Wikipedia madwiki https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%A8yan MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.4 first-letter Mèḍia Spesial Pakanḍhâ'ân Pangangghuy Pakanḍhâ'ânna pangangghuy Wikipèḍia Pakanḍhâ'ânna Wikipèḍia Bhengkek Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhengkek MèḍiaWiki Pakanḍhâ'ânna MèḍiaWiki Cèṭa'an Pakanḍhâ'ânna cèṭa'an Bhântowan Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhântowan Bhângsa Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhângsa TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Event talk 4 2301 44322 44314 2025-06-13T03:33:03Z Munajad.MH 3071 44322 wikitext text/x-wiki <center> Nyara èyatorè longghu ḍâ' {{Carakan|''ꦚꦫꦲꦺꦲꦠꦺꦴꦫꦺꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦸꦝꦃ''}} Wikipèḍia Madhurâ {{Carakan|''ꦮꦶꦏꦶꦥꦺꦝꦶꦪꦩꦢꦸꦫ}} Lombhung pangataowan mardhika bhâsa Madhurâ. {{Carakan|''ꦭꦺꦴꦩꦧꦸꦁꦥꦔꦠꦲꦺꦴꦲꦤ꧀ꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏꦧꦱꦩꦢꦸꦫ}} </center> Nama halaman: [[Help:IPA/Madhurâ]] Status: Uji coba {{IPA key|H:IPA-MAD}} The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Madurese language|Madurese]]) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. See [[Madurese phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Madurese. {| style="background:none;" | style="vertical-align: top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ [[Consonant]]s |- ! IPA !! Examples<ref name="syllables height">Vowel height harmony occurs across medial /r l ʔ/: if the preceding vowel is high, the following vowel is also high (e.g. bârâ [bɤʔɤ] 'inflammation', gherrâ [kʰɨɾɤ] 'stiff').</ref> !! English approximation |- |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big> | align="left"| '''p'''alang<ref name=stop/> |align="left"| s'''p'''y |- |<big>{{IPAlink|pʰ}}</big> | align="left"| '''bh'''âlâng<ref name=stop/><ref name="aspirates"/> |align="left"| s'''p'''y |- |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big> | align="left"| '''b'''âlâng<ref name="stop">{{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} are [[Aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], as in the [[Romance languages]], or as in English ''spy, sty, sky.'' In final position, they are [[Unreleased stop|unreleased]] {{IPA|[p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚]}}. {{IPA|/b, d/}} are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, {{IPA|[p̚, t̚]}}. There is no [[Liaison (French)|liaison]]: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in ''bântet tabu''' "hard stomach", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.</ref> |align="left"| '''b'''eau |- |<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big> | align="left"| '''d'''âpa', '''d'''âdâk <ref name=stop/> |align="left"| '''d'''o |- | <big>{{IPAlink|tʰ}}</big> | align="left"| '''dh'''âpa', '''dh'''lubâng<ref name="aspirates"/> |align="left"| '''t'''ea |- |<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big> | align="left"| '''t'''apa', '''t'''asè'<ref name=stop/> |align="left"| s'''t'''y |- | <big>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}</big> | align="left"| '''ḍ'''âjâ<ref name=retroflexplosive/> |align="left"|'''d'''ine (Indian English dialect) |- | <big>{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}</big> | align="left"| '''ḍh'''âjâ<ref name="aspirates"/> |align="left"| |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ʈ}}</big> | align="left"| '''ṭ'''arat<ref name=stop/><ref name=retroflexplosive>Madurese contrasts denti-alveolar ([t̪ d̪]) and retroflex ([ʈ ɖ]) plosives, though the functional load is low. Retroflexes may surface as alveolars, but not vice versa</ref> |align="left"|ar'''t''' (American English dialect) |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɟ}}</big> | align="left"| '''j'''ârèya |align="left"| '''j'''ust |- | <big>{{IPAlink|cʰ}}</big> | align="left"| '''jh'''âlâ<ref name="aspirates"/> |align="left"|wat'''ch'''ing (in some accent) |- |<big>{{IPAlink|c}}</big> | align="left"| '''c'''ala |align="left"| it'''ch'''y |- |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big> | align="left"| '''f'''akèr, '''v'''isa<ref name=loan>The fricatives {{IPA|[f, z, ʃ, x]}} are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as {{IPAblink|v}}; otherwise it is virtually always pronounced as {{IPAblink|f}} by mostly native Madurese speakers. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.</ref> |align="left"| '''f'''estival |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big> | align="left"| '''g'''âgâ'<ref name="aspirates"/> |align="left"| '''g'''ain |- |<big>{{IPAlink|kʰ}}</big> | align="left"| '''gh'''â'''gh'''â, beg'''gh'''â<ref name="aspirates">The consonants represented in Madurese orthography as ‹gh›, ‹jh›, ‹bh›, and ‹dh› are voiceless aspirated stops and affricates, not voiced aspirated ones. They are phonetically realized as [kʰ], [cʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ], respectively, and contrast with their unaspirated counterparts [k], [c], [p], and [t]. Likewise, the geminated forms are [tːʰ], [kːʰ], [cːʰ], and [ʈːʰ], e.g. ‘'begghâ'' (/bəkːʰɤ/).</ref> |align="left"| '''k'''ick |- |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big> | align="left"| '''k'''aka', '''k'''ala<ref name=stop/><ref name=glottal/> |align="left"| s'''k'''y |- |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big> | align="left"| '''h'''asèl, alma'''h'''<ref name=h>Word-final [h] may appear phrase-finally, or contrastively in a few minimal pairs (e.g., [kala] ‘lose' vs. [kalah] ‘scorpion'). In Eastern Madurese, the contrast is neutralized.</ref> |align="left"| '''h'''at |- |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big> | align="left"| '''y'''âkèn, na'''y'''yèn<ref name=approximant>Intervocalic [j] and [w] are inserted predictably when adjacent vowels differ in backness (e.g., [kɛjaɛ] → [kèyaè]). Word-final [j] is phonemic; [w] is not.</ref> |align="left"| '''y'''es |- |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big> | align="left"| '''l'''ako |align="left"|'''l'''ean |- |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big> | align="left"| '''m'''atta, '''m'''ata |align="left"| '''m'''oon |- |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big> | align="left"| '''n'''asè', |align="left"| '''n'''ote |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big> | align="left"| '''ng'''ol'''ng'''ol |align="left"| feeli'''ng''' |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big> | align="left"|'''Ny'''èor, me'''nnyo'''ng |align="left"| ca'''ny'''on |- |<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big> | align="left"| '''r'''ajâ, ḍâ'''r'''i, lèbu'''r'''<ref>/r/ is usually a trill [r] word-initially and word-finally (e.g. [rɔwa], [lapar]), but may be an approximant [ɹ] (e.g. [ɹakət], [ɹasːa]). Word-medially, it's often a tap [ɾ] (e.g. [bɤɾɤŋ]), it's because geminate counterpart /rr/ (only medial) is a trill [r] (e.g. /parron/ [parɔn], /gherrâ/ [kʰɨrɤ]). Singleton /r/ can also be a trill medially (e.g. [kerpʰuj]). No clear duration difference found between geminate and singleton trills (2–4 taps)</ref> |align="left"| ''Spanish'' '''r'''ío |- |<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big> | align="left"| '''s'''apè |align="left"| '''s'''ix |- |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big> | align="left"| '''v'''isa<ref name=loan/> |align="left"| '''v'''ision |- |<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big> | align="left"| '''w'''âjib, to'''w'''a<ref name=approximant/> |align="left"| '''w'''e |- |<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big> | align="left"| '''z'''aitun, ju'''z'''<ref name=loan/> |align="left"| '''z'''ero |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big> | align="left"| kaka'''<big><nowiki>'</nowiki></big>''', ro'''<big><nowiki>'</nowiki></big>'''om<ref name=stop/><ref name=glottal>When a consonant is followed by an apostrophe, the following vowel is typically pronounced in a separate syllable, If the apostrophe appears between vowels, it is opsional realized as a geminate. For example, ''ta'al'' (/taʔːal/ or /ta.