not label then local labelCode = args[3] and args[3]:lower() or langData.defaultLabelCode if labelCode == '' then label = '' else local langText if langData.text then langText = linkLang( langData.text, mw.ustring.match(langName, '^%[%[([^|%]]+)'), args.link ) else langText = mw.ustring.gsub( langName, '^%[%[(([^|]+) languages)%]%]$', '[[%1|%2]]' ) langText = mw.ustring.gsub( langText, ' languages(%]?%]?)$', '%1' ) end if labelCode and data.labels[labelCode] then label = data.labels[labelCode]:format(langText) else label = data.defaultLabel:format(langText) end end end if label and label ~= '' then local span = mw.html.create('span') :addClass('IPA-label') :wikitext(label) if args.small ~= 'no' then span:addClass('IPA-label-small') table.insert(ret, mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag({ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:IPA/styles.css' } })) end table.insert(ret, tostring(span) .. ' ') end -- Brackets s = (not isGeneric and langData.format or '&#91;%s&#93;'):format(s) -- Link to key local key = not isGeneric and langData.key or data.defaultKey s = string.format('[[%s|%s]]', key, s) else -- Basic mode s = args[1] if args.lang and args.lang ~= '' then langCode, regionCode, isPrivate = splitTag(args.lang) end if args.cat ~= 'no' then table.insert(cats, 'Pages with plain IPA') end end -- Transcription do local lang = (langCode or 'und') .. '-Latn' if not isPrivate and regionCode then lang = lang .. '-' .. regionCode end lang = lang .. '-fonipa' local span = mw.html.create('span') :addClass('IPA') :addClass(args.class) :attr('lang', lang) -- wrap=all: Do nothing -- wrap=none: Never break -- Otherwise: Break at spaces only if args.wrap ~= 'all' then span:addClass('nowrap') if args.wrap ~= 'none' then s = wrapAtSpacesSafely(s) end end if (not args[2] or args[2] == '') and args.tooltip ~= '' then local tooltip = args.tooltip or 'Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)' span:attr('title', tooltip) end s = tostring(span:wikitext(s)) table.insert(ret, s) end -- Audio local audio = args.audio ~= '' and args.audio or args[4] ~= '' and args[4] if audio then local button = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({ title = 'Audio', args = { audio, '' } }) table.insert(ret, ' ' .. button) table.insert(cats, 'Pages including recorded pronunciations') end -- Categories table.insert(ret, renderCats(cats, isDebug)) return table.concat(ret) end function p.main(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args if not args[1] then return '' end for i, v in ipairs(args) do args[i] = mw.text.trim(v) end return p._main(args) end return p jjwbnypplmtwdskxyemswyct1tfbgxy 10 189696 246339 246300 2026-04-10T08:20:25Z Asenoner 208 246339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste | Name= Lingac indoeuropeics | Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] | Farbschema=grau | Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png | Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]] | Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz furlan|furlan]] | Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]] | Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]] | Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]] | Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]] | Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]] | Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slav]] | Inhalt5= [[lingaz rus|rus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz polach|polach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ucrain|ucrain]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz serbo-croat|serbo-croat]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cech|cech]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bulgar|bulgar]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz slovach|slovach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz belarus|belarus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz lituan|lituan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sloven|sloven]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz macedon|macedon]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz letton|letton]] | Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]] | Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]] | Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]] | Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]] | Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]] | Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]] </noinclude> t21xmt3koagvf7k33piu38sqqzyrmh4 246352 246339 2026-04-10T08:36:40Z Asenoner 208 246352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste | Name= Lingac indoeuropeics | Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] | Farbschema=grau | Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png | Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]] | Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz furlan|furlan]] | Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]] | Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]] | Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]] | Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]] | Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]] | Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavs|Balto-Slave]] | Inhalt5= [[lingaz rus|rus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz polach|polach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ucrain|ucrain]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz serbo-croat|serbo-croat]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cech|cech]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bulgar|bulgar]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz slovach|slovach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz belarus|belarus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz lituan|lituan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sloven|sloven]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz macedon|macedon]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz letton|letton]] | Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]] | Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]] | Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]] | Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]] | Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]] | Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]] </noinclude> 4jr2oh0l4fzl0t0hc7we6i60egbvyi2 246353 246352 2026-04-10T08:36:55Z Asenoner 208 246353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste | Name= Lingac indoeuropeics | Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] | Farbschema=grau | Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png | Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]] | Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz furlan|furlan]] | Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz oladensc|oladensc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]] | Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]] | Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]] | Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]] | Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]] | Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavesc|Balto-Slave]] | Inhalt5= [[lingaz rus|rus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz polach|polach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ucrain|ucrain]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz serbo-croat|serbo-croat]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cech|cech]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bulgar|bulgar]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz slovach|slovach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz belarus|belarus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz lituan|lituan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sloven|sloven]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz macedon|macedon]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz letton|letton]] | Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]] | Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]] | Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]] | Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]] | Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]] | Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]] </noinclude> rnic05x8m7w75ljsrmgh7m1itchr05o 246363 246353 2026-04-10T09:09:58Z Asenoner 208 246363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste | Name= Lingac indoeuropeics | Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] | Farbschema=grau | Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png | Gruppe1= [[Lingac romanc|Italich]] | Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz furlan|furlan]] | Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz olandesc|olandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]] | Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]] | Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]] | Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]] | Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]] | Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavesc|Balto-Slave]] | Inhalt5= [[lingaz rus|rus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz polach|polach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ucrain|ucrain]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz serbo-croat|serbo-croat]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cech|cech]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bulgar|bulgar]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz slovach|slovach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz belarus|belarus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz lituan|lituan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sloven|sloven]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz macedon|macedon]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz letton|letton]] | Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]] | Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]] | Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]] | Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]] | Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]] | Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]] </noinclude> 