Wikipedia madwiki https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%A8yan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Mèḍia Spesial Pakanḍhâ'ân Pangangghuy Pakanḍhâ'ânna pangangghuy Wikipèḍia Pakanḍhâ'ânna Wikipèḍia Bhengkek Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhengkek MèḍiaWiki Pakanḍhâ'ânna MèḍiaWiki Cèṭa'an Pakanḍhâ'ânna cèṭa'an Bhântowan Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhântowan Bhângsa Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhângsa TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 156 65677 42695 2026-08-14T20:06:16Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BYR color wheel.svg|al=Longkeran bârna|jmpl|220x220px|Longkeran bârna]] '''Bârna''' panèka spèktrum sè bâḍâ ḍâlem sonar samporna (abârna potè). Macem bârna èmagânna'aghi lanjhâng gelombang sonar kasebbhut. Mènangka conto, bârna [[bhiru]] anḍi' lanjhâng gelombang 460 nanomèter. Salaènna rowa, bârna dhâddhi sèttong parkara sè penting amarghâ aropa'aghi singkatan sè kowat ghâbây madâpa' maksod. Dhâddi, sèbâng bârna biyasana anḍi' artè sè èparcajâ bi' sakompolan orèng. == Bârna Sèlon== Bârna sèlon otabâ nètral arèya bârna sè èangghep ta' tamaso' ka pamanṭaan: bârna ḍhâsar, sèkundèr otabâna tèrsièr, polana pèra' kasèl ḍâri tèra' bân peṭṭeng, iyâ arèya: * {{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Potѐ ‘''putih''’ * {{Color box|black}} Celleng ‘''hitam''’ Bân camporan ḍâri kaḍuwâna (ḍâri potè bi' celleng) iyâ arèya: * {{Color box|gray}} Bu-abu, klabu ‘{{lang|id|abu-abu}}’ (camporan ḍâri bârna celleng bân potè) == Bârna Ḍhâsar == Bâḍâ ḍuwâ' pamaddhângan kaangghuy ngartè'è bârna ḍhâsar: *Sacara èlmo bhudhâjâ bân linguistik, Bârna ḍhâsar rèya bârna sè ta' amoasal ḍâri bhârâng, ta' anḍi' ''kontèks'' sè teptep bân èkennal lowas<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Berlin | first1 = Brent | last2 = Kay | first2 = Paul | title = Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/basiccolorterms0000na | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 1969 }}</ref>, otamana ètandhâi bi' ta' anḍi'na bunto' otabâ atribut (bârna toronan). È [[bhâsa Madhurâ]] bâdâ 6 bârna dhâsar bân 3 bârna non-dhâsar (Nurul Fadhilah 2020)<ref>{{cite thesis | last = Nurul | title = Nama Warna-Warna Dalam Bahasa Madura Di Kabupaten Sumenep: Sebuah Kajian Etnolinguistik | type = Skripsi | publisher = Universitas Sebelas Maret | year = 2023 | url = https://digilib.uns.ac.id | language = id }}</ref>, iyè arèya: # {{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Potѐ ‘''putih''’ # {{Color box|black}} Celleng ‘''hitam''’ # {{Color box|chocolate}} Sokklat ‘''cokelat''’ # {{Color box|red}} Mѐra ‘''merah''’ # {{Color box|yellow}} Konèng ‘''kuning''’ # {{Color box|blue}} {{Color box|green}} Bhiru ‘''hijau''’ (bhiru langngè' ‘''biru''’ èangghep tamaso' ḍâlem bhiru) :bân bârna bennè-ḍhâsar, iyâ arèya # {{Color box|green}} Bhiru ‘{{lang|id|hijau}}’ # {{Color box|purple}} Bungo, bhungu ‘{{lang|id|ungu}}’ # {{Color box|gray}} Bu-abu, klabu ‘{{lang|id|abu-abu}}’ *Sacara panalèktèghân ''nèoroscience'' bân Fisiologis, Bârna ḍhâsar rèya bârna sè arobâ embu' sè ngalahèraghi na-bârna salaènna, bâḍâ 3 bârna dhâsar<ref>{{Cite book | last = Helmholtz | first = Hermann von | title = Handbuch der physiologischen Optik | url = https://archive.org/details/handbuchderphysi00helm_0 | publisher = Leopold Voss | location = Leipzig | year = 1867 | translator = James P. C. Southall | trans_title = Treatise on Physiological Optics | trans_publisher = Optical Society of America | trans_year = 1924 }}</ref>, iyâ arèya: # {{Color box|red}} Mѐra ‘''merah''’ # {{Color box|yellow}} Konèng ‘''kuning''’ # {{Color box|blue}} bhiru langngè' ‘''biru''’ Sèbâng bârna ḍhâsar è attas anḍi' cem-macem bârna toronan (bârna sè anḍi' bunto'). Bunto' sè cekka' è bârna ḍhâsar rowa ghâbây mabhidhâ spèktrum bârna sèttong moso sè laèn, napa polè è bhâsa Madhurâ bâḍâ nyama bârna ḍhâsar sè paḍâ. Mènangka conto, bhiru langngè' bân bhiru dâun. == Bârna ''Sèkundèr'' == Bârna ''sèkundèr'' arèya arobâ bârna sè èkasèlaghi ḍâri camporan duwâ' bârna ḍhâsar, samara: # {{Color box|green}} bhiru (ḍâun) (camporan ḍâri bârna bhiru bân konèng) == Bârna ''Tèrsièr''== Bârna ''sèkundèr'' arèya arobâ bârna sè èkasèlaghi ḍâri manoro' bârna ''sèkundèr'' ḍâlem panyamporan bârnana, samara: # {{Color box|#8B2500}} Drâgem ‘''merah tua''’ (‘''merah sawo''’) (camporan bârna mèra bân sokklat towa) == Nyama Bârna Kalabân ''Leksikon'' Tasèpat== Na-bârna samarè rèya, ta' kappra sacara lowas èangghuyaghi bi' orèng Madhurâ sanaossa èangghânè mènangka bâgiyân ḍâri kaskâjâ bhâsa Madhurâ: #{{Color box|#FF0000}} Abhâng ‘''merah terang''’ #{{Color box|orange}} Jhingghâ ‘''jingga, oranye''’ #{{Color box|#FF69B4}} {{Color box|pink}} Ennyat ‘''pink, dadu''’ #{{Color box|blue}} Keḍḍhung ‘''biru''’ #{{Color box|blue}} Blâu ‘''biru''’ #{{Color box|green}} Èjhu ‘''hijau''’ #{{Color box|#FF00FF}} Jâmbon ‘''pink keunguan''’ #{{Color box|#800080}} Bungu ‘''ungu''’ #{{Color box|chocolate}} Sokklat, cokklat ‘''cokelat''’ # {{Color box|#8B2500}} Drâgem ‘''merah tua''’ (‘''merah sawo''’) # {{Color box|#5C5CAA}} Tolar ‘''biru dongker pucat''’ *Bân èn-laènna Arèya kateddhiân sabhâb na-bârna rèya sè ru-bhuruân èkaalo', marana oca' "blâu" sè amoasal ḍâri nyama produk, otabâna pangangghuyânna sè ambu è bâ-bhâbâ magânna marana korang lowas bân ratana pangaro pangangghuyyâ otamana lèbât pamerdhiân. == Galèri == <gallery> File:Bed sheet.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Cokklat, nyènar, konèng bân mira File:Kissenbezug mit farbigen Streifen.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Bâlâu, sokklat, mira, bhiru, bâlâu bân [[sabut]] File:Kissenbezug mit Textildruck.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Mira, potè, celleng, bhiru bân sabut File:Schwarz-rote Textilien.jpg|<div style="color:silver;">Celleng bân mira File:Rot-grüner Textildruck.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Bhiru bân mira File:Bunter Teppich.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Selaka, konèng, sokklat, selaka, celleng, ochre, nyènar, dark red, crimson, klabu bân bâlâu File:Farbenfroher Textildruck.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Nyènar, potè, bhiru, bâlâu bân mira File:Bettbezug-orange und brauner Textildruck.JPG|<div style="color:silver;">Nyènar, sokklat, mira, bhiru, konèng bân shades File:Buntstifte 01 KMJ.jpg|Buntstifte. File:Farbige streifen.jpg|Farbige streifen. File:Bbues en musac.jpg File:Farb-Check-RGB.svg </gallery> == Longghui jhughân == * [[Pigmèn]] * [[Teori Brewster]] * [[Daftar bârna]] * [[Bârna primer]] * [[Bârna tersier]] * [[Teori brewster|Longkeran bârna Brewster]] ==Sombher== {{Reflist}} iqgnptf6g0p6msuhvos0j1b1bx53233 0 955 65670 65568 2026-08-14T20:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiscript|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|ꦗꦑꦂꦠ|جاكارتا}} {{Artikel abhâsa}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Jakarta |translit_lang1 = bhâsa ḍâ'èra |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Abjad Pèghu|Pèghu]] |translit_lang1_info1 = جاكرتا |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Aksara Sunda|Sunda]] |translit_lang1_info2 = ᮏᮊᮁᮒ |translit_lang1_type3 = [[Aksara Jhâbâ|Hanacaraka]] |translit_lang1_info3 = ꦗꦏꦂꦠꦃ | settlement_type = [[Propènsi neng Inḍonèsia|Dâ'èra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem-->]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = tengah | image1 = Jakarta CBD.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bâbungowan malangi' sang [[Golden Triangle neng Jakarta]] | image2 = Busway in Bundaran HI.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = ''Car free day'' (Arè sobung motor) neng [[Selamat Datang Monument|Bundaran HI]] | image3 = Istana-Merdeka.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = [[Istana Merdeka]] (Kraton Mardhika) | image4 = Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg | alt4 = | caption4 = [[Musium Nasional neng Indonesia]] | image5 = Plaza Taman Ismail Marzuki.jpg | alt5 = | caption5 = [[Taman Isma'il Marzuki]] | image6 = Museum Fatahillah Jakarta 2018 pas.jpg | alt6 = | caption6 = [[Koṭṭa Towa Jakarta]] | image7 = | alt7 = | caption7 = sekkar Apoy neng [[Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)|Monas]] }} | nicknames = {{Hlist|''The Big [[Durian]]''|''[[New York City|New York]] Van Java''|''J-Town''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|work=Jetstar Magazine|date=April 2012|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1}}</ref>}} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=9}} | map_caption = Peta Interaktif sè ngajhârbâ'aghi Jakarta <br> (panta ḍâri [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] sobung katonèpon) | coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q=Q3630|display=inline, title}} | image_seal = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | seal_size = 67px | seal_type = Coat of arms | image_blank_emblem = +Jakarta Logo.svg<!-- Nyu'un ètinjau kembali so'al PERGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 58 Tahun 2020 & Nyu'un ampon jhâ' abuwâng Okara ka'dinto kantos aghântèna PERGUB--> | blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]] | blank_emblem_size = 110px | pushpin_map = Indonesia Java#Indonesia#Southeast Asia#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]]##Location in [[Indonesia]]##Location in [[Southeast Asia]]##Location in [[Asia]] | subdivision_type = Naghârâ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Dâ'èra-dâ'èra Indonesia|Dâ'èra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Polo Jhâbâ]] | subdivision_type2 = Koṭṭa tor Dâ'èra administrasi | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Daftar dâ'èra administrasi kalabân Koṭṭa administrasi Jakarta|Daftar]] |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1= [[Jakarta Tenga]] |2= [[Jakarta Dâjâ]] |3= [[Jakarta Lao']] |4= [[Jakarta Bârâ']] |5= [[Jakarta Dhimor]] |6= [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] }} | seat_type = Ebhukoṭṭa | seat = [[Jakarta Pusat]]<br>(''dè facto''){{Efn|Jakarta nika salâgghâ koṭṭa neng Level Da'èra Khusus Ebhukoṭṭa amanta lèma' Da'èra Administrasi ''Koṭṭa Administrasi'' (Koṭṭa-Koṭṭa Administrasi/municipalities) tor sittong ''Kabupatèn Administrasi'' (Da'èra administratif). Sobung Ebhukoṭṭa ''de jure'', Lamon Bungowan Pârnata panika alokasi neng Jakarta Pusat.