ʔal/) and ''so'on'' (/sɔʔːɔn/ or /sɔ.ʔɔn/),''bâ'â'' (/bɤ.ʔɤ/ or /bɤʔːɤ/) depends on the accent. The glottal stop may also be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic-derived words, such as ''Al Qur'an''.</ref> |align="left"| uh<u>'''-'''</u>oh |- |} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ [[Vowel]]s<ref name="High vowels">High vowels [i ɨ ɤ u] occur only after aspirated or voiced plosives, while other contexts yield non-high vowels. This pattern is systematic and restricts vowel distribution.</ref> |- ! IPA !! Examples<ref name="syllables height"/> !! English approximation |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big> | align="left"| l'''a'''k'''a'''r, mow'''a'''<ref>[{{IPA|ɑ}}] is an occasional allophone of /a/ [[Arabic phonology#Vowels|after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords]], example: ''wakaf'' [wakɑf].</ref> |align="left"| f'''a'''ther |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɤ}}</big> | align="left"| bh'''â'''j'''â''', b'''â'''j'''â''' |align="left"| /f'''oo'''t/ (in some of English dialects) |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big> | align="left"| '''e'''lla', p'''e'''lka', p'''e'''ssè |align="left"| tak'''e'''n, '''a'''bout |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big> | align="left"| p'''è'''rak, k'''è'''ya, kar'''è''', n'''è'''tt'''è''' |align="left"| b'''e'''d |- |<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big> | align="left"| b'''i'''l'''i'''s, gh'''i'''gh'''i''', sat'''è'''ya, kèn'''è'''' (in some Madurese dialect) |align="left"| s'''ee''' |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɨ}}</big> | align="left"| b'''e'''ssè, bh'''e'''llis, bh'''e'''nḍ'''e'''r<ref name="high-ɨ">[ɨ] is an allophone of /e/, appears exclusively after aspirated (e.g. /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/) or voiced (e.g. /b/, /d/, /ɡ/) stops due to vowel raising rules. It is never found after voiceless unaspirated stops. In many cases, it precedes geminate consonants and contributes to vertical vowel harmony patterns.</ref> |align="left"| l'''i'''p (South African English dialect) |- |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big> | align="left"| p'''o'''l'''o''', c'''o'''l'''o'''', m'''u'''wa',<ref name=diphthong/><ref>/o/ has an allophone in the form of [u] based on some dialects (e.g. ''bungo'' [bu.ŋu] 'purple', ''congngo''' [cuŋːɔʔ], 'look')</ref> |align="left"| '''o'''n |- |<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big> | align="left"| '''u'''way, bhur'''u''', jh'''u'''jh'''u'''r |align="left"| c'''oo'''l |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable style="text-align": "center;" |+[[Diphthong]]s<ref name="diphthong">Madurese does not have phonemic diphthongs. Apparent diphthong-like sequences such as [aɛ], [aɔ], [ɤi], and [ɤu] etc. are in fact hiatus, with each vowel clearly articulated and bearing separate formant targets.</ref> |- ! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation |- |<big>{{IPA|ɤo}}</big> | align="left"|gh'''âo'''-gh'''âo'''<ref name="diphthong"/> |align="left"| |- |<big>{{IPA|ɤi}}</big> | align="left"| b'''âi'''', jh'''âi'''<ref name="diphthong"/> |align="left"| |- |<big>{{IPA|ɛi}}</big> | align="left"| pr'''èi'''<ref name="diphthong"/> |align="left"| surv'''ey''' (uncommon) |- |<big>{{IPA|ɤu}}</big> | align="left"| bh'''âu'''<ref name="diphthong"/> |align="left"| |- |<big>{{IPA|aɔ}}</big> | align="left"| p'''ao''', l'''ao'''n<ref name="diphthong"/> |align="left"| |} <br/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Other symbols |- ! IPA !! Explanation |- |align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big> | Primary stress<br>Placed before the stressed syllable<ref>Stress generally falls on the [[Penult|penultimate]] syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa {{IPAblink|ə}}, stress shifts to the [[antepenult]] if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.