2wgp90z3z884if66y0qacmrslh1mams 246374 246363 2026-04-10T09:25:11Z Asenoner 208 246374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Erweiterte Navigationsleiste | Name= Lingac indoeuropeics | Titel= [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] | Farbschema=grau | Bild=Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png | Gruppe1= [[Lingac italics|Italich]] | Inhalt1= [[lingaz spanuel|spanuel]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz portughesc|portughesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz franzëus|franzëus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz talian|talian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumen|rumen]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz catalan|catalan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ladin|ladin]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz rumanc|rumanc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz furlan|furlan]] | Gruppe2= [[Rujenedes germaniches|Germanich]] | Inhalt2= [[lingaz nglëisc|nglëisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch|tudësch]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz olandesc|olandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz svedesc|svedesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz afrikaans|afrikaans]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz danesc|danesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz norvegesc|norvegesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz tudësch bas|tudësch bas]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz yiddisc|yiddisc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz scots|scots]] | Gruppe3= [[Lingac indo-iranians|Indo-Iranian]] | Inhalt3= [[lingaz hindustan|hindustan]] (hindi/urdu)&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bengali|bengali]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz persian|persian]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz punjabi|punjabi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz pascto|pascto]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz marathi|marathi]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gujarati|gujarati]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz curd|curd]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bhojpuri|bhojpuri]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz maithili|maithili]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz odia|odia]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sindhi|sindhi]] | Gruppe4= [[lingac celtics|Celtich]] | Inhalt4= [[lingaz irlandesc|irlandesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz valis|valis]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz hindustan|breton]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz gaelich scozesc|gaelich scozesc]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cornich|cornich]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz manx|manx]] | Gruppe5= [[lingac balto-slavesc|Balto-Slave]] | Inhalt5= [[lingaz rus|rus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz polach|polach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz ucrain|ucrain]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz serbo-croat|serbo-croat]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz cech|cech]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz bulgar|bulgar]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz slovach|slovach]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz belarus|belarus]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz lituan|lituan]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz sloven|sloven]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz macedon|macedon]]&nbsp;&bull; [[lingaz letton|letton]] | Gruppe6= [[Hellenich]] | Inhalt6= [[lingaz grech|grech]] | Gruppe7= [[lingaz armen|Armen]] | Inhalt7= [[lingaz armen|armen]] | Gruppe8= [[lingaz albanesc|Albanesc]] | Inhalt8= [[lingaz albanesc|albanesc]] }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Template:Box de navigazion calënder|sajons]] </noinclude> cohevw7u654gj6vcu2dgqch3u5r1hda 2 189715 246333 2026-04-10T05:59:15Z 配合比全额更好（说说而已） 13223 Creata pagina con "Ciao!Io sono 配合比全额更好（说说而已）." 246333 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciao!Io sono 配合比全额更好（说说而已）. 99mg6mm9pht2hu04zkduhlrxuzv59ou 0 189716 246336 2026-04-10T08:18:02Z Asenoner 208 Creata pagina con "{{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac balto-slavs''' ie n ram di [[lingac indoeuropeics]], pra chël che te toca i [[lingac baltics]] y i [[lingac slavs]]. La rujenedes baltiches y slaves cumpartësc n grum de carateristiches linguistiches che ne ie nia da udëi te autra rujenedes indoeuropeiches,{{sfnp|Young|2009|p=135}} cie che mostra che les à adum la medema origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balto-Slavic languages. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https:..." 