}} | established_title = Asal-mowasal | established_date = Abad ka 5 ([[Prasasti Tugu|Pamokèman solong sè tadokumèntasi]]) | established_title1 = Èprakarsaghi | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1527|06|22|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|title=Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia|trans-title=Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia|language=id|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_title2 = Akâmbhâng minangka [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1619|05|30|df=y}}<ref name="Ricklefs2001">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs|year=2001|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|edition=3rd|page=35|isbn=9780804744805}}</ref> | established_title3 = [[Status koṭṭa neng Indonesia|Status koṭṭa]] | established_date3 = {{Start date and age|1621|03|04|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | established_title4 = [[Propensi neng Indonesia|Status Propènsi]] | established_date4 = {{Start date and age|1961|08|28|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | government_type = [[Subdivisions neng Indonesia#First level|Da'èra Administrasi Khusus]] | governing_body = Pârnata propènsi Dâ'èra Khusus Ebhukoṭṭa Jakarta | leader_title = [[Gubernur neng Jakarta|Gubernur]] | leader_name = [[Heru Budi Hartono]] (''Akalaghung''-2024) | leader_title2 = [[bâkkèl Gubernur neng Jakarta|Bâkkèl Gubârnur]] | leader_name2 = ''Sobung'' | leader_title3 = Lègislatif | leader_name3 = [[Dèwan Perwakilan Rakyat Da'èra Jakarta (DPRD Jakarta)|DPRD Jakarta]] | area_total_km2 = 660.982 | area_metro_km2 = 7,076.31 | area_urban_km2 = 3,546 | area_urban_sq_mi = 547.16 | area_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 38 neng Indonesia]] | population_urban = 35,386,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Demog19th">{{Cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|edition=19th annual|date=August 2023|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | elevation_m = 8 | elevation_ft = 26 | population_total = 11350328 | population_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 6 neng Indonesia]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = 2023 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Disdukcapil DKI Tertibkan Data Penduduk Sesuai Domisili|url=https://infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-sosial-budaya/816655/disdukcapil-dki-tertibkan-data-penduduk-sesuai-domisili|publisher=Dinas Dukcapil DKI Jakarta|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> | population_metro = 32,594,159 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|title=Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan|trans-title=Urban area development centre database|website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206220012/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Orèng Jakarta | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type1 = Demografis | demographics1_title1 = {{Nowrap|Ethnic groups}} | demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = 36.17% [[Bhângsa Jhâbâ|Orèng Jhâbâ]] |2 = 28.29% [[Bhângsa Betawi|Orèng Betawi]] |3 = 14.61% [[Bhângsa Sunda|Orèng Sundanese]] |4 = 6.62% [[Orèng Tiongko'|Orèng Chèna]] |5 = 3.42% [[Bhângsa Batak|Orèng Batak]] |6 = 2.85% [[Bhângsa Minangkabau|Orèng Minangkabau]] |7 = 0.96% [[Bhângsa Malaju|Orèng Malaju]] |8 = 7.08% Sè laèn }} | demographics1_title2 = Aghâma (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=ArcGIS Web Application|access-date=2024-09-10|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1 = 83.83% [[Islam]] |2 = 8.56% [[Protestan]] |3 = 3.89% [[Grèja Katolik|Katolik]] |4 = 3.50% [[Buda]] |5 = 0.18% [[Hindu]] |6 = 0.015% [[Konghuco]] |7 = 0.004% [[Aghâma Adhât]] }} | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bpsdatagdp2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg2IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref><ref name="bpsdataperkapita2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg4IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Koṭṭa |demographics2_info1 = [[Ropiya Inḍonèsia|Rp]] 3,442.98&nbsp;trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 225.88&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 724.01&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title2 = Per kapita |demographics2_info2 = [[Ropiya Indonesia|Rp]] 322.62&nbsp;million<br>[[USD|US$]]&nbsp;21,166<br>[[Int$]] 67,842&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title3 = Mètro |demographics2_info3 = [[Ropèya Indonesia|Rp]] 6,404.70 trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 420.192 billion<br>[[Int$]] 1.346 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | timezone = [[Pambâgiân Bhâkto neng Inḍonèsia|Bâkto Indonesia Bârâ']] | utc_offset = +07:00 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal codes]] | postal_code = 10110–14540, 19110–19130 | registration_plate = B | blank5_name = [[Indèks Pamorbhâ'ân Manossa (IPM)]] (2023) | blank5_info = {{Increase}} 0.836<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/05/13/8f77e73a66a6f484c655985a/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2023.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2023|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]]) – <span style=color:#090>very high</span> | area_code = +62 21 | iso_code = ID-JK | official_name = Dâèra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa Jakarta<br>{{Nobold|{{lang-id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem. !-->}}}} | motto = {{Native phrase|sa-Latn|Jaya Raya}}<br>"Jhâjâ tor Rajâ"<br>[[Slogan]]: {{lang-id|Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia}}{{Efn|In collaboration with "Plus Jakarta" Wordmark.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Petir Garda |last1=Bhwana |first2=Dewi Elvia |last2=Muthiariny |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1667249/jakarta-introduces-new-slogan-sukses-jakarta-untuk-indonesia |title=Jakarta ngalonthaghi Jargon anyar 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia' |website=en.tempo.co |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> }}<br>"Jakarta Suksès ka'angghuy Inḍonèsia"<!-- taghâut sareng KEPGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 292 Tahun 2023. --> | website = [https://jakarta.go.id/ Jakarta.go.id] }} '''Jakarta''', halè rosmi akasambhât '''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta''' otabâ '''DKI Jakarta'''<!-- panika situasi kalamon DKI Jakarta ghi' tâddhi Èbhukota. Aghântè status Jakarta èlakoni ba'da pamatrabhânna "Keputusan Presiden (Keppres)" sè taghâeut dâ' pamataran èbhukoṭṭa. Panika èromat dâlâm UU Nomor 3 taon 2022 pasal 39 ayat 1. -->, sè dhimin èkalonta mènangka [[Batavia]] kantos 1949, ya'ni sèmangkèn abhâdhi [[Èbhu koṭṭa Inḍonèsia]] bhinarèn [[Wilayah administrasi khusus neng Indonesia|dâèrah otonom sadrajât sareng propènsi]].<ref name="Status ebhukoṭṭa">{{cite news|title=Ramai Status Jakarta tak Lagi Ibu Kota, Pihak Istana Respons Begini|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240308115024-4-520701/ramai-status-jakarta-tak-lagi-ibu-kota-pihak-istana-respons-begini|first= |last=Emir |date=8 Maret 2024 |editor-first= |editor-last=|accessdate=2 April 2024|language=id |work=[[CNBC Indonesia]] |archive-date=|archive-url=|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jakarta ngaghungi lèma' [[Kota administrasi neng Indonesia|koṭṭa administrasi]] tor sittong [[Kabupaten administrasi neng Indonesia|kabupaten administrasi]]. Bhinarèn aroju' dâ' peyarsa sè lombrâ, Jakarta asambhât minangka [[area metropolitan|koṭṭa metropolit]]. Jakarta abitara neng pasèsèr panta'an bârâ'-tasè' [[polo Jhâbâ]]. Jakarta aghâdhui jhâjjhuluk ''The Big Durian'' (sang kadigghâ dhurèn) amarghâ èsèngko'aghi minangka koṭṭa sa pandhu sareng [[Koṭṭa New York]] (''[[Big Apple]]'') neng [[Amerika Serikat|Amèrika Syarikat]].<ref name="Jakartapost">{{en}} {{cite web | url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like | author=Suryodiningrat, Meidyatama | work=The Jakarta Post | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | archivedate=2008-02-21 | date=2007-06-22 | access-date=2013-07-02 | dead-url=no }}</ref> Jakarta ngaghungi bibârâh sa 664,01&nbsp;km² (saghârâna sa: 6.977,5&nbsp;km²), sareng jumlah wargana 11.135.191 nyabâ, alèngghâ dâ' partengngahan taon 2024.<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2024|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=25 Juli 2024|format=Visual|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> minangka pamaoran bisnis, politik, sareng kabudaya'an, Jakarta asalèra kânnângan ngaprakarsana kantor-kantor panambhâghân BUMN, prusaha'an swasta, prusaha'an asèng. Koṭṭa panèka jhughân abhâdhi kânnânganna partètahan lembaga-lembaga pernata kalabân kantor sâkartariat [[ASEAN]]. Jakarta kantos èalâmmi kalabân duwâ' pandhârâ abâng, ya'ni [[Pandhârâ abâng Internasional Soekarno-Haṭṭa|Pandhârâ Internasional Soekarno–Haṭṭa]] neng [[Koṭṭa Tangerang]], [[Banten]] [[Pandhârâ Halim Perdanakusuma]], mangsan dwi pâlabuwân tasè', ya'ni [[pâlabuwân Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]] sareng [[pâlabuwân Sunda Kelapa|Sunda Kelapa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-di-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |title=mau tahu jam paling sibuk neng jakarta nih sebaiknya dihindari |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417230631/https://www.gridoto.com/amp/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-neng-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |title=Daerah khusus Ibukota Jakarta (Indonesia.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153723/https://indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |title=Tur jakarta (Jakarta-tourism.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711055419/https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> == Etimologi == [[Bhengkek:Batavia MKL Bd. 2 1890 (131578766).jpg|jmpl|220px|kiri|Ekkar Batavia (Samangkèn Jakarta) nalèka taon 1890.