</ref> |- |align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ː}}</big> |Colon<br>Placed after the consonant to extend the duration<ref>Medial consonants may be phonemically or morphologically geminated. Schwa and [ɨ] often trigger gemination word-medially (e.g., /pəlːɔ/ ‘sweat', /bɨkːas/ ‘former').</ref> |} |} ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} <!-- --> ==Further Reading== *{{cite journal | last1 = Misnadin | first1 = | last2 = Kirby | first2 = James | title = Madurese | journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association | series = Illustrations of the IPA | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | date = April 2020 | pages = 109–126 | doi = 10.1017/S0025100318000257 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/madurese/33006A9737FD9C03D4B8725623C4E980 | access-date = 12 June 2025 }} *{{cite journal | last = Misnadin | first = | title = Phonetic realisations of Madurese vowels and their implications for the Madurese vowel system | journal = Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = May 2020 | pages = 173–183 | publisher = Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | doi = 10.17509/ijal.v10i1.25033 | url = https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/25033 | access-date = 12 June 2025 }} ==See also== * [[Madurese language]] * [[Madurese phonology]] * {{clc|Pages with Madurese IPA|pages}} {{IPA keys}} --> fomjdm18rig7qk6azgu6b6deeck44ue 0 2705 44321 16380 2025-06-13T03:26:36Z Alfiyah Rizzy Afdiquni 9 44321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical speciality | title = Gynaecology | subdivisions = {{hlist|Oncology|Maternal medicine|Maternal-fetal medicine}} | image = [[File:Dilating vaginal speculum inflating vagina and light illuminating.jpg]] | caption = A dilating vaginal [[speculum (medical)|speculum]], a tool for examining the [[vagina]], in a model of the female reproductive system | system = [[Female reproductive system]] | diseases = [[Gynaecological cancer]]s, [[infertility]], [[dysmenorrhea]] | other = [[Childbirth]] | tests = [[Laparoscopy]] | specialist = Gynaecologist }} '''Ginekologi''' (kalabân harfiah iyâ arèya "èlmo kaangghuy orèng binè') iyâ arèya cabang èlmo kaḍokteran sè khusus ajhâr lalaran-lalaran sistem reproduksi orèng binè" (rahim, vagina, bân ovarium). Neng massa modern arèya, kabânya'an ginekolog polè iyâ arèya ahli obstetrik. Katarampilân kaangghuy bedah pangghul bân pangataoan kaangghuy kabâḍâ'ân urologi orèng binè' èbutoaghi è latian ginekologi modern.<ref>dr. Meva Nareza T. "Sering Dianggap Sama, Ini Perbedaan Obstetri dan Ginekologi"[https://www.alodokter.com/sering-dianggap-sama-ini-perbedaan-obstetri-dan-ginekologi]. Alodokter. 2020-05-13. Aksès. 2024-03-23.</ref> == Sajhârâ == Pakâmbangan cabang èlmo kaḍokteran è biḍang ginekologi bâḍâ sajjâ" paradaban Yunani-Romawi. Sala sèttong ensiklopedia rajâ kaangghuy ginekologi èpaterbi' ḍâri Caspar Wolf è taon 1566. J. Marion Sims dhâddhih sosok sè kataoèn kalabân eppa' ginekologi kalabân upayana ḍâlâm alabân prasangka bân panolakân masyarakat ḍâ' beḍah ginekologi kalabân pamarèksaan apabhâih kaangghuy organ seksual orèng binè'. Kaghuna'an cara anestesi bân antiseptik iyâ arèya pamajuân ḍâlâm biḍang ginekologi sè abânto ètèrèma beḍah ginekologi sacara umum. Ginekologi pas dhâddhih spesialisasi sè kapèsa è taon 1880.<ref>dr. Kevin Adrian. "Informasi Seputar Dokter Spesialis Obstetri dan Ginekologi"[https://www.alodokter.com/sederet-informasi-dokter-spesialis-obstetri-dan-ginekologi]. Alodokter. 