246336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac balto-slavs''' ie n ram di [[lingac indoeuropeics]], pra chël che te toca i [[lingac baltics]] y i [[lingac slavs]]. La rujenedes baltiches y slaves cumpartësc n grum de carateristiches linguistiches che ne ie nia da udëi te autra rujenedes indoeuropeiches,{{sfnp|Young|2009|p=135}} cie che mostra che les à adum la medema origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balto-Slavic languages. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51061/Balto-Slavic-languages|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|access-date=10 December 2012|quote=Those scholars who accept the Balto-Slavic hypothesis attribute the large number of close similarities in the vocabulary, grammar, and sound systems of the Baltic and Slavic languages to development from a common ancestral language after the breakup of Proto-Indo-European. Those scholars who reject the hypothesis believe that the similarities are the result of parallel development and of mutual influence during a long period of contact.}}</ref> jfx3cyjadcdwjjmsk38vah6ca3p3p1f 246337 246336 2026-04-10T08:18:12Z Asenoner 208 246337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac balto-slavs''' ie n ram di [[lingac indoeuropeics]], pra chël che te toca i [[lingac baltics]] y i [[lingac slavs]]. La rujenedes baltiches y slaves cumpartësc n grum de carateristiches linguistiches che ne ie nia da udëi te autra rujenedes indoeuropeiches,{{sfnp|Young|2009|p=135}} cie che mostra che les à adum la medema origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balto-Slavic languages. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51061/Balto-Slavic-languages|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|access-date=10 December 2012|quote=Those scholars who accept the Balto-Slavic hypothesis attribute the large number of close similarities in the vocabulary, grammar, and sound systems of the Baltic and Slavic languages to development from a common ancestral language after the breakup of Proto-Indo-European. Those scholars who reject the hypothesis believe that the similarities are the result of parallel development and of mutual influence during a long period of contact.}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} k5zroiuo9q4x9tq7emwoazhj1jv61ov 246349 246337 2026-04-10T08:35:03Z Asenoner 208 Asenoner á sposté la plata [[Lingac balto-slavs]] a [[Lingac balto-slavesc]] 246337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac balto-slavs''' ie n ram di [[lingac indoeuropeics]], pra chël che te toca i [[lingac baltics]] y i [[lingac slavs]]. La rujenedes baltiches y slaves cumpartësc n grum de carateristiches linguistiches che ne ie nia da udëi te autra rujenedes indoeuropeiches,{{sfnp|Young|2009|p=135}} cie che mostra che les à adum la medema origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balto-Slavic languages. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51061/Balto-Slavic-languages|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|access-date=10 December 2012|quote=Those scholars who accept the Balto-Slavic hypothesis attribute the large number of close similarities in the vocabulary, grammar, and sound systems of the Baltic and Slavic languages to development from a common ancestral language after the breakup of Proto-Indo-European. Those scholars who reject the hypothesis believe that the similarities are the result of parallel development and of mutual influence during a long period of contact.}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} k5zroiuo9q4x9tq7emwoazhj1jv61ov 246351 246349 2026-04-10T08:35:26Z Asenoner 208 246351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac balto-slavesc''' ie n ram di [[lingac indoeuropeics]], pra chël che te toca i [[lingac baltics]] y i [[lingac slavesc]]. La rujenedes baltiches y slaves cumpartësc n grum de carateristiches linguistiches che ne ie nia da udëi te autra rujenedes indoeuropeiches,{{sfnp|Young|2009|p=135}} cie che mostra che les à adum la medema origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balto-Slavic languages. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51061/Balto-Slavic-languages|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|access-date=10 December 2012|quote=Those scholars who accept the Balto-Slavic hypothesis attribute the large number of close similarities in the vocabulary, grammar, and sound systems of the Baltic and Slavic languages to development from a common ancestral language after the breakup of Proto-Indo-European. Those scholars who reject the hypothesis believe that the similarities are the result of parallel development and of mutual influence during a long period of contact.