|al=]] Bhâbâ otabâ dâ'èra panika pon asemalèn jhâjjhuluk akadhi salanjhâng zâman neng jhâjhârbhâ'an sè atitèng<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 april 2022|title=Beragam Nama Jakarta Sejak Tahun 397 hingga Sekarang|url=https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|website=Sindonews|language=id-ID|access-date=8 Juni 2023|archive-date=2023-06-2erido1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621021521/https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|dead-url=no}}</ref>''':''' * ''[[Sunda Kelapa]]'' (397—1527) * {{flagicon|Banten Sultanate}} ''[[Jayakarta]]'' (1527—1619) * {{flagicon|Dutch East indies}} ''[[Batavia]]'' (1619—1942) * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} ''Djakarta Tokubetu Si'' {{Nihongo|2=ジャカルタ特別市|4=''[[Alih aksara Kunrei-shiki|Kunrei-shiki]]'': ''Djakarta Tokubetu Si, [[Alih aksara Hepburn|Hepburn]]: Jakaruta tokubetsushi}}'' (1942—1945) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''Djakarta'' (1945—1972) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''Jakarta'' (1972—samangkèn) [[Bhengkek:Propaganda Jepang Indonesia Raya Nippon Eigasha 2605.webm|jmpl|220px|kiri|Propaganda [[Jepang]] maghèncaraghi dâ' "[[Inḍonèsia Raya]]" salombi nyanyian sè malarpar statussa sareng "[[Kimigayo]]" minangka lagu kabhângsa'an [[Inḍonèsia]] halè [[Dè facto]] nalèka [[Masa Pandudukan Jepang|Rabuk Pangegghunan Jepang]].]] Asma' "''Jakarta''" èmabi ampon [[Pangengghunan Jepang neng wilayah Hindia Blandhâ|masa ka'ihtilalan Jepang]] taon 1942, ka'angghuy nyambhât wilayah lampaṭṭa ''[[Gemeente]] [[Batavia]]'' sè èkarosmi pernata [[Hindia Blandhâ]] nalèka taon 1905.<ref>Thee Liang Gie; ''Sejarah Pemerintahan Kota Djakarta'', Jakarta: Kotapraja Djakarta Raja, 1958, hal. 83.</ref> jhulukân "''Jakarta''" mujud ḍâri parèngkadhân dâ' diksi '''''Jayakarta''''' ([[aksara Dewanagari]]: जयकृत), apènangkan dâ' okara abhâsa Sanskerta जय ''jaya'' (kagemmilangan/kamennangan), sareng कृत ''krta'' (kama'morân), dâghâ ''Jayakarta'' nika ama'na "koṭṭa kajhâjâ'ân tor kama'morân". Asma' nika èparèngi amarghâ mahajana [[kasultanan Demak|Demak]] tor [[Kesultanan Cirebon|Cirebon]] neng andhâb kamaula'an [[Fatahillah]] (Faletehan) bâ'dâ panyârbuân kalabân abistèl jhâjâ'ân neng pâlabuwân Sunda Kelapa nalèka tangghâl 22 Juni 1527 dârika pernata Portugis. Asma' panèka apèyarsa "koṭṭa kamennangan" otabâ "koṭṭa kajhâjâ'ân". Namong, hakèkaṭṭa ama'na "kamennangan sè èbis amarghâ sa tarongghuânna otabâ usaha sè ḍilu' mèlaghis " jakarta ngaghungè marduwân [[Bhâsa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]] ya'ni ''Jaya'' (जय) ama'na "Jhâjâ" (kamennangan)<ref name="jaya">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=jaya|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043538/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> tor ''Karta'' (कृत) ama'na "tekka".<ref name="krta">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=krta|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044135/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> Manca olat èjhâ'ân asma' koṭṭa nèka ampon molandhimin èyaghâm. [[Ahli Shojhârâ]] [[Portugis]], João de Barros, longkang ''Décadas da Ásia'' (1553) ampon nyambhât ataksèna andhika "''Xacatara (Jakarta)"'' samrambâh bhâbâ palèan "''Caravam'' (Karawang)". Salombi dokumèn (piagam) amowasal Banten (k. 1600) èmaos ahli epigrafi [[Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk|''Van der Tuuk'']] èmèyarsanè ngandhika okara ''wong Jaketra'',<ref>T.B.G. jilid 19 tahun 1870, hal. 393, dalam Slamet Muljana, ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=l1ALHtAiibQC&pg=PA72&dq=muljana+van+der+tuuk&hl=en&ei=MPx6Ttm9MMqzrAeRgZnAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Sriwijaya]'', hal. 72. LKiS, 2006. ISBN 979-8451-62-7. èaksès 22 September 2011.</ref> sanyaossa ''Jaketra'' lerres èsambhât neng rat-serrat [[Kasultanan Banten#Daftar rato Banten|Sultan Banten]]<ref>Titik Pudjiastuti, (2007), ''Perang, dagang, persahabatan: surat-surat Sultan Banten'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-461-650-8.</ref> kalabân ''[[Sojhârâ Banten]]'' (pupuh 45 sareng 47) sakadhinapa èsales'aghi [[Hussein Jayadiningrat|Hoessein Djajadiningrat]]. Saèṭṭa [[Cornelis de Houtman|''Cornelis de Houtman'']] taon 1596 nyambhât [[Raden Wijayakrama|"Radèn" ''Wijayakrama'']] mènangka ''koning van Jacatra'' (dhâtoh Jakarta). == Sojhârâh == {{Main|sojhârâ Jakarta}} [[Bhengkek:Prasasti tugu.jpg|jmpl|160px|kiri|[[Bâto Prasastè Toghu]] nalèka abad ka lèma' tapangghi neng dâ'èra Tugu, Jakarta Utara.]] === Masa pra-kolonial === Dâ'èra sè sanonto èkasambhât Jakarta nèka panta ḍâri [[Kadhâtowan Tarumanaghârâ]] ({{lang-id| Tarumanagara}}), sa kadhâtowan [[Sunda]], sè arobâ neng antara [[Kadhâtowan Hindu]] sè palèng dhimin neng bhumè Inḍonèsia.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta|title=Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon|year=2005}}</ref> Salastarèna Kabhlusaran Tarumanaghârâ, ya-wilayana, aghându' dâ'èra Jakarta, abhâdhi pantana [[Kadhâtowan Sunda]]. Nalèka abâd ka pètto' kantos awwâl abâd ka tello bellâs, dâ'èra panèka ètatèng mènangka plabbhuwân vital klabân èpossa'aghi prao otabâ dèk [[kadhâtowan Sriwijaya]]. Aoghâr ḍâ' catetan berta Chèna, ''Chu-fan-chi'', sè ècatet bitara taon 1200, [[Chou Ju-kua]] nyaètaghi Bhâsa neng abâd katello bellâs manabi Sriwijaya ghi' apernata neng [[Jazira Mlajuh]] tor panta bârâ' Jhâbâ. Lajhâng otabâ Catetan nèka jhughân nyaètaghi bhâsa plabbhuwân Sunda mènangka plabbhuwân sè "strategis tor asâkkar akas (jhurbhu)", abhâdhi pamaorra sonâghâng [[Ladhâh Lanon]] khas Sunda sè ka'alo' mutuna. mahajana dâ'èra nèka sara narèkana ḍâ' bidhâng agrikultur kalabân ghun-angghunna nyondhu ju-kajuwân (brângkah).<ref>{{cite book| author=Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed.| publisher=Penerbit Kanisius| date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988| location =Yogyakarta| page =page 60 }}</ref> Plabbhuwân nèka èjhulughi [[Sunda Kelapa]] (Sunda Nyior), katona abâd empa' bellâs, plabbhuwânèpon anambhâghi pardhâghângan sa Sunda. [[Bhengkek:Padrao sunda kelapa.jpg|jmpl|160px|kiri|somajâ ghuna akanco antara Kadhâtowan sunda sareng portugès neng mua bâto, somaja panika èsambhât Luso-Sundanese padrão]] Sabbhâna kapal [[Portugis]] ḍâri [[Malaka]] ḍâ' plabbhuwân Sunda Kelapa neng 1513, Portugis mosangi lampa dâ' kapolowan pangrana' ladhâh lanon .<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|year=1999}}</ref> sanalèka jhughân Kadhâtowan Sunda aghâbây [[Luso Sundanese padrão|Somajâh kancon]] sareng bhângsa Portugis mènangka arsajâna Sunda kaghuna masèsaè anaranna [[Kasoltanan Dema']] pangobâsa Jhâbâ Tengnga<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta}}</ref> angèng bâkjâh dâ' Portugis èparèngi klèlan (edhi) apaddhâk plabuwân dhibi' nângka'essa' nalèka 1522. Taon 1527, [[Fatahillah]], aron sènapatè pènangkan Dema' nyârbu tor nyâmojutè Sunda Kelapa, Mangsan ngoddhâkaghi duta Portugis. Salastarèna, Sunda Kelapa aghèntè asmana abhâneng Jayakarta, kalabân èsto pantana daulatan [[Kasoltanan Banten]]. Ngaros katarèkatan dâ' radèn Jayawikarta pènangkan Kasoltanan Banten, Blandhâ napa' neng Jayakarta taon 1596. Nalèka 1602, [[Prusaha'an India Tèmor inggris|Prusaha'an India Tèmor Inggris]] abhâkta longsa'an sardaduh sè èkamendir [[Sir James Lancaster]], apocal mangghâr neng [[Aceh|Acèh]] tor alajâr ka Banten, sè ka'dimma sadhâjána èparèngi èdhi ngaddhâki sa kantor antradhághâng. Wilayah anika sè pagghi' abhâdhi pamaoran dhâghâng Inggris neng Indonesia kantos 1682.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}</ref> Jayawikarta èkanta ngaghungi habi èkonomi sareng sa sodhâghâr Inggris kompetitor Balandhâ, kalabân trèkah marèngi èdhi maddhâkka markaz aèjhin mandhâpana Blandhâ natkala 1615.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heuken |first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta ḍâri kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) |publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka |year=2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref> === Èra kolonial === [[Bhengkek:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|jmpl|''Stadhuis Batavia'', kantor Gubernur Jenderal [[Parusaha'an Hindia Tèmor Blandhâ|VOC]] neng dâ'èra [[Koṭṭa Towa Jakarta]]. Bungonan nèka sanonto abhâdhi [[Musiyum Sojhârâ Jakarta]]]] [[Bhengkek:Andries Beeckman - The Castle of Batavia.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Batavia èpascakarsa neng aṭṭas pakarangan sèmangkèn abhâdhi Jakarta. Karya [[Andries Beeckman]] c. 1656]] Rèkala pancas tor habi pandhâlien Radèn Jayawikarta sareng Blandhâ acancala, Jayawikarta asènḍinan kabulâ Inggris maghirit sardaduna ḍâlem larak dâ' bhintèng Belandhâ, nangèng serrangan ka'dissa' kèngèng èka'arsa Blandhâ, aran kajhâjâ'an ta' kèni' kadhâlâr divisi [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] (J.P. Coen) sè kadaruy nyènḍin. Slastarèna, Bâlanḍhâ ngala' serrè' kalabân ngobbhârè bhintèng Inggris amangsana nyèngkal Inggris ondhur dâ' ka praona. Blandhâ jhâjâ nètènè koṭṭa , nalèka taon 1619, asma' koṭṭa ''Jayakarta'' èbungar abhâdhi ''Batavia'' sareng Blandhâ. Ghâuta neng koṭṭa nèka atakal imigran ka'angghuy nyandhâr, cer para saodhâghâr Cèna otabâ Tionghoa. Jumlah warga sè dhâkkala asèmbu, mèndhu'aghi tempoan pernata koṭṭa. Katerrenan landep dhilâ pernata koṭṭa ngoddhi'i pasèpatan imigrasi rèng-orâng cèna kelabân lorong deportasi. Tangsèlan abhâdhi palabânan, kateddhiân 5,000 orèng ḍâri ètnis cèna [[Pambantaian Batavia 1740|èmondhâs otabâ ègenosida]] èdhâlâr pernata Blandhâ tor warga tobin partangghâl 9 Oktober 1740, jhughân on-taon sa'amponna, kabâḍâ'ân panèka maksa ètnis Cèna matar dâ' [[Glodok]] sè akennengngan neng mèjhil bhintèng koṭṭa.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{Cite book|last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2003 |location=Melbourne |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4/page/138 138]–139|isbn=1-74059-154-2}}</ref> Koṭṭa asekkar dâ' arah jhellâu' kabidhânna kemaran (wabah) penyakè' taon 1835 tor 1870, nyorghung rèng-orèng asèjik dâ' jheleu' nyèngghâi palabbuwân. Koningsplein, sèmangkèn anyama [[Mètor Merdèka]] lastarè èpaddhâk taon 1818, taman pacompo'an [[Mèntèng]] kabidhân èpaddhâk taon 1913,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 Menteng : Pelopor Kota Taman], 3 November 2007</ref> tor [[Kebayoran Baru]] ya'nè cecompo'an sè khir-akhirân èpaddhâk sareng Blandhâ.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> alèngghâ precca' 1930, Batavia aron ngaghungi pata sapaduwân juta warga,<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress.''</ref> preghâta èlebbhui 37,067 orèng aètnik Èropa.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4T4HJKW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=949420039&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households]. ScienceDirect.</ref> === Èra kamardhika'an === Sa'ampon perrang lastarèh, kaom republikan Inḍonèsia adhigghâl Jakarta sè èkobâsa [[Kancowan neng perrang dhunnya ka 2|sardaduh Kancowan]] tor mabhâdhi [[Yogyakarta|Jogjakerta]] minangka èbhu koṭṭa naghârâ sè anyar. Nalèka 1950, sa'ampon kamardhika'an èrebbhu' onè, èbhu koṭṭa naghârâ èbâliyaghi dâ' koṭṭa karasan.