2021-12-12. Aksès. 2024-03-23.</ref> == Sombher == 34n9hwo5qrx1hc3yiphqfczbs6irnow 0 2836 44323 17087 2025-06-13T08:59:51Z 125.165.105.10 44323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} '''Asma Lmnawar''' ([[bhâsa Arab]]: '''أسماء لمنور'''; laèr è Casablanca, [[Maroko]], 25 Juli 1978) panèka sorang panyanyi bân aktris [[Maroko]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Lmnawar, Asma}} [[Bhângsa:Panyanyi]] [[Bhângsa:Aktris]] {{Authority control}} oauq22txhyg4o8qtm3u03brizegdq4q 0 12643 44320 44297 2025-06-12T16:39:07Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 44320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} [[Kèyaè|Kѐyaѐ]] Hajji '''Fakih usman''' (jhughân ѐlajheng Faqih Usman; 2 Maret 1904 – 3 Oktober 1968) panѐka aktivis Islam ѐ [[Inḍonèsia|Inḍonѐsia]] bân politikus ḍâri Partai [[Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia|Masyumi]].<ref>Muhyiddin. [https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/slm4sr430/mengenal-sosok-kh-faqih-usman "Mengenal Sosok KH Faqih Usman"]. Republika. 2024-10-20. Aksѐs 2025-01-20.</ref> Dhibi’ѐn dhâddhi Menteri Aghâma Islam ḍuwâ’ kalѐ robuk kalaghungan; ḍâ’-aḍâ’, kalabân [[Kabinèt Halim|Kabinѐt Halim]] bâjâ Rѐpublik Inḍonѐsia dhâddhi bâgiyân ḍâri [[Kabinet Republik Indonesia Serikat|Rѐpublik Inḍonѐsia Serikat]], bân sѐ nomer ḍuwâ’ mѐnangka Menteri Aghâma sareng [[Kabinèt Wilopo|Kabinѐt Wilopo]]. Bâjâ ngoḍâna Fakih ѐpanglo karana kaѐtanna kalabân organisasi Islam [[Muhammadiyah|Muhammaḍiyah]], tapѐ samangkѐn ѐkѐnga’è sareng organisasi kasebbhut. Sala sѐttong jhâlân ѐ [[Kabhupatèn Ghersèk|Ghersèk]] ѐnyamaѐ ka'angghuy Fakih. Fakih oḍi' rajâ ѐ [[Kabhupatèn Ghersèk|Ghersè']], Kerèsiḍènan Sorbhâjâ, Hindia Bâlândhâ. Abâ'na ajhâr tentang Islam ḍâri ramana bân ѐ sajumla [[Ponḍhuk pasantrèn|ponḍhuk]] kantos taon 1920-an. È taon 1925 dhibi’ѐn agabung kalabân Muhammadiyâ bân dhâddhi ketua ka'angghuy ranca' [[Kottha Sorbhâjâ|Sorbhâjâ]] kantoa taon 1938; dhibi’ѐn jhughân ngèrèng sarta ḍâlem kancah politik satempat. Nalѐkana sajumbla organisasi Islam alako areng-sareng è taon 1940 ka'angghuy maddhek Majilis Islam Ala Inḍonѐsia, Fakih dhâddhi Benḍahara. Salama penḍuḍukan Jeppang bân [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|Revolusi Nasional Inḍonѐsia]], Fakih terros aghuli è ḍâlem bâgiyân kasebbhut. Dhâdhâp ajhâlâni ḍuwâ’ perioḍe mѐnangka Menteri Aghâma Rѐpublik Inḍonѐsia, Fakih dhâddhi lebbi apangaro ѐ Muhammaḍiyâ. Dhibi’ѐn aghâdhuwi jasa mѐnangka bâkkѐl ketua ѐ bâbâna sasanapa pamimpèn sabelluna èpadhâddhi Ketua Umum Muhammaḍiyâ è akhѐr taon 1968, sasanapa arѐ sabelluna dhibi’ѐn sèdhâ. == Carèta oḍi' == === Kaoḍi’an awwâl === Fakih èbhâbhârraghi ѐ [[Kabhupatèn Ghersèk|Ghersèk]], Kerѐsiḍѐnan Sorbhâjâ, Hindia Bâlândhâ, Maret 1904. Bapa’ana Usman Iskandar, alako adhâghâng kajhu, samantara ebhuna panѐka sorang ibu rumah tangga sѐ tamaso’ katoronan [[Olama'|olama’]]. Pasangan ka'ḍissa, sѐ oḍi’na pas-pasan, nganghungi empa’ ana’ laѐn. Karana asalla bannè ḍâri kaom [[Priayi|prѐaji]], na’-kanak’ kasebbhut ta’ bisa ngaollѐ penḍiḍikan ѐ sakola Bâlândhâ.<ref name="syafruddin"> {{cite book |last=Syafruddin |first=Didin |title=Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik |publisher=Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies, Center for Study of Islam and Society, dan Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia |location=Jakarta |year=1998 |isbn=978-979-95248-3-6 }}</ref> Fakih ajhâr Islam sajjhek bâkto kenѐ’; dhibi’ѐn bânynya’ ѐajhâri bapa’ana. Nalѐkana dhibi’ѐn omor sapolo taon dhibi’ѐn molaѐ ajhâr ѐ sala sѐttong [[Ponḍhuk pasantrèn|ponḍhuk]] ѐ Ghersèk. Sa'amponna lulus taon 1918, dhibi’ѐn ajhâr ѐ sasanapa pondhuk ѐ lowar kottha Ghersèk, tamaso’ ѐ Bungah. === Alako ѐ Muhammaḍiyâ === Fakih ngèrèng Bapa’na agelluti biḍâng padhâghângan; è bâkto panèka jhughân dhibi’ѐn ajhâr bhâsa bân Islam sacara kadhibik. Nalѐkana Organisasi Islam Modernis Muhammaḍiyâ maso’ ka Ghersèk è taon 1922, Fakih dhâddhi sala sѐttong angghuta ḍâ’-aḍâ’. Karsna cѐ’ aktiffa ѐ Muhammaḍiyâ Gresik, ḍâlem bâkto tello’ taon dhibi’ѐn dhâddhi pemimpinna; bâjâ Fakih amimpin kalompo’ ka'ḍissa, Muhammaḍiyâ Gresik ѐyako saccara prenata mѐnangka ranca' Muhammaḍiyâ.