}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} aquoi9jaaywr9v09fa828wozfg31gl7 0 189717 246338 2026-04-10T08:19:23Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac balto-slavs]] 246338 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Lingac balto-slavs]] 83yflpckj5gd02x3g8zvhayf3hwonnm 12 189718 246343 2026-04-10T08:28:17Z Asenoner 208 Asenoner á sposté la plata [[Aiuto:AFI/Corsican]] a [[Aiuto:AFI/Corsich]] 246343 wikitext text/x-wiki #RINVIA [[Aiuto:AFI/Corsich]] cxc9jugsr3uz0p586lrmqun7jkqr8sg 12 189719 246346 2026-04-10T08:33:01Z Asenoner 208 Creata pagina con "{{IPA key|H:IPA-CS}} The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Czech language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. See [[Czech phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Czech. <div style="width: 48%; di..." 246346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{IPA key|H:IPA-CS}} The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Czech language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. See [[Czech phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Czech. <div style="width: 48%; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto;"> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=3 | [[Consonant]]s |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Nearest English equivalent |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big> | '''b'''ýt, '''b'''zukot<br /> | '''''b'''eat'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|c}}</big> | la'''ť''', '''t'''ěšit, '''t'''icho, lo'''ď''', lo'''ď'''ka | ''s'''t'''ew'' (UK) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big> | '''d'''élka, o'''d'''běr, modli'''t'''ba | '''''d'''elta'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big> | '''f'''oukat, '''f'''létna, ka'''v'''ka, lo'''v''' | '''''f'''ocus'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> | '''g'''ram, '''g'''ril, '''k'''do | '''''g'''a'''g''''' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big> | '''h'''ořet, '''h'''bitost | ''a'''h'''ead'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> | '''j'''enom | '''''y'''ellow'', ''bo'''y''''' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}</big> | '''ď'''as, '''d'''ěda, '''d'''ík, | '''''d'''ew'' (UK) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> | '''k'''olo, ping-pon'''g''', '''k'''terý | ''s'''c'''ald'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> | '''l'''ak | '''''l'''ack'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big> | V'''l'''tava, kýb'''l''' | ''litt'''le''''' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> | '''m'''ouka | '''''m'''ocha'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|m̩}}</big> | sed'''m''' | ''rhyth'''m''''' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> | '''n'''yní | '''''n'''inny'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big> | la'''ň''', ko'''n'''ě, ny'''n'''í | ''ca'''ny'''on'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> | '''p'''yl, '''p'''es, le'''b'''ka, švá'''b''' | ''s'''p'''ill'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big> | '''r'''obot | '''''r'''obot'' (trilled) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|r̩}}</big> | v'''r'''ba, vich'''r''' | ''lov'''er''''' ([[American English|US]], trilled) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|r̝}}</big> | '''ř'''eka, '''ř'''vát | No English equivalent; simultaneous {{IPAblink|r}} and {{IPAblink|ʒ}} |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|r̝̊}}</big> | ch'''ř'''est, ke'''ř''' | No English equivalent; simultaneous {{IPAblink|r̥}} and {{IPAblink|ʃ}} |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big> | '''s'''tůl, krá'''s'''a, '''z'''káza, ka'''z''' | '''''s'''tole'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big> | '''š'''elest, '''š'''těstí, mu'''ž''', vá'''ž'''ka | '''''sh'''ell'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big> | '''t'''en, ma'''t'''ka, le'''d''', po'''d'''kova | ''s'''t'''and'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big> | '''c'''ena, po'''c'''ta | ''ba'''ts''''' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big> | '''č'''as, ko'''č'''ka, poněva'''dž''' | '''''ch'''ase'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big> | '''v'''ítr, '''v'''dova | '''v'''illage |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big> | '''ch'''omout, pra'''ch''', ne'''h'''ty, prá'''h''' | ''lo'''ch''''' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|z}}</big> | '''z'''ima, u'''z'''da, '''s'''družení | '''''z'''oo'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big> | '''ž'''ár, ka'''ž'''dý | ''sabota'''ge''''' |- ! colspan="3" | Marginal consonants |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|dz}}</big> | kamika'''dz'''e, le'''c'''kdo | ''hea'''ds''''' |- | align="center" |<big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big> | '''dž'''bán, lé'''č'''ba | '''''j'''ab'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> | Ha'''n'''ka | ''si'''ng''''' |} </div> <div style="float: right; width: 48%;"> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=3 | [[Vowel]]s |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Nearest English equivalent |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big> | m'''a'''tk'''a''' | '''a'''pple (UK) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|aː}}</big> | m'''á'''ma | f'''a'''ther |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big> | l'''e'''t, sv'''ě'''tlo | ''l'''e'''t'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big> | l'''é'''tat | f'''ai'''ry |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big> | kl'''i'''d, b'''y'''l | ''k'''i'''d'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big> | kl'''í'''t, b'''ý'''t | ''cl'''ea'''n'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big> | p'''o'''d | ''st'''o'''ry'' (short) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|o̞|oː}}</big> | m'''ó'''da | ''st'''o'''ry'' (long) |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big> | k'''u'''p | ''l'''oo'''p'' |- | align="center" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big> | '''ú'''roda, k'''ů'''lna | ''f'''oo'''l'' |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=3 | [[Diphthong]]s |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Nearest English equivalent |- | align="center" |<big>{{IPA|au}}</big> | '''au'''to |''t'''ow'''er'' |- | align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɛu}}</big> | '''eu'''ro |''roughly like'' g'''o''' ''(some dialects<ref>These dialects include [[Southern England English|Southern England]] (including [[Received Pronunciation]]), [[Midlands English|English Midlands]], [[Australian English|Australian]], [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], the [[Southern American English|Southern American]], [[Midland American English|Midland American]], [[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore English|Baltimore]], [[Western Pennsylvania English|Western Pennsylvania]] and younger [[California English|Californian]] English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of [[American English]], [[Northern England English]], [[Welsh English]], [[Scottish English]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]], have no close equiavalent vowel.</ref>)''; ''in other dialects, somewhat like'' '''eh-oo''' ''elided into a single syllable'' |- | align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ou}}</big> | l'''ou'''ka |''g'''oa'''l'' |} {| class="wikitable" ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Other |- | align="center" |<big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big> | Primary [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]]. Stress falls on the first syllable of a word. |- | align="center" |<big>{{IPA link|.}}</big> | [[Syllable]] break, e.g. ''nauka'' [ˈna.uka] is three syllables, not two. |} </div> ==See also== * {{Clc|Pages with Czech IPA|pages}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Dankovičová |first=Jana |year=1999 |chapter=Czech |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |pages=70–74 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ces_phon-3 }} * {{Citation |last1=Šimáčková |first1=Šárka |last2=Podlipský |first2=Václav Jonáš |last3=Chládková |first3=Kateřina |year=2012 |title=Czech Spoken in Bohemia and Moravia |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=225–232 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000102 |url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf }} {{Refend}} {{IPA keys}} 3ccyr31422eu4z6292e2tid399pwzam 246347 246346 2026-04-10T08:33:35Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Aiuto:AFI/Cech]] 246347 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Aiuto:AFI/Cech]] j9om1ailv4bfcg142h2egsxgxkrxz2u 4 189720 246348 2026-04-10T08:34:05Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Aiut:Aiut]] 246348 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Aiut:Aiut]] qon57ltsuhrzlblq5h05w2zg9ptwvwp 0 189721 246350 2026-04-10T08:35:03Z Asenoner 208 Asenoner á sposté la plata [[Lingac balto-slavs]] a [[Lingac balto-slavesc]] 246350 wikitext text/x-wiki #RINVIA [[Lingac balto-slavesc]] fysvb10e4k6baihh85i4ffaif22xcyu 0 189722 246368 2026-04-10T09:18:42Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Storia romana]] 246368 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Storia romana]] pt8i17l5d2tgzygojw1dq0q9tugqf2x 0 189723 246369 2026-04-10T09:18:47Z Asenoner 208 Creata pagina con "I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova concuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=..." 246369 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova concuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> The other Italic languages became [[Extinct language|extinct]] in the first centuries AD as their speakers were assimilated into the Roman Empire and [[Language shift|shifted]] to some form of Latin. Between the third and eighth centuries AD, [[Vulgar Latin]] (perhaps influenced by [[Substratum (linguistics)|substrata]] from the other Italic languages) diversified into the [[Romance languages]], which are the only Italic languages natively spoken today, while [[Literary Latin]] also survived.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=E. H.