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> presidèn Inḍonèsia pratama, [[Soekarno]], ngaptè karsa ka'angghuy mabhâdhi Jakarta koṭṭa aghung internasional tompèng atèta trèkah parèjikan sè èbhândhâi parnata amâksot mabhâsta'a arkanan nasionalis sareng [[arsitektur modern]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=P. |last=Schoppert |coauthor=Damais, S. |title=Java Style |year=1997 |publisher=Didier Millet |location=Paris |isbn= 962-593-232-1}}</ref> ḍiring trèkana èngghi panèka Jhâlân lajâng, bhundheran narmèng neng Jhâlân MH Thamrin-Sudirman, [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Hotèl Inḍonèsia]], panambhâghân belânjhâ tor geddung parlemen bungar. neng Oktober 1965, Jakarta teddhi saksè [[Pagarakan 30 September|samandât kudèta]] sè masèdhâh ennem orèng jenderal tèngghi militer, nyolet [[Panompessan massal Inḍonèsia 1965-66|panompessan massal rèng-orèng kacèr]], andhân jumlah ètnis Cèna,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid]". BBC News. 12 February 1998.</ref> ngabidhânè [[Peralihan dâ' Orde Anyar|èra Orde anyar neng pandhâp Soeharto]]. Sapokpara orde sè èpaddhâk neng [[Lobâng Bhâjâ|ngadhâtonna jasad jenderal-jenderal sè èbuwâng]]. Nalèka 1966, Jakarta kaèstrèn abhâdhi "da'erah khusus èbhukoṭṭa" (''Da'èrah Khusus Ibukota''), abhâkta status sè sadrâjhât sareng provinsi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta |work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |accessdate=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref> Lètnan Jenderal [[Ali Sadikin]] minangka gubernur madiyanan 60-an kantos 1977; mrakarsa'aghi bitongan jhâlân tor jâmbât, nyorghung panyekkaran seni tor bhudhâjâ, maddhâk roma anglo tor sakolah. jhughân arèa-arèa jhâbbhâ èpa'ardâm minangka projèk-projèk modernisasi,<ref>{{Cite journal|first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1989 |title=The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis |journal=Third World Planning Review |volume=11 |issue=2 pages=pp. 211–238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/095624789200400203 |first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1992 |title=The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives |url=https://archive.org/details/environment-urbanization_1992-10_4_2/page/9 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–32}}</ref> ngandhek [[bèca']] tor mellang blijhâ pancasoko. Sadikin jhughân ghiyar ka'angghuy nata jumlah imigran manca Jakarta minangka trèkana ngajhâui panangghun nyerrèni jumlah kafakiran.<ref> {{Cite book | last = Turner | first = Peter | title = Java (1st edition) | url = https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=1997 | location=Melbourne | page=[https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn/page/315 315] | isbn=0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> Investasi manca negri sa'amponna maèjawanta raè koṭṭa panèka salanjhâng parnata Sadikin kantos pangghântè salastarèna.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Edsel E. |last=Sajor |year=2003 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00325 |title=Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines |journal=Development and Change |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=713–742 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00325}}</ref> . [[Bhengkek:Jakarta riot 14 May 1998.jpg|al=kanan|jmpl|200x200px|Suasana [[Ghâridu Mèi 1998]] sè kateddhiân pertangghâl 14 Mèi 1998. Katon aron orèng pareppa'na maklonyar sadhângka' jhângka'.]] Messatan èknonomi ca-raca amandhâp bâjâna [[Krisis èkonomi Asia 1997|krisis 1997]], salastarè pamandhâpân, Jakarta abhâdhi noktana pamaoran anti-pernata. 32 taon akobâsa, sènḍinan ḍâ' prèsiden Soeharto nambhân. Panettengan malandhâp nalèkana mahasiswa [[Universitas Trisakti]] [[Panèmbakan Trisakti|ètèngghâr]] jhâlârân aparat ka'amanan; sa'arè bhântèng [[Karusuhan Mèi 1998|ghâridu neng Jakarta]] asèjân bitara 1,200 sokma mahasiswa amangsana 6,000 ghâddhung èsaèl'aghi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/331 329]}}</ref> menḍân orèng aètnis [[Cèna Inḍonèsia]] teddhi korbanna.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm Wages of Hatred]. Michael Shari. Business Week.</ref> Soeharto ajhurdâsè klaghungan prèsiden, salajhuna Jakarta èngghi panèka pamaoran krusial ḍâ' paghuliyân demokrasi Inḍonèsia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref> pokpara bom bân anar teroris ampon magghis sèbâng taon neng koṭṭa nèka akadhina taon 2000 kantos 2005,<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139" /> tor pokpara bom [[bom Jakarta 2009|nalèka 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu, 19 Juli 2009 – 13:16 WIB |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom neng Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Gèografi == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ Nokta èkstrém Provinsi DKI Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|website=www.dw.com|access-date=2022-09-24|title=Salinan arsip|archive-date=2022-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015235443/https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- |align=center|Bârâ' || {{coord|5|28|45.0|S|106|23|25.03|E}} || [[Nosa Pabelokan]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Lao' || {{coord|6|22|14.0|S|106|53|39.0|E}} || [[Jhâlân Transyogi|Jhâlân Transyogi (Cibubur-Jonggol)]] km 01, [[Cibubur, Ciracas, Jakarta Timur]] |- |align=center|Tèmor || {{coord|6|08|42.0|S|106|58|21.0|E}} || Jalan Kaliabang, [[Rorotan, Cilincing, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |align=center|Dâjâ || {{coord|5|12|09.18|S|106|27|46.23|E}} || [[Pulau Sebira]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Tertinggi || +91 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|22|09.0|S|106|54|01.01|E}} || [[Bhumi Perkemahan tor Graha Wisata Pramuka Cibubur|Kabâsan Buperta Cibubur]], [[Pondok Ranggon, Cipayung, Jakarta Temor]] |- |align=center|Terendah || -1 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|06|57.0|S|106|48|13.0|E}} || Jhâlân Muara Baru, [[Penjaringan, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |} [[Bhengkek:Sungai Ciliwung dekat dengan gedung groeneveld. jpg.jpg|jmpl|[[Songay Ciliwung]]. Amèndhâna sè èkarasan, songay nèka mabhungka koṭṭa abhâdhi duwâ'. Songay nèka maslèra ḍiring sè songay paleng jhâbbhâ neng Dhunnya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-26|title=Ciliwung Jadi Salah Satu Songay Terkotor neng Dunia, Berikut Faktanya|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|access-date=2022-06-27|last=Kautsar|first=Nurul Diva|editor-last=Diva|editor-first=Nurul|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422194142/https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>]] Jakarta akennnengan neng salajâ dâjâ [[Nosa Jhâbâ]], neng mowara [[Ciliwung]], [[Lompong Jakarta]]. samarbhâ wilayah Jakarta kadhâton neng tèngghângan tondhâ ḍâ' anjhung sirkana 8 mèter [[dpl]] bit nokta taranjhungnga Jakarta èngghi panèka 91 mèter [[dpl]] akennengan neng Kabâsan Buperta Cibubur, [[Cipayung, Jakarta Tèmor]] sè maslèra koncar tatondhâna formasi tèngghângan Jonggol-Jatiluhur. Bhinarèng nokta tatondhâna engghi ka'dissa' -1 mèter [[dpl]] bit lokasi neng wilayah Muara Baru tor Pluit, [[Jakarta Dâjâ]] neng ka'dimma dâèra karasan nèka ma'alamè pokpara panondhâ'ân tanah mola dhimèn.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-03|title=Muara Baru Terancam Tenggelam 4,6 Meter neng Bawah Muka Laut pada 2050|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=2022-10-01|last=Koresponden|first=Non|editor-last=H.|editor-first=Clara Maria Tjandra Dewi|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006020751/https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|dead-url=no}}</ref> amarghâ akennengan neng tèngghângan tondhâ, nemma'an'aghi telbhâssa wilayah Jakarta segghut kalongghây aing, langkongnga pandhâ'ân lao' Jakarta maslèra dâ'èra paghunongan bit cora ojhân tèngghi. Jakarta kaèlèr sareng 13 songay sè sadhâjâna amowara nojjhu [[Lompong Jakarta]]. Songay sè paleng parlo engghi apnèka Ciliwung, sè mabhungka koṭṭa abhâdhi duwâ'. Jhâtemor tor jhâlâu', Jakarta atacer kelabân provinsi [[Jhâbâ Bârâ']] jhughân neng pandhâ'ân bârâ' atacer [[provinsi Banten]]. [[Kanosa'an Seribu]] èngghi panèka kabhupatèn administratif sè kadhâton neng [[Teluk Jakarta]], samarbhâ wilayana adhâpar dhârâpan kanosa'an, kelabân 105 nosa kadhâton pocak 45&nbsp;km (28 mil) neng èrèng dâjâ Lompong Jakarta. === Iklim === Jakarta aghâdhui suhu udara sè panas tor kessap dâmon aiklim tropis. Akennengan neng panta bârâ' Inḍonèsia, Jakarta ngalamè moncè' nèmbhârâ neng bulân Januwari tor Fèbruari kelabân sirka dhrâbisân ojhân 350 milimèter kelabân suhu sirkana 27&nbsp;°C. Dhrâbisân ojhân antara bulân Januwari tor kabidhân Fèbruari mèlaghis tèngghi, nalèka ka'dissa' Jakarta èlongghây lompa sabbhân taon, tor moncè' nèmor-kara nalèka bulân Agustus kelabân dhrâbisân curah ojhân 60 milimèter . Bulân Sèptèmber tor kabidhân Oktober èngghi panèka rè-arè sè talambhâs panas neng Jakarta, suhu udara kèngèng nugghâi 40&nbsp;°C .<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner|first=Peter|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Java|url=https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn|edition=1st edition|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|date=1997|location=Melbourne|pages=p. 37|isbn=0-86442-314-4}}</ref> Suhu sirka taonanna apata antara 25°-38&nbsp;°C (77°-100&nbsp;°F).<ref name = "crick">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |work=Lonely Planet |title=Jakarta: When to Go |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |archive-date=2008-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202732/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |dead-url=no }}</ref> {{Jakarta weatherbox}} == Album == <gallery> Merdeka Palace Changing Guard 1.jpg|Kraton Mardhika (Istana Merdeka) Jakarta Bundaran HI .jpg|Bunderrân Hotèl Inḍonèsia Jakartacityofindonesia.jpg|plaghânsana (Stadiun) Glora Bungkarno </gallery> == Sombher == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Bhângsa:Geografi]] os3ewzz77ep47k333ozsjdiu97ihw8c 0 1890 65652 65582 2026-08-14T19:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} Jenderal Besar TNI (Purn.) H. M. Soeharto, (Hacanaraka: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ; IPA: / su:'hɑːrtɔ/) (ER, EYD: Suharto; 8 Juni 1921 - 27 Januari 2008) iyâ arèya Presiden kaduwe' Indonesia sè ajabat dâri taon 1967 sampe' 1988, aghènteeh Soekarno. È dunia internasional, otamana è Dunia Barat, Soeharto segghut èrujuk kalabân sebbhuttèn populer "The Smiling General" (bhâsa Indonesia: "Sang Jenderal yang Tersenyum") polana raéna sè malolo asenyum bân nunjuk aghi karamahan.