<ref name="syafruddin"/> Lèbât lakona è ranca' Ghersèk, Fakih dhâddhi lebbi ѐkennal ḍâlem kalangan Muhammaḍiyâ bân ѐyallѐ ḍâ' cabang Sorbhâjâ. Dhibi’ѐn jhughân aktif ḍâlem politik, bân è taon 1929 dhibi’ѐn ѐpѐlѐ mѐnangka angghuta ḍѐwan kottha Sorbhâjâ. Samantara, Fakih terros adhâghâng alat pembangunan; dhibi’ѐn jhughân ngaghungi perusahaan sѐ aghâbây kapal.<ref name="faqih">[http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/en/content-164-det-kh-faqih-usman.html KH Faqih Usman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031152531/http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/en/content-164-det-kh-faqih-usman.html |date=2013-10-31 }}. Muhammadiyah. Aksès (2025–06–08).</ref> Salama Periode 1932 kantos 1936 Fakih dhâddhi angghuta ḍewan ḍaèra Muhammaḍiyâ, dhâdhâp dhâddhi rèdaktur majala Muhammaḍiyâ ''Bintang Islam'' bân Katowa Majelis Tarjih.<ref name='syafruddin'/> Kalabân sajân aktif, Fakih molaѐ ali-bâli ḍâri Sorbhâjâ ka Gresik kalabân mobil pribaḍina, sèttong bhârâng sѐ mѐwa sѐ rangrang èghâdhuwi orѐng pribumi è bâjâ kasebbhut; ѐ Sorbhâjâ dhibi’ѐn ngoros kapentinganna Muhammaḍiyâ, samantara ѐ Ghersèk dhibi’ѐn ngoros usahana. Ḍâlem bâkto lowangnga, Fakih ajhâr [[bhâsa Bâlândhâ]] Bân aḍâlemi ѐlmo Islam kalabân ajhâr pamikkèran [[Muhammad Abduh]].<ref name='syafruddin'/> Tangghâl 21 Sѐptѐmber 1973, Muhammaḍiyâ, Organisasi Islam Konservatif [[Nahdlatul Ulama|Nahdatul Ulama]] (NU), Kooperasi pedagang Sarekat Islam, bân sajumbla organisasi Islami laѐn – sâ ampon abit amosoan – agabung ka'angghuy maddhek sèttong pajung organisasi asmana Majelis Islam A’la Inḍonѐsia (MIAI), sѐ apusat ѐ Sorbhâjâ. Fakih dhâddhi bendahara organisasi kasebbhut. È taon 1983 Fakih dhâddhi katowa ranca' Muhammaḍiyâ Sorbhâjâ, aghantѐyaghi [[Mas Mansoer]]. È taon 1940 dhibi’ѐn ambu ḍâri kalaghungan katowa ranca' Muhammaḍiyâ Sorbhâjâ bân angghuta ḍѐwan kottha ka'angghuy dhâddhi pemimpin sekrètariat MIAI. === '''Masyumi''' === Sa'amponna Jeppang metoju' Hindia Belanda pas awâl taon 1942, pas 9 Maret 1942 Gubenur Jenderal Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachoueer bân ketua Koninklijk Nederlends-Indische Leger Jenderal [[Hein ter Poorten|Hein Ter Poorten]] nyerrah. Penguasa Jepang a larang kabbi jenis organisasi, sampè' MIAI terpaksa èbubaraghi pas bulân Mei. MIAI èbântu' polè pas 5 September 1942 bân, pas ahèr ¾taon 1943, èberri' nyama Partai Majelis Surya Muslimin Indonesia, otabâ Masyumi. Bhâkto a jabat è dewan Masyumi, Fakih dhâdhi anggota Syu Sangu In, dewan penasihat Jepang, di Surabaya; beliau neggh' jabatan rèya sampè' taon 1945. Marènna nyerang bom atom è Hiroshima bân Nagasaki bân proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia pas bulân Agustus 1945, pihak Jepang a molaèn ngunduraghi abe'. Marènna rèya Fakih molai mukka' hubungan lako bi' pihak pemerintah Republik. Dâri tangghâl 7 sampè' 8 November 1945 Fakih agabung è Muktamar Islam Indonesia è Yogyakarta, sè ngèbeh hasèl Masyumi èpedhâddhi partai politik sè ngewakèllin kepentèngan Islam. Maghi rèya abâli ka Gresik marènna atemmo, sebâb bâḍâ Pertempuran Sorbâjâ rèya bân keluargana mengungsi ka Malang. È Malang, Fakih a gabung è Masjkur bân Zainul Arifin ghâbây abânto' kelompok revolusi sè èbánto' ḍâri Kelompok Sabilillah bân Hizbullah, sè  toman èlatih Jepang; Fakih dhibi' dhâdhi wakil pemimpin satuan jârèya. Marènna Agresi Militer Belanda II èluncuraghi pas bulân Desember 1948, Fakih bân keluargana buru ka Surakarta; è kota rèya Fakih dhâdhi aktif bi' Muhammadiyah polè. Ia dhâdhi sala sèttong wakil ketua, è bâbâ Bagus Hadikusumo, bân kodhu bolak-balik lako antara Surakarta