|date=December 13, 1920|title=The Italic Languages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4388079|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.2307/4388079 |jstor=4388079 |access-date=May 2, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> 8dji6a16sxytjehpg3mj360o8a5rf09 246370 246369 2026-04-10T09:23:31Z Asenoner 208 246370 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova concuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> I autri lingac italics fova duc morc ora ti prim seculi do Gejù Crist do che chëi che i rujenova fova stac assimilei tl Mper Roman y ova scumencià a rujené na forma dl latin. Danter l terz y utaf secul do Gejù Crist, l [[latin vulgher]] (che pudës vester stat nfluenzà da l'autra rujenedes italiches) se ovà svilupà ti autri [[lingac romanc]], che ie i unici lingac italics che vën rujenei al didancuei. L [[latin leterer]] à ënghe sëuravivù.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=E. H.|date=December 13, 1920|title=The Italic Languages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4388079|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.2307/4388079 |jstor=4388079 |access-date=May 2, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> oez43eh8iv9b2n89l737kgjv6zwp2tu 246372 246370 2026-04-10T09:24:44Z Asenoner 208 246372 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova concuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> I autri lingac italics fova duc morc ora ti prim seculi do Gejù Crist do che chëi che i rujenova fova stac assimilei tl Mper Roman y ova scumencià a rujené na forma dl latin. Danter l terz y utaf secul do Gejù Crist, l [[latin vulgher]] (che pudës vester stat nfluenzà da l'autra rujenedes italiches) se ovà svilupà ti autri [[lingac romanc]], che ie i unici lingac italics che vën rujenei al didancuei. L [[latin leterer]] à ënghe sëuravivù.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=E. H.|date=December 13, 1920|title=The Italic Languages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4388079|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.2307/4388079 |jstor=4388079 |access-date=May 2, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] g4yhqcmp1tg2bzq96src7s2ss4q889c 246373 246372 2026-04-10T09:24:53Z Asenoner 208 246373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova concuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> I autri lingac italics fova duc morc ora ti prim seculi do Gejù Crist do che chëi che i rujenova fova stac assimilei tl Mper Roman y ova scumencià a rujené na forma dl latin. Danter l terz y utaf secul do Gejù Crist, l [[latin vulgher]] (che pudës vester stat nfluenzà da l'autra rujenedes italiches) se ovà svilupà ti autri [[lingac romanc]], che ie i unici lingac italics che vën rujenei al didancuei. L [[latin leterer]] à ënghe sëuravivù.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=E. H.|date=December 13, 1920|title=The Italic Languages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4388079|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.2307/4388079 |jstor=4388079 |access-date=May 2, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] kr1glryf27pmrhfwvdov1a6w181hslv 246376 246373 2026-04-10T09:26:56Z Asenoner 208 246376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova cuncuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> I autri lingac italics fova duc morc ora ti prim seculi do Gejù Crist do che chëi che i rujenova fova stac assimilei tl Mper Roman y ova scumencià a rujené na forma dl latin. Danter l terz y utaf secul do Gejù Crist, l [[latin vulgher]] (che pudës vester stat nfluenzà da l'autra rujenedes italiches) se ovà svilupà ti autri [[lingac romanc]], che ie i unici lingac italics che vën rujenei al didancuei. L [[latin leterer]] à ënghe sëuravivù.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=E. H.|date=December 13, 1920|title=The Italic Languages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4388079|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.2307/4388079 |jstor=4388079 |access-date=May 2, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] bqsgepwrizko70fzua17e1vdtzoeztw 246377 246376 2026-04-10T09:27:39Z Asenoner 208 246377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac italics''' ie n ram de la [[rujenedes indoeurpeiches]] che se ova svilupà sun la [[penijula taliana]] tl prim milené dan Gejù Crist. La plu mpurtanta de la vedla rujenedes italches fova l [[latin]], la rujeneda ufiziela de la [[Roma antica]], che ova cuncuistà i autri [[populi italics]] dan l'ann nul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italic Languages |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0045.xml |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> I autri lingac italics fova duc morc ora ti prim seculi do Gejù Crist do che chëi che i rujenova fova stac assimilei tl Mper Roman y ova scumencià a rujené na forma dl latin. Danter l terz y utaf secul do Gejù Crist se ova l [[latin vulgher]] (che pudës vester stat nfluenzà da l'autra rujenedes italiches) svilupà ti autri [[lingac romanc]], che ie i unici lingac italics che vën rujenei al didancuei. L [[latin leterer]] à ënghe sëuravivù.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=E. H.