[1][2][3] Sabelluna ḍhâddhi presiden, Soeharto iyâ arèya pamimpin militer bâkto masa Hindia Bâlânḍhâ bân Kakaisaran Jepang, kalabân pangkat terakhir Mayor Jenderal. Samarèna Gerakan 30 September 1965, Soeharto aghebey operasi panertèbhân bân pangamanan kalabân parènta ḍâri Presiden Soekarno, sala sèttong sè èlakonè Soeharto iyâ arèya kalabân matade' Gerakan 30 September bân aberri' parnyataan jhek PKI arèya organisasi sè terlarang.[4][5] Soeharto samarèna jia èparèngi mandat sarèng Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) ḍhâddhi presiden bâkto 26 Maret 1968[6] aghântee Soekarno, bân resmi ḍhâddhi presiden bâkto taon 1968. Soeharto èpelè polè sarèng MPR bâkto taon 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, bân 1998. Bâkto taon 1998, masa jabatanna marè samarèna ngunduraghi abè' ḍhibi'na è tangghâl 21 Mei taon kasebbhut, nyosol bâḍâna karosoan Mei 1998 bân pendudukan gedung DPR/MPR sarèng èbuwen mahasiswa. Soeharto aropaaghi orèng sè palèng abit ajabat ḍhâddhi presiden Indonesia. Soeharto èghântee sarèng B.J. Habibie. Salama para' 32 taon pamarèntahanna Soeharto nyabè' pondasi pembangunan è Indonesia lèbet Repelita. Dâlâm masa kakoasaanna, sè èsebbhut Orde Baru, Soeharto abangun naghârâ sè stabil bân ngaollè kamajuan ekonomi bân infrastruktur.[7][8][9][10] Dâlâm era rèya masyarakat ollè arghâ bahan-bahan pokok sè modè bân kabâdâân aman tor katartèbhân sè terjaga, jughân tercapainya Swasembada Bèrrâs. Parkara rèya ètoraè kalabân medali From Rice Importer To Self Sufficiency dâri Organisasi Pangan bân Pertanian (FAO) bâkto 1984 sè ètarèma Presiden Soeharto.[11] Soeharto jughân aropaaghi sosok sè kontroversial polana abètesaghi kabebasan warga naghârâ Indonesia katoronan Tionghoa, menduduki Timor Timur, pamaksaan asas Pancasila è sakabbhina bidang, bân èsebbhut ḍhâddhi sala sèttong rezim palèng korup dâlâm sajarah dunia modern. Metorot Transparency International, estimasi karogièn naghârâ iyâ arèya sakitar 15–35 miliar dolar Amerika Serikat salama pamarèntahanna.[12] Namong, hal rèya tak berhasil èbuktèaghi, bahkan Majalah Time kala dâlâm gugatan [13] bân usaha laèn ghâbây ngokom Soeharto gagal polana kasehatanna sè sajjèn sara. Samarèna sakè' abit, Soeharto adhinggâl omor polana kagagalan organ multifungsi è Jakarta è tangghâl 27 Januari 2008. Soeharto bhâbbâr è tangghâl 8 Juni 1921 dâri sèttong rèng bine' sè aropaaghi èbhuna, asmana Sukirah == Daftar pustaka == * {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }} * {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193148/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X}} * {{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite news| title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post| date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book| first = William| last = Blum| date = 1995| title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II| publisher = Common Courage Press| location = Monroe, Me.| isbn = 1-56751-052-3| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0}} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109110205/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997) * {{cite web| title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories| work=The National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| access-date=23 May 2005| archive-date=8 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035956/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| last=Colmey| first=John| title=The Family Firm| date=24 May 1999| publisher=TIME Asia| url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 February 2001}} * {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |url-status=live }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001. * {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartopolitical0000elso |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1}} * {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/countryindespair0000unse |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 }} * {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration }} * {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild| publisher=Archipelago Press|date=2002 | orig-year=1976| isbn=981-4068-65-9}} * {{cite news |title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }} * {{cite web | title=Indonesia Economic | work=Commanding Heights | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | access-date=23 May 2005 | archive-date=24 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182929/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | url-status=live }} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge|work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=15 October 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge| work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James| name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power| work=The Independent |location=UK| date=16 April 2000}} * {{cite book| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War| publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd|date=1999| isbn=0-7509-1668-0}} * {{cite book|last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartoindonesia0000mcdo |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] AU|publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0}} * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608032221/https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|url-status=live}} * {{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X}} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212120254/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} * {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}} * {{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/shadesofgreypoli0000wana |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}} * {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-asia_1979_9_2/page/197| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}} 8p2auutqhn4qk7go4wsogudsfvoosgm 0 3026 65666 65576 2026-08-14T19:56:56Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Infeksi pascapersalinan | image = Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg | caption = ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (bola-bola merah) atangghungan aṭṭas bânnya' kasus Sengker nifas sè sara. | synonyms = Sengker nifas, Sengker marèna alahèr'aghi (rembi'), sepsis maternal, infèksi maternal, infèksi puerperium | field = [[Obstetri]] | symptoms = Sengker, nyèlo tabu' bâgiyân bâbâ, keputihan abâu bâceng<ref name=W2014/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = Ampona èlakar'aghi bi' cem-macem jennis baktèri<ref name=W2014>{{cite book|title=Williams Obstetrics|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsobstetri0024unse|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-179893-8|pages=Chapter 37|edition=24th|chapter=37}}</ref> | risks = [[Operasi sèsar]], [[pecah ketuban dini]], [[persalinan abit]], [[malnutrisi]], [[diabètes]]<ref name=W2014/><ref name=WHOBook2015/>, Faktor risiko kalebbhu [[operasi sèsar]] (C-section), keberadaan baktèri tartanto seperti [[streptokokus grup B]] è vagina, [[pecah ketuban dini]], ampo alakonè [[pamerèksa'an vagina]], pangangghâlân [[plasenta]] bi' manual, bân [[persalinan abit]], è antara faktor laènna.<ref name=W2014/><ref name=WHOBook2015>{{cite book|title=WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154936-3|pmid=26598777|page=1|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186171/1/9789241549363_eng.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207091250/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186171/1/9789241549363_eng.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-07}}</ref> | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = [[Antibiotik]]<ref name=W2014/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 11,8 juta<!-- incidence table --><ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> | deaths = 17.900<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Sengker puerperal''' ({{langx|id|'''Demam puerperal'''}}) otabâ infèksi pasca nifas panèka infèksi baktèri sè nyerrang saloran rèproduksi binè' samarèna rèmbi' otabâ kaghâgghârân.<ref name=W2014/> Tora bân gejala biyasana komighil lebbi ḍâri {{convert|38,0|C|F}}, sake' è tabu', bân bisa metto aing è vagina sè abâu bâceng.<ref name=W2014/> Sengker panèka ampona èka'ollè samarèna 24 jhâm bân è dâlem sapolo arè samarèna rèmbi'. Sala sèttong faktor risiko Sengker puerperal panèka bâdâna baktèri tartanto akadhi streptococcus kelompok B è dâlem vagina. È taon 2015, èparkèra'aghi bâdâ 11,8 juta kadhâddhiyân infèksi postpartum. ==Sombher== {{Reflist|}} == Maosan totongghâ == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Chaim W, Burstein E |title=Postpartum infection treatments: a review |journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1297–313 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12877638 |doi=10.1517/14656566.4.8.1297 |s2cid=26781321 |type=review}} * {{cite journal |author=French L |title=Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis |journal=Current Women's Health Reports |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=274–9 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12844449 |type=review}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Calhoun BC, Brost B |title=Emergency management of sudden puerperal fever |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology-clinics-of-north-america_1995-06_22_2/page/357 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=357–67 |date=June 1995 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00185-6 |pmid=7651676 |type=review}} c1yakcha8c3c5agj4z9j8hxgdyi1qdx 0 12169 65685 43480 2026-08-14T20:14:22Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|dhâpar panèka namong ponjhur pasoan [[Islam]]|Isa}} {{Infobox person |name = Yèsus |image = Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg |caption = {{longitem |[[Kristus Pantokrator]] ḍâri [[Biara Santa Katarina]] è [[Ghunong Sinai]], abad kapèng-6 M}} |birth_date = {{circa}} 4 SM<!-- -->{{efn|[[John P. Meier]] nolès mon taon kabhâbbhârân Yèsus èngghi panèka {{circa}} taon&nbsp;7 otabâ 6&nbsp;SM.<ref name=Meier1991>{{cite book|last=Meier|first=John P.