ban Yogyakarta. === '''Menteri Agama''' === Pas ahèr taon 1949 pemerintah Indonesia bân Belanda mebâḍâ Konferensi Mijâ bunḍer, se ngasèl aghi pengakuan kedaulatan Indonesia bi' Belanda pas 27 Desember 1949. Reya dhâdhi sala sèttong sebbâb Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS), sè bâḍâ ḍâri enâm belâs neghârâ bâgiân. Pas taon 21 Januari 1950 Fakih ngentèaghi Masjkur sè dhâdhi Menteri Agama ḍâlem Kabinet Halim, mewakili Republik Indonesia; pas tèppa' rèya, republik ḍâri Yogyakarta, Banten, bân sebâgiân rajâ Sumatra. Alako bhâreng bi' Menteri Agama RIS [[Abdul Wahid Hasyim|Wahid Hasyim]], Fakih molaèn netappaghi kurikulum pelajârân aghâma standar è sekola umum bân memodernisasi pendidikan è sekola abasis aghâma. Pas tangghâl 17 Agustus 1950 RIS bân anggotana dhâdhi sittong republik, bi' Hasyim menteri aghâma. È bâbâ Hasyim, Fakih a tugas dhâdhi pemimpin bâgiân pendidikan aghâma. Masèng-masèng anggota Masyumi bhidhâ pandhângan tojuân partai; NU ngangghâp bahwa Masyumi marè ngeutama aghi politik, sampè' ḍasarra ḍâlem Islam è abaiaghi. Pas Kabinet Natsir molaèn rempa' bân Fakih èajuaghi Masyumi ghâbây calon menteri Agama - kelakoan sè kontroversial polana ghita' bâḍâ orèng NU ghâbây calon menteri - NU ngunduraghi dhibi' ḍâri Masyumi, molaèn 5 April 1952. Fakih èpèlè bi' mayoritas lèma' soara, kandidat laènna, Usman Ralivy, ollè empa'. Fakih è pedhâdhi Menteri Agama dâlem Kabinet Wilopo. Rèya èlantik pas 3 April 1952; marènna rèya, iya bân kaloargana a pinda è ibu kota Indonesia è Jakarta. Depa' è dissa, Fakih molaèn program reformasi ḍâlem Kementerian Aghâma, tamaso' rèsmiaghi tojhuân kementrian: ghâbây nyedhiaaghi guru aghâma, ngepromosiaghi hubungan antar-aghâma sè beccè', bân nentoaghi tangghâl tellasân. Rèya kiya usaha ghâbây nègghu ulang struktur kementerian. Rèya maso' meresmiaghi hierarki kepemimpinan bân abânto' cabang è tingkat provinsi bân daèrah. Kementerian Kiya a lanjut ningkataghi mutu pendidikan aghâma bân ngurus èbuân haji sè mangkat ḍâri Indonesia ka mekka bhân taon. Kabinet Wilopo bubar pas 30 Juli 1953, marènna ollè masalah imigrasi bân sengketa tana e Medan. Fakih èghântè Masjkur. === Karjâ Lanjutan === Saamponna ngabdhi dhâddhi Mentri Aghâma, Fakih terros alako abhâreng kementerian tor Muhammaḍiyah, saengghâ atugas dhâddhi bâkkel Katoa I Muhammaḍiyah è bâbâna Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur; è taon 1956 salerana dhâddhi sala sèttong ḍâri tello' anggota Muhammadiyah sè ajhârbâ'aghi pamangghina tentang masyarakat Islam sè lerres, sè ngotama'aghi pendidikan sosial. Namong, Fakih lebbi aktif sareng Masyumi. Salastarèna Pemilu Konstitusi è taon 1955, Fakih èpadhâddhi anggota Majelis Konstitusi, sè èmaksoḍ kaangghuy mabâḍâaghi Konstitusi anyar. Namong, Konstituante ta' bisa akor, saènggâna èbubaraghi sareng Presiḍen Soekarno è dâlem Keputusan Presiḍen tangghâl 5 Juli 1959. È taon 1959 Fakih jhughân maddhek majalah Pandji Masjarakat kalabân ajjhi Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah, Joesoef Poear Abdullah, bân Ahmad Joesoef. Soekarno mabubar Masyumi è tangghâl 17 Agustus 1960, saamponna para pamimpin Masyumi akadhi Mohammad Natsir bân Sjafruddin Prawiranegara abâgi sareng Pamarèntah Revolusioner RI (PRRI); Fakih dhibi' ampon noro' runḍingan sareng pamarènta revolusioner, alako abhâreng sareng Mohammad Roem. Pembubaran Masyumi adhâddhiyaghi Fakih ngotamaaghi Muhammadiyah, saengghâ pas dhâddhi bâkkèl Katoa II è bâbâna Muhammad Yunus Anis. È ḍâlem acara penḍiḍikan kepemimpinan sè èlaksanaaghi è bâkto bulân Ramadhan 1961, Fakih molaè abhângon identitas kelembagaan lèbât piḍatona "Apa sè èmaksoḍ Muhammaḍiyah?", sè ajhârbâ'aghi Muhammadiyah mènangka organisasi sè èbâḍâ'aghi ḍâri ḍa'wah, sè ngotama'aghi masalah-masalah dhunnya, bân terro alakoh areng-sareng sareng pamarènta kaangghuy nantoaghi masa ḍeppan sè lebbi beccè' ghâbây orèng Islam. Konsep panèka èrumusaghi è taon 1962, saèngghâna "Kepribaḍiân Muhammaḍiyah" ènyataaghi jhâ' organisasi kodhu abâḍâaghi masyarakat Islam sè lerres sambi aperrang politik sayap kiri. Hal ka'ḍinto ètoro'è sareng peralihan hierarki Muhammadiyah, saèngghâna Kepribaḍian Muhammadiyah lebbi ghâmpang èwujudaghi. Ḍâri taon 1962 kantos taon 1965 Fakih dhâddhi Bâkkèl Katoa I Muhammaḍiyah è bâbâna Ahmad Badawi, jhughân dhâddhi penasehat ḍâ’ para pamimpin aghâma se ghi’ ngoḍâ. Saellana gagal Gerakan 30 Sèptèmber, sè ètoro'è pembantaian èbu-èbu komunis bân Sukarno èghântè'è Suharto mènangka presiḍèn, Fakih bân pan-bârâmpan anggota Muhammaḍiyah laènna èminta ijin kaangghuy mabâli Masyumi; namong, ijin panèka ta' èberri'i. È perioḍe kaḍuwâ'na Ahmad Badawi, Fakih ajhâdi penasehat bân ètanggung jawabaghi kaangghuy ngator organisasi. Amargha sajân sake’, naleka epele dhâddhi Katoa Umum Muhammadiyah è Kongres Muhammadiyah sè kapèng 37 taon 1968, Fakih langsung molae nyare ghântèna. Tangghâl 2 Oktober beliau ngadaaghi pertemuan Majelis Muhammaḍiyah è bengkona. È bâkto rapat, èpon ajellassaghi rèncanana ghâbây tello taon se bhâkal dâteng. Fakih jhughân ngangkat Rasjidi sareng Abdul Rozak Fachruddin dhâddhi pamimpin sementara sabatara Fakih mangkat arabât ka lowar naghârâ. Namong, èpon matè kalagguwanna, namong pan-bârâmpan arè saamponna èpèlè. Salèrana eghânte’e sareng Abdul Rozak Fachruddin è arè sè padâ; Fachruddin èpèlè kalabân aklamasi dâri caleg laènna, bân dhâddhi Katoa umum 24 taon. == Sangkolan == Bâkto taon 1930-wan, rèng-orèng Moslèm konservatif ta' saroju' ḍâ' kalako'na Fakih, pas rowa èbèrri' julughân "Londho silit ireng" (Orèng Blândhâ aburi' cèlleng). Rèng-orèng rowa kèya nyampat romana bi' bâto. Namong, è Muhammadiyâ rowa sampè' satèya èènga' kalabân bhâghus. Rowa èyangghâp la nantoaghi "Bâbâtegghâ Muhammadiyâ", identitas kalembagaan Muhammadiyâ. Kaangghuy ngormataghi Fakih, Muhammadiyâ ngangghâp jhâ' bâktona dhâddhi katowa ajhâlân sampè' tello' taon, maskè Fakih la matè samarèna pan-brâmpan arè. Didin Syafruddun, dosen è Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, nolès jhâ' Fakih ngagghâp jhâ' pandidighân ce' parlona, menangka lèma' ḍâri pètto' pottrana agelar doktor. Syarifuddin kèya nilès jhâ' reformasi Fakih dhâddhi Menteri Agâma sakejjhâ' polana sakonè'na sombher ḍâjhâ manosda. Jhâlânna romana Fakih perpa'na ghi' kènè' satèya èberri' nyama Jhâlân Fakih Usman. == Sombher == <references /> mf51rqmiularnd3o8nfh05rgdk0ejyx 0 14125 44324 2025-06-13T09:01:53Z Fajar242001 3708 ←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox orang}} '''Majid Al Mohandis Al-Attabi''' ([[bhâsa Arab]]: ماجد المهندس العتابي; laèr è Baghdad, [[Irak]], 25 Oktober 1971) panèka panyanyi, aktor, bân komposer dâri [[Irak]] bân [[Arab Saudi]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohandis, Majid Al}} [[Bhângsa:Panyanyi]] [[Bhângsa:Aktor]]' 44324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Majid Al Mohandis Al-Attabi''' ([[bhâsa Arab]]: ماجد المهندس العتابي; laèr è Baghdad, [[Irak]], 25 Oktober 1971) panèka panyanyi, aktor, bân komposer dâri [[Irak]] bân [[Arab Saudi]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohandis, Majid Al}} [[Bhângsa:Panyanyi]] [[Bhângsa:Aktor]] 26rrxd8k256ltgv6wwtopygxvdgpboh 0 14126 44325 2025-06-13T09:08:33Z 125.165.105.10 ←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox orang}} '''Saad Al-Bachir Lamjarred''' ([[bhâsa Arab]]: سعد البشير لمجرد; laèr è Rabat, [[Maroko]], 7 April 1985) panèka panyanyi bân aktor [[Maroko]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamjarred, Saad}} [[Bhângsa:Panyanyi]] [[Bhângsa:Aktor]]' 44325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Saad Al-Bachir Lamjarred''' ([[bhâsa Arab]]: سعد البشير لمجرد; laèr è Rabat, [[Maroko]], 7 April 1985) panèka panyanyi bân aktor [[Maroko]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamjarred, Saad}} [[Bhângsa:Panyanyi]] [[Bhângsa:Aktor]] 2gqj4l16pfi6gjt72jgfsu4r80k2ar2