|date=December 13, 1920|title=The Italic Languages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4388079|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.2307/4388079 |jstor=4388079 |access-date=May 2, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] eruteuyvn56n12uo9lwnwadqqgpw62i 0 189724 246375 2026-04-10T09:26:15Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] 246375 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Lingac indoeuropeics]] 5gqycx4u3y870tv72n44c8mwitb36y3 0 189725 246379 2026-04-10T09:41:16Z Asenoner 208 Creata pagina con " I '''lingac retoromans''', '''retoromanc''' o nce '''retics''', ie n ram di [[lingac romanc]] che vën rujenei te la [[Elpes]] tl sud-est de la [[Svizra]] y tl nord-est de la [[Talia]]. L inuem "reto-roman" fej referimënt ala provinzia [[storia romana|romana]] [[Raetia]]. La cuestion de sce chisc lingac ie vëiramënter n ram di lingac romanc ie cunesciuda coche la {{lang|it|[[Questione Ladina]]}}. L linguist talian [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli|Graziadio Ascoli]] ova t..." 246379 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''lingac retoromans''', '''retoromanc''' o nce '''retics''', ie n ram di [[lingac romanc]] che vën rujenei te la [[Elpes]] tl sud-est de la [[Svizra]] y tl nord-est de la [[Talia]]. L inuem "reto-roman" fej referimënt ala provinzia [[storia romana|romana]] [[Raetia]]. La cuestion de sce chisc lingac ie vëiramënter n ram di lingac romanc ie cunesciuda coche la {{lang|it|[[Questione Ladina]]}}. L linguist talian [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli|Graziadio Ascoli]] ova te si nrescides scrit tl 1873 che l ova abinà n liam danter duc i lingac retoromans y ël minova che chisc furmëssa na grupa linguistica.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWSIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=The Rhaeto-Romance Languages|last1=Beninca|first1=Paola|last2=Haiman|first2=John|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-96548-9}}</ref> I lingac retoromans se desferenzieia dal talian te coche i se à evolù dal latin, passan tres svilups cun slungiamënt de la vocales fonemiches, cër svilups de la consonantes y ncë l svilup de n pèr de vocales zentreles turondes (che ne ie śën nia plu).<ref name="Leonard 1964">{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Clifford S. |date=1964 |title=Proto-Rhaeto-Romance and French |journal=Language |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.2307/411921 |jstor=411921}}</ref> Sce i lingac retoromans ie veiramënter na familia di lingac romanc, po toca trëi rujenedes pra chësta familia: L [[rumanc]] te la Svizra y l [[ladin]] y l [[furlan]] te la Talia. L numer de persones che rejona i lingac retoromans ie de ndut zirca {{formatnum:660000}}. La majera pert de chisc (zirca {{formatnum:500000}}) rejona l furlan.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref> q0ei5890l7d4a3lk165lx5lk1p2ohop 246380 246379 2026-04-10T09:44:22Z Asenoner 208 246380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gherdëina}} I '''lingac retoromans''', '''retoromanc''' o nce '''retics''', ie n ram di [[lingac romanc]] che vën rujenei te la [[Elpes]] tl sud-est de la [[Svizra]] y tl nord-est de la [[Talia]]. L inuem "reto-roman" fej referimënt ala provinzia [[storia romana|romana]] [[Raetia]]. La cuestion de sce chisc lingac ie vëiramënter n ram di lingac romanc ie cunesciuda coche la {{lang|it|[[Questione Ladina]]}}. L linguist talian [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli|Graziadio Ascoli]] ova te si nrescides scrit tl 1873 che l ova abinà n liam danter duc i lingac retoromans y ël minova che chisc furmëssa na grupa linguistica.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWSIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=The Rhaeto-Romance Languages|last1=Beninca|first1=Paola|last2=Haiman|first2=John|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-96548-9}}</ref> I lingac retoromans se desferenzieia dal talian te coche i se à evolù dal latin, passan tres svilups cun slungiamënt de la vocales fonemiches, cër svilups de la consonantes y ncë l svilup de n pèr de vocales zentreles turondes (che ne ie śën nia plu).<ref name="Leonard 1964">{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Clifford S. |date=1964 |title=Proto-Rhaeto-Romance and French |journal=Language |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.2307/411921 |jstor=411921}}</ref> Sce i lingac retoromans ie veiramënter na familia di lingac romanc, po toca trëi rujenedes pra chësta familia: L [[rumanc]] te la Svizra y l [[ladin]] y l [[furlan]] te la Talia. L numer de persones che rejona i lingac retoromans ie de ndut zirca {{formatnum:660000}}. La majera pert de chisc (zirca {{formatnum:500000}}) rejona l furlan.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref> ==Storia== ==Gramatica== ==Referënzes== <references/> {{Lingac indoeuropeics}} [[Categoria:Lingac neolatins]] [[Categoria:Spania]] 3afur1j96882cm6g46grn0yeeu15th1 0 189726 246381 2026-04-10T09:46:56Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac italics]] 246381 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Lingac italics]] c53kg69whm3jew2o1pqyfoesk5sa8go 0 189727 246388 2026-04-10T09:57:16Z Asenoner 208 Redirect alla pagina [[Lingac balto-slavesc]] 246388 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Lingac balto-slavesc]] ciea479numngqe9t41dpxrp7dks5vno