|title=A Marginal Jew: The roots of the problem and the person|url=https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john|year=1991|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14018-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john/page/407 407]}}</ref> <!-- -->[[Karl Rahner]] nyetta'aghi mon konsènsus è saranga ahli sojhârâ èngghi panèka kr.&nbsp;taon&nbsp;4&nbsp;SM.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|p=732}} <!-- -->[[E. P. Sanders]] kèya dhujung asaroju' bi' kr.&nbsp;4&nbsp;SM, ngogher ḍâ' konsènsus umum.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=10–11}} <!-- -->[[Jack Finegan]] ngangghuy'aghi studi ḍâri tradisi Kristen awwal ghâbây asènḍin panemmon kalamon taon kabhâbbhârân Yèsus èngghi panèka kr.&nbsp;3 otabâ 2&nbsp;SM.<ref name=Finegan>{{cite book|first=Jack|last=Finegan|title=Handbook of Biblical Chronology, rev. ed.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine|year=1998|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1-56563-143-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/319 319]}}</ref> <!-- -->}} |birth_place = [[Betlehem]], [[Tetrarkhi Yudea]],<!--Note: No scholarly consensus for any more precise a location than Judea:--> [[Kakaisaran Romawi]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |title=The birth of the Messiah: a commentary on the infancy narratives in Matthew and Luke |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofmessiahco0000brow |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-385-05907-7 |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthofmessiahco0000brow/page/513 513]}}</ref> |parents = <!--{{hlist}}, as footnote applies to -both- parents:-->{{hlist |[[Maria]] |[[Santo Yusuf|Yusuf]]{{efn|Anot tradisi, kaom Kristen jâkna mon Maria mubut potrana halè ajaib (gèbuk) lèbât Roh Kudus. Qoum Muslim jâkna mon èpon mubut potrana halè gèbuk lèbât parènta Allah. Ḍâri so-pasoan nèka, Yusuf asanḍâng mènangka rama tatèngnga.}}}} |death_place = [[Yerusalem]], [[Provinsi Yudea|Yudea]], Kekaisaran Romawi |death_date = 30–33 M{{efn|sadhuman rajâ akademisi ngrèna'aghi taon 30 otabâ 33 M mènangka taon panyalèbân Yèsus.<ref name=Humphreys1992>{{cite journal |url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf#page=9 |title=The Jewish Calendar, a Lunar Eclipse and the Date of Christ's Crucifixion |journal=Tyndale Bulletin |year=1992 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=340 |first1=Colin J. |last1=Humphreys |first2=W. G. |last2=Waddington |access-date=2015-04-30 |archive-date=2018-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231450/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf#page=9 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} <br>(usia {{circa}} 33) |death_cause = <!---Note: No (further) comments required here; the scholarly consensus that the cause of Jesus' death was crucifixion is given in the article text:--->[[Kematian Yèsus|Penyaliban]]<!-- -->{{efn|[[James Dunn (tèolog)|James Dunn]] nolès mon pambâptisan bân panyalèbân Yèsus èsaroju'è para' halè universal bân "ngennengè parondhâg sè sapanèka tèngghi ḍâ' skala sè para' kamangkara ghâbây ètangsèl otabâ ètanglès ḍâlem ta-fakta sojhârâh" ḍâmon ampo teddhi nato partama sèbâng paghumantè Yèsus historis.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} <!-- -->[[Bart Ehrman]] nyetta'aghi mon panyalèbân Yèsus aṭṭas parènta Pontius Pilatus aslèra'aghi arkan sè palèng pastè takaè' Yèsus.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=101}} <!-- -->[[John Domnèkac Crossan]] bân Richard G. Watts ngoca' mon panyalèbân Yèsus paddhâng sakadhinapa fakta sojhârâ sepalèan.{{sfn|Crossan|Watts|1999|p=96}} <!-- -->Paul R. Eddy bân [[Gregory A. Boyd]] ngoca' mon konfirmasi parkara panyalèbân Yèsus ḍâri pondhuwân non-Kristen satya la "èteptep'aghi kelabân taghes".{{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|p=173}} <!-- -->}} |home_town = [[Nazaret]] }} {{Yèsus |right |width=22.0em<!--should match width of preceding infobox-->}} '''Yèsus''' ({{langx|el|Ἰησοῦς}}, {{transl|el|Iesous}}<!-- Only the Greek translation of the name should go to here. See talk page -->; {{circa}} 4 SM <!-- "By collating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive at a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC for Jesus, though scholarly arguments for a date of birth between 7 and 2 BC have been made" in 'Chronology' section --> kantos 30–33 M; {{Langx|ar|يسوع}}; {{Langx|he|יֵשׁוּ}}), jhughân èsambhet mènangka '''Yèsus ḍâri Nazaret''' otabâ '''Yèsus [[Kristus]]''',<!-- {{efn|[[Parjhânjiyân Anyar]] nyaṭet slèsèr [[nyama bân jhenneng Yèsus]].}} --> èngghi panèka dhâpar sèntral [[Kekristenan|Kakristenan]]. Anot ḍâ' kabbhi [[denominasi Kristen]], Yèsus èangghep mènangka Allah Pottra ([[Allah Ana']]). Nangèng, sadhâjâ pondhu Kristen jâkna mon Yèsus èngghi panèka [[Mèsias]] (otabâ [[Kristus]]/[[Almasih]], samèrbhâna halè harfiah ama'na "Sè èdhudhusè") sè èkaḍentos ḍâlem [[Parjhânjhiyân Kona]]. Sangghân akademisi saroju' mon [[historisitas Yèsus|Yèsus bâḍâ halè historis]],{{efn|Ḍâlem sabuwâ bhulâsan taon 2011 parkara status kaèlmuan modern, [[Bart Ehrman]] nolès'aghi, "Jiyâ tamto bâḍâ, polana para' sakabbhi akademisi antikuitas sè kompetèn nyaroju'èna, ḍâri pondhuwân Kristen otabâna non-Kristen."<ref>{{cite book|first=Bart|last=Ehrman|year=2011|title=Forged: writing in the name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=MtOMO8i4GLoC |publisher=HarperCollins |page=285}}</ref> [[Richard A. Burridge]] nyeṭṭa'aghi: "Bâḍâ sè apanemmon mon Yèsus èngghi panèka namong khayalan ḍâri imajinasi Gerèja, mon Yèsus ta' toman bâḍâ bingkas. Abâ' kodhu mator mon abâ' ta' onèng napa bâḍâ akademisi kritis sè èkahurumat sè mator hal saka'dissa' onè."<ref>{{cite book|title=Jesus Now and Then|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr|first1= Richard A.|last1= Burridge |first2= Graham |last2= Gould|year=2004| isbn= 978-0-8028-0977-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34 34] |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}}</ref> [[Robert M. Price]] ta' partajâ mon Yèsus bâḍâ, anèng saroju' mon perspektif nèka aghâca'an bi' pasowan nya'-bânnya' akademisi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Robert M. |last=Price |title=Jesus at the Vanishing Point|encyclopedia= The Historical Jesus: Five Views|editor-last1= Beilby|editor-last2= Eddy|year= 2009 |publisher= InterVarsity| isbn= 978-0-8308-7853-6 | editor-first= James K.|pages=55, 61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false |editor2-first= Paul R.}}</ref> [[James Dunn (tèolog)|James Dunn]] ngarasanè ri-teori noneksistensi Yèsus mènangka "namong tèsis sè saloana matè".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus|encyclopedia=Sacrifice and Redemption|first= Stephen W.|last= Sykes |year=2007| publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 978-0-521-04460-8|pages=35–36}}</ref> [[Michael Grant (panolès)|Michael Grant]] (abâ' bhlântèk [[klasika]]) nolès è taon 1977, "Ḍâlem pa-snapa taon bhungkasan, 'taḍâ' akademisi sè èsto alalana ghâbây ma-dalil nonhistorisitas Yèsus' otabâ ḍâ' ondhâg sè cè' sakonè', bân sèsanèpon ghita' tomekka ngocol'aghi buktè sè jhâuh akowatan—sè jhât cè' bânnya'na—ghâbây ngabâlik kajâkna'an."<ref name=Grant1977>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Grant|title=Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels|url=https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr00gran|publisher=Scribner's|year=1977|isbn=978-0-684-14889-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr00gran/page/200 200]}}</ref> [[Robert E. Van Voorst]] ngoca'aghi mon para akademisi biblika bân bhlântèk sojhârâ klasik ngangghep ri-teori nonèksistènsi Yèsus la halè efektif ècangnga'.{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000|p=16}}}} bân para bhlântèk sojhârâ ngangghep [[Injil Sinoptik]] ([[Injil Matius|Matius]], [[Injil Markus|Markus]], bân [[Injil Lukas|Lukas]]) mènangka sombher sè asaèan ghâbây [[Panyalasaran polè Yèsus historis|aghumantè historisitas Yèsus]].{{sfnm|1a1=Funk|1a2=Hoover|1y=1993|1p=3|2a1=Sanders|2y=1993|2p=73|3a1=Theissen|3a2=Merz|3y=1998|3p=25}} menḍâng akademisi saroju' Yèsus èngghi panèka orèng [[Galilea]], [[rabi]] [[Yahudi]] sè maberta'aghi risalahna [[tradisi Injil lèsan|halè lèsan]], [[pembaptisan Yèsus|èbâptis]] dhâlâr [[Yohanes Pambâptis|Yohanes Pambâptis]], bân [[panyalèbân Yèsus|èsalib'aghi]] atok partèta [[Gubernur Romawi|Prefek Romawi]] [[Pontius Pilatus]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hezser|1y=1997|1p=59|2a1=Dunn|2y=2013|2pp=290–291|3a1=Levine|3y=2006|3p=4}} Anot pasoan èlèran otama semangkèn, Yèsus èngghi panèka abâ' pabârta [[Apokaliptisisme|apokaliptik]] bân pamaddhâk sabuwâ ghuliyân pamungar è ḍâlem [[Yudaisme]]. Lastarè kasèdhâ'ânna, para ḍâruyya partajâ mon Yèsus jhâghâ ḍâri kasèdhâ'ân, bân pamaoran sè sèsanèpon dhângka' abhâdhi Gerèjâ Kristen sa'ampon sèdhâna Yèsus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=11, 14}} [[Èra almenna']] sè palèng umum, èrèngkat "M" ([[Masèhi]]) ḍâlem bhâsa Inḍonèsia otabâ èrèngkat "AD" ḍâri bhâsa Latin "[[Anno Domini]]" ("ḍâlem taon Pangèran bule sadhâjâ"), èdhâsar'aghi ḍâ' kabhâbbhârânna Yèsus. Kabhâbbhârân Yèsus èmolod'aghi sèbâng taon ḍâ' tangghâl 25 Dèsember (otabâ Slèsèr tangghâl è bulân Januwari è ḍâlem gereja-gereja tèmor) mènangka [[Natal]]. Pondhu Kristen partajâ mon Yèsus aghâdhui sabuwâ "signifikansi sè unik" nalèka è dhunnya.<ref>{{cite book |title= Christianity: A Very Short Introduction|edition= |last= Woodhead|first= Linda |year= 2004|publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford|isbn= |pages= n.p.}}</ref> Doktrin-doktrin Kristen araghây kajâk'na'an mon Yèsus èbubut dhâlâr [[Roh Kudus (Kakristenan)|Roh Kudus]], [[Kabhâbbhârân Yèsus ḍâri parabân|èbhâbbhâr'aghi ḍâri abâ' parabân]] anyama [[Maria]], alalampan coraghân [[Mukjizat Yèsus Kristus|mukjizat]], maddhâk [[Gereja]], matè amarghâ panyalibân mènangka qurban ghâbây [[Panabbhâsân Dhusa|panebbhâsân]], [[Kajhâghâ'ân Yèsus|jhâghâ ḍâri kasèdhâ'ân]] bân [[Ka'ongghâ'ân Yèsus Kristus|ongghâ]] ka [[Sowarghâ (Kakristenan)|Sowarghâ]], mangsan [[Rabu kaduwâ' Yèsus Kristus|rabuâ onè ka bhumè]].{{sfn|Grudem|1994|pp=568–603}} sadhuman rajâ [[pasoan Kristen parkara Yèsus|ummat Kristen partajâ mon Yèsus]] mènangan'aghi manossa sopajâ [[Pangremteman ḍâlem Kakristenan|èremtem'aghi bit Allah]]. [[Ikral Iman Nicèa|Angghânna Iman Nicèa]] negghâs'aghi mon Yèsus [[Pengadilan Terakhir|ngahakim'aghiâ orèng matè]] dhinèng [[kabâḍâ'ân pandhâlien|sabellun]] otabâ [[tèdungnga nyabâ|sa'ampon]] [[Kajhâghâ'ân orèng matè#pasoan ḍâlem Kakristenan|kajhâghâ'ân bâdhân]] sèsanèpon,<!-- <ref>{{cite web | first = James | last = Tabor | publisher = UNCC | url = https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/ | title = What the Bible Says About Death, Afterlife, and the Future}}</ref> --> among pokpara sè jhughân èghâut'aghi bi' [[rabuna kawâ'-duwâ' Yèsus Kristus|Rabuna kawâ'-duwâ']] Yèsus è ḍâlem [[èskatologi Kristen]]; sanaossa pepondhuwân yakèn mon anḍil Yèsus mènangka jhuru salamet aghâdhui kaparloan sè langkong [[Injil Sosial|sosial]] otabâ [[Èksistensialisme Kristen|èksistensial]] tèmbhâng akhirat, bân sasanapa tèolog sè kalonta la nylèra'aghi mon Yèsus nyambiâ sa [[rekonsiliasi universal]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wilhelm|1y=1911|2a1=Metzger|2a2=Coogan|2y=1993|2p=649|3a1=Hoekema|3y=1994|3pp=88–89|4a1=Garrett|4y=2014|4p=766|5a1=Erickson|5y=2001|5p=95}}<ref>[[Richard Bauckham]], [http://www.theologicalstudies.org.uk/article_universalism_bauckham.html "Universalism: a historical survey"], ''[[Themelios]]'' 4.2 (September 1978): 47–54.</ref> Dhumanan rajâ ḍâri pondhuwân Kristen panèka nyembhâ ḍâ' Yèsus mènangka [[Inkarnasi (Kakristenan)|panjhâlma'an]] ḍâri [[Allah Pottra]], [[Hipostasis (filsafat bân aghâma)#Teologi Kristen|pribadi]] kaduwâ' ḍâlem tongghâl [[Trinitas|Trinitas Ilahi]]. Bebitongan pondhu Kristen [[Nontrinitarianisme|naduni Trinitarianisme]], lerres sadhuman otâbâna sadhâjâna, amarghâ sèsanèpon ngangghâp ka'dissa' ta' saèrèng sareng kètab soccè. Ḍâlem [[pasoan Islam parkara Yèsus|Islam]], Yèsus (bâttrana ètransliterasi'aghi mènangka ''[[Isa (nyama)|`Isa]]'') èangghep mènangka [[Al-Masih]] (Mèsias) bân sala sittong [[Nabi Islam|Nabi]] [[Pangèran ḍâlem Islam|Allah]] sè Pentèng.<!-- <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.157|title = Quran 3:46-158|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref name="CEI"/> --> Anot ummat [[Muslim]], Yèsus aslèra'aghi abâ' pangabhâkta kètab soccè bân èbhâbbhâr'aghi ḍâri aron parabân, anangèng bennè Pottra Allah. ḍâ' dhumanan rajâ pondhuwân Muslim, Yèsus [[#Islam|ta' esalib'aghi]] anèng halè terkas [[Lebbhu Sowarghâ ḍâlem kabâḍâ'ân oḍi'|èkaongghâ ka Sowarghâ]] dhâlâr Allah.[[pasoan Yahudi parkara Yèsus|Yudaisme lagghâna]] kayaqinan mon Yèsus èngghi panèka Mèsias sè èkanantos, bi' alasan mon kasèdhâ'ân Yèsus è kaju salib atora'aghi mon èpon ètola' dhâlâr Allah bân ka'ongghâranna èngghi panèka namong dhungngèng Kristen.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8616-jesus-of-nazareth|title = Jesus of Nazareth|date = |access-date = |website = Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher = |last = Jacobs|first = Joseph|last2 = Kohler|first2 = Kaufmann|last3 = Gottheil|first3 = Richard|last4 = Krauss|first4 = Samuel}}</ref> ==Cateṭṭan== {{Notelist|30em}} ==Sombher== {{reflist|30em}} dgab0kvvkrveqmhhmctk0yna98qx70u 0 12309 65665 47875 2026-08-14T19:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambiginfo|Cinta (disambiguasi)}} {{Untuk|nèser otabâna sangghârâ|Afeksi}} {{more footnotes}} {{Love sidebar}} {{emosi}} {{Hubungan dekat}} '''Trèsna'''; '''tarèsna''', ({{langx|id|Cinta}}) iyâ arèya romasa kalèburan sè kowat bân [[ketertarikan (psikologi)|kalèburan pamojhiân]] ḍâ' ka saaron, kèbân, otabâ bhârâng.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|title=Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dkoxfordillustra0000unse/page/485/mode/1up 485]}} |2={{cite web | title=Love Definition & Meaning | website= Merriam-Webster | date=27 Des 1987 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love | access-date=30 Sep 2021 | archive-date=17 Mei 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517210605/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love | url-status=live }} |3={{Cite web |title=Love Definition & Meaning |url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/love |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=YourDictionary |archive-date=12 Juli 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162141/https://www.yourdictionary.com/love |url-status=live}} }}</ref> Trèsna è''ekspresiaghi'' () ḍâlem sabhârâng olat, nyapo' sentangan [[keadaan emosional|kabâḍâân pamojhi]] bân [[keadaan mental|kabâḍâân ''mental'']] (batèn) sè kowat kaḍhik ''positif'', kabit ḍâri [[kebajikan|kabeccè'an]] otabâ kabiyasaan beccè' sè palèng lo'or, [[kasih sayang|sangghârâ]] ḍâlem [[hubungan interpersonal|ghâṭoghân ''interpersonal'']], kangsè rak-pèrak palèng sederhana (jhimet).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite encyclopedia |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/love |title=Definition of ''love'' in English |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=1 Mei 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/love |archive-date=2 Mei 2018 }} |2={{cite news |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/love |title=Meaning of ''love'' in English |publisher=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge English Dictionary]] |access-date=1 Mei 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502141159/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/love#translations |archive-date=2 Mei 2018}} |3={{cite book | last=Karandashev | first=Victor | title=Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-42681-5 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-42683-9 }}{{page needed|date=Agustus 2023}} |4={{cite book | title=Love and Friendship Across Cultures | publisher=Springer Singapore | publication-place=Singapura | year=2021 | isbn=978-981-334-833-2 | doi=10.1007/978-981-33-4834-9 | s2cid=243232407 | editor-last1=Hongladarom | editor-last2=Joaquin | editor-first1=Soraj | editor-first2=Jeremiah Joven }}{{page needed|date=Agustus 2023}} |5={{cite book | last1=Treger | first1=Stanislav | last2=Sprecher | first2=Susan | last3=Hatfield | first3=Elaine C. | title=Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research | chapter=Cinta | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | year=2014 | doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1706 | pages=3708–3712 | isbn=978-94-007-0752-8 | quote=Trèsna iyâ arèya tèbasân ''universal'' manossa.}} }}</ref> Conto ḍâri cem-macem jhârbâna trèsna rèya amènḍhâna jhâ' trèsna saorèng emma' sè nyalèbbâ kalabân trèsna ḍâ' ka [[pasangan|lakè]]na, sè kèya nyalèbbâ kalabân trèsna ḍâ' ka [[kakanan]]. Trèsna èangghâp anḍi' songkèr sè ''positif'' bân ''negatif'', kalabân [[kebajikan|kabeccè'an]]na kenneng ngacaaghi [[kebaikan hati|kabeccè'anna atè]], [[kasih sayang|sangghârâ]], bân [[kepedulian|pèlak]]—"pèlak sè ta' [[egois|sanbâḍâ]], sacca, bân possa' ḍâ' cè'-beccè'na ka dhubâsana orèng sè laèn"—kaḍhik [[kejahatan|dhursèla]]na ngacaaghi [[cacat moral|bârâus]] sè para' paḍâ'â kalabân [[kesombongan|kasorghebhân]], [[keegoisan|kasanbâḍâân]], ''[[amour-propre]],'' bân ''[[egotisme]]''. Trèsna kennèng kèya maghâmbhâr lelabâ possa' ḍâ' nèser bân lak-pèlak sè ka ḍâ-paḍâ manossa, abâ' dhibi', otabâ kèbân.<ref name=Fromm>{{cite book|last=Fromm|first=Erich|title=The Art of Loving|url=https://archive.org/details/artofloving00from|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=1956|edition=Original English|isbn=978-0-06-095828-2}}</ref> Ḍâlem sabhârâng oladdhâ, trèsna teddhi errèn otama ḍâlem [[hubungan interpersonal|ghâṭoghân ''interpersonal]]'', bân errèn penṭèng ḍâlem [[psikologi|''psikologi'']], trèsna teddhi ḍiring tema sè bâttra ḍâlem [[seni kreatif|''seni kreatif'']].<ref>{{cite web|last=Abbas|first=Azhar|date=2011-04-11|title=Just Love |url=http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love |access-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530043739/http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love |archive-date=30 Mei 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Callerame |first=Emmanuelle |date=2022-02-03 |title=An Exploration of Love in Art History |url=https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/an-exploration-of-love-in-art-history/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Artsper Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Trèsna la è''aksioma''aghi mènangka sabuwâ ''fungsi'' sè ajâgâ manossa pagghun apolong ḍâlem ngaaḍâ'è ca'-tanaca' kaḍhik kaangghuy mabâddhâi bhebhuwâ' kaangghuy [[reproduksi manusia|mapagghun ''spesies'']]sa.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite book|first=Helen|last=Fisher|title=Why We Love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelovenaturec0000fish_b3n0|year=2004|publisher=Henry Holt & Co.|isbn=978-0805069136}}</ref> ==Sombher== {{Reflist|2}} {{larca'2/sandbox | include_in = Inḍonèsia | dialeks = - || - || - || - | rows = |- | Balig || Pubertas || kènjhâ || jâgur || balligh |- }} i36pnr1h2j7xiod1y24rdif0wclnxfb 0 12472 65661 65585 2026-08-14T19:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies}} '''Mano'''' otabâ '''Avès''' iyâ arèya angghuta sarangah kèbân atolang lègir (vèrtebrata) sè anḍi' bulu bân lèmbâng. Avès tamaso' kèbân ovipar (sè anḍi' ana' lèbât cara atellor) sè adârâ panas.<ref name=":0">Utoro, Eko & Tin Zulaeha. (2024). "My First Encyclopedia: Animalia Kingdom". Surakarta: Ziyad Visi Media. ISBN: 978-623-8595-06-8.</ref> Cem-macemma mano' cè' bânnya'en, ḍâri mano' kolibri sè kènnè' bân ngabbherra cè' santa'na, pingwin sè bisa alangngoy ngangghuy lèmbângnga, dâghâ mano' onta sè atèngghien ḍâri manossa. Kabânnya'an spèsiès mano' è dhunnya bisa ngabbher bi' lèmbângnga (akanṭa bhibhik, èntok, mano' krèja, mano' pelikan, lambhiji (mano' jhobhâ), sèka' (ellang), cendrawasih bân kèya ghi' bânnya' sè laènna), kajhâbhâna pan-brâmpan clèḍi mano' sè bâttrana èndemik (oḍi' è kennengan tetanto) akanṭa mano' onta, moa, kasuari, kiwi, pingwin, bân laènna<ref name=":0" />. Rèken bâḍâ 8.800-10.200 spèsiès mano' è dhunnya bân pata 1.500 macemma bâḍâ è Inḍonèsia. Pan-brâmpan clèḍi mano' rèya sacara ilmiah maso' ka ḍâlem kellas ''Avès.'' Satèya, mano' èkaonèngè jhâ' maso' ḍâ' komana'an ḍâri sarangah dinosaurus theropoda sè anḍi' bulu, bân dhâddhi tong-sèttonga angghuta dinosaurus sè ghi' oḍi'. Katon bhâlâ semma'en mano' sè ghi' oḍi' iyâ rèya bhâjâ (angghuta ḍâri klad Archosaurus sè ghi' bâḍâ iyâ rèya mano' bân bhâjâ). Mano' iyâ rèya kakomana'en ''aviala'' porbâ (sè angghutana kalebbhu ka gènus ''Archaeopteryx'') sè kabit meddhâl na-rèna 160 juta taon sè lambâ' è Tiongkok. Manot bhuktè DNA, mano' modèrn ('''Neornithes''') sè ngalakonè èvolusi è pèriodè kapor madya dhâlâ pongkas, bân alako divèrsifikasi dhurus (messat) bân abbhrâ (kontras) è mangsa pokpara tompessa (pona) Kapor-Paleogen 66 juta taon sè tapongkor, sè matè'è pterosaurus bân sakabbhina dinosaurus bennè-mano'. == Saranga == [[Bhengkek:Naturkundemuseum Berlin - Archaeopteryx - Eichstätt.jpg|alt= Lempengan batu dengan fosil tulang dan impresi bulu burung|jmpl|''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' segghut èangghep mènangka mano' palèng kona sè èkaonèngè.]] Klasifikasi otabâ Saranga'enna mano' halè ilmiah kabitta èpapak bi' [[Francis Willughby]] bân John Ray è taon 1676 ḍâlem èdisi ''Ornithologiae''<ref>{{Cite book |last = del Hoyo |first = Josep |author2 = Andy Elliott |author3 = Jordi Sargatal |title = [[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |year = 1992 |publisher = [[Lynx Edicions]] |location = Barcelona |isbn = 84-87334-10-5 }}</ref>. [[Carolus Linnaeus]] ngaobâ klasifikasi rowa è taon 1758 ka'angghuy nyoson nyama biologi sè èghuna'aghi bâjâ satèya. Rèya pan-brâmpan klasifikasi mano' sè amabâ'ân: === Infrakelas Palaeognathae === Palaeognathae otabâ "ubâng towa" iyâ rèya sala sèttong ḍâri duwâ' infrakellas sè èangkenè ḍâlem kellas taksonomi Avès bân ka'angghit ḍâri macem ratite bân tinamu. Ratite kabânnya'an iyâ rèya mano' rajâ bân asoko lanjhâng, ta' bisa ngabbher, bân ta' anḍi'tolang dâdâ sè lonas . Halè tradisional, kabbhina ratite èrajhum ḍâlem kennengan ordo Struthioniformes. Kanèng, analisis gènètik anyaran mapaghi jhâ' sarangah rowa bennè monofili polana asèfat parafili ḍâ' tinamu, kangsèna mano' onta èklasifikasiaghi (èsarangaaghi) mènangka tong-sèttongnga angghuta ordo Struthioniformes, bân ratite palèan sè èrajhum ḍâlâm kennengan ordo palèan.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S.J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763| journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–1768 | doi = 10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid = 18583609 | bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid = 6472805 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yuri | first1 = T | year = 2013 | title = Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals | journal = Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 419–44 | doi = 10.3390/biology2010419 | pmid = 24832669 | pmc = 4009869 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * Klad Notopalaeognathae ** Ordo Aepyornithiformes – Mano' ghâjhâ (pona) ** Ordo Apterygiformes – Mano' kiwi ** Ordo Casuariiformes ** Ordo Dinornithiformes – Moa (pona) ** Ordo Rheiformes ** Ordo Tinamiformes – Tinamu === Infrakelas Neognathae === {{See also|Ḍaftar mano' anot naghârâ}} Ḍâri sakabbhina mano' sè ghi' oḍi', kabânnya'an maso' ka ḍâlem infrakellas Neognathae otabâ "ubâng anyar". Sternum otabâ tolang dâdâ sè lonas bân ta' akanṭa rarite. Angghutana koncara mènangka carinatae. * Klad Afroaves ** Ordo Accipitriformes ** Ordo Bucerotiformes ** Ordo Coliiformes – ghun bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Coliidae ** Ordo Coraciiformes ** Ordo Leptosomiformes – ghun bâḍâ sèttong spèsiès iyâ rèya ''Leptosomus discolor'' ** Ordo Piciformes ** Ordo Strigiformes – Mano' bhâung ** Ordo Trogoniformes – Mano' luntur * Klad Aequornithes ** Ordo Ciconiiformes – Dhâlko' ** Ordo Gaviiformes ** Ordo Pelecaniformes ** Ordo Procellariiformes ** Ordo Sphenisciformes – Pingwin ** Ordo Suliformes * Klad Australaves ** Ordo Cariamiformes ** Ordo Falconiformes ** Ordo Passeriformes – Mano' pangocè ** Ordo Psittaciformes – Bâyân * Klad Columbimorphae ** Ordo Columbiformes – coma bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Columbidae ** Ordo Mesitornithiformes – coma bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Mesitornithidae ** Ordo Pterocliformes – Dhârâ beddhi * Klad Cypselomorphae ** Ordo Aegotheliformes – Atoko ** Ordo Apodiformes ** Ordo Caprimulgiformes – Cabak ** Ordo Nyctibiiformes – Potoo ** Ordo Podargiformes – Paro-kata' ** Ordo Steatornithiformes – Mano' minnya' * Superordo Galloanserae ** Ordo Anseriformes ** Ordo Galliformes ** Ordo Gastornithiformes (pona) * Klad Gruae ** Ordo Charadriiformes ** Ordo Gruiformes ** Ordo Opisthocomiformes * Klad Mirandornithes ** Ordo Phoenicopteriformes ** Ordo Podicipediformes – Titihan * Klad Otidimorphae ** Ordo Cuculiformes – ghun bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Cuculidae ** Ordo Musophagiformes – Turaco ** Ordo Otidiformes – Kalkun-padang * Klad Phaethontimorphae ** Ordo Eurypygiformes ** Ordo Phaethontiformes == Bhrusan == Mano' oḍi' bân adu'-budu' kabânnya'an è kennengan tèngghângan bân ḍâ' 7 bennua, sadhâghâ adhâddhiân koloni (bhâllân) sè èkstrèm (mèlaghisè) otabâ cè' bânnya'na è ḍâlem koloni pabudu'ân Petrel Salju ghân anjhung 440 kilomèter (270 mil) è bun ḍâlemma bennua Antartika<ref>{{Cite book |last = Brooke |first = Michael |year = 2004 |title = Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World |location = Oxford |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0-19-850125-0 |pages = }}</ref>. Diversitas (sabhârângan) otabâ parbhidhâ'ân mano' sè palèng tèngghi bâḍâ è kennengan tropis. Jârèya la èpèkkèr sabbhânna jhâ' kaclèḍiân mano' sè atèngghiân èpolana hasèl ḍâri ondhâg spèsiasi è kennengan tropis<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Weir | first = Jason T. | month = March | year = 2007 | title = The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-03-16_315_5818/page/1574 | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 315 | issue = 5818 | pages = 1574–76 | doi = 10.1126/science.1135590 | pmid = 17363673 | issn = 0036-8075 | last2 = Schluter | first2 = D }}</ref> . Nga' brâmma'a bhâi èlmo sè anyaran nemmo jhâ' ondhâghân sè amalang tèngghi sè èbhârânngè bi' ondhâg tompâssa (pona) sè arajâ'ân ètèmbhâng kennengan tropis. Pan-brâmpan [[famili|kranḍât]] mano' la bisa m[[adaptasi]] (aṭok oḍi') è dhunnya otabâ ka abâ'en dhibi'. Kalabân pan-brâmpan spèsiès mano'-tasè' sè ḍâpa' ḍâ' ka dhârât ghun ka'angghuy abudu'<ref name = "Burger">{{Cite book |last = Schreiber |first = Elizabeth Anne |coauthors = Joanna Burger |year = 2001 |title = Biology of Marine Birds |url = https://archive.org/details/biologyofmarineb0000unse |location = Boca Raton |publisher = CRC Press |isbn = 0-8493-9882-7 |pages = }}</ref> bân pan-brâmpan pingwin la ècatet jhâ' bisa nyèllâm dhâlâ arongan aing 300 mèter (980 soko)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sato | first = Katsufumi | date = 1 May 2002 | title = Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 205 | issue = 9 | pages = 1189–1197 | pmid = 11948196 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189 | issn = 0022-0949 | author2 = N | author3 = K | author4 = N | author5 = W | author6 = C | author7 = B | author8 = H | author9 = L }}</ref>. Bânnya' spèsiès mano' sè la marèjik populasi ka'angghuy adu'-budu' è kennenganna la èintroduksi otabâ èsarmo'aghi (èbhusar'aghi' ka habitat anyar) bi' manossa. Pan-brâmpan sarmo la èkasajjhâ; akanṭa mano' [[Poro]], la jhâma èkasarmo mènangka mano' sè bisa èodher<ref>{{Cite book |last = Hill |first = David |coauthors = Peter Robertson |year = 1988 |title = The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation |location = Oxford |publisher = BSP Professional |isbn = 0-632-02011-3 |pages = }}</ref>. Kèya bâḍâ sè ta' èkasajjhâ, akanṭa karèjikka populasi bukong otabâ ṭaṭat jennis pandhita alas ({{langx|id|Parkit Pendeta hutan}}) è ṭa-koṭṭa è Amèrika Dâjâ samarèna sabbhâh ḍâri kennengan obuwân. Pan-brâmpan spèsiès tamaso' blekok kerbhi ({{langx|id|kuntul kerbau}}), ''Karakara kepala-kuning'' bân Mano' Jâgâtowa Ghâlâ ({{langx|id|Kakaktua galah}}), la ḍâpa' ka pan-brâmpan kennengan halè ta' èkasajjhâ (alami) ngalèbâdhi bâjâ aslina mènangka praktik agrikulturan sè adhâddhiaghi kennengan anyar sè sèpa'. == Èghuna'aghi bi' manossa == Pan-brâmpan macemma mano', akanṭa ajâm, kalkun, bhânyak bân ètèk la èobu ḍâri lambâ' bân adhâddhi sombher protèin sè ghâmpèl; èkakan dhâghingnga otabâ tellorra{{fact}}. == Sombher == {{Reflist}} {{larca'2/sandbox | include_in = Inḍonèsia | dialeks = Dialek ? || Dialek ? || Dialek ? || Dialek ? | rows = |- | itik || èntok || ètèk || |- | elang || sèka' || ellang |- | burung hantu || bhelluk ||ogghuk || lambhiji || |- | kelompok || sarangah || srangah |- | tanda || tora || tandhâ |- | lumrah || lomrâ || bâttra || jhâma' || kappra |- | aneka ragam || clèḍi(h) || slèsèr/salèsèr || sabhârâng }} [[Bhângsa:Kèbân]] 87edmpz0q8h44vmakktl8lz4us9lt6u 0 12566 65659 65583 2026-08-14T19:53:26Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiscript|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|ꦗꦑꦂꦠ|جاكارتا}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Jakarta |translit_lang1 = bhâsa ḍâ'èra |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Abjad Pèghu|Pèghu]] |translit_lang1_info1 = جاكرتا |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Aksara Sunda|Sunda]] |translit_lang1_info2 = ᮏᮊᮁᮒ |translit_lang1_type3 = [[Aksara Jhâbâ|Hanacaraka]] |translit_lang1_info3 = ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦃ | settlement_type = [[Propènsi neng Inḍonèsia|Dâ'èra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem-->]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = tengah | image1 = Jakarta CBD.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bâbungowan malangi' sang [[Golden Triangle neng Jakarta]] | image2 = Busway in Bundaran HI.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = ''Car free day'' (Arè sobung motor) neng [[Selamat Datang Monument|Bundaran HI]] | image3 = Istana-Merdeka.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = [[Istana Merdeka]] (Kraton Mardhika) | image4 = Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg | alt4 = | caption4 = [[Musium Nasional neng Indonesia]] | image5 = Plaza Taman Ismail Marzuki.jpg | alt5 = | caption5 = [[Taman Isma'il Marzuki]] | image6 = Museum Fatahillah Jakarta 2018 pas.jpg | alt6 = | caption6 = [[Koṭṭa Towa Jakarta]] | image7 = | alt7 = | caption7 = sekkar Apoy neng [[Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)|Monas]] }} | nicknames = {{Hlist|''The Big [[Durian]]''|''[[New York City|New York]] Van Java''|''J-Town''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|work=Jetstar Magazine|date=April 2012|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1}}</ref>}} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=9}} | map_caption = Peta Interaktif sè ngajhârbâ'aghi Jakarta <br> (panta ḍâri [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] sobung katonèpon) | coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q=Q3630|display=inline, title}} | image_seal = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | seal_size = 67px | seal_type = Coat of arms | image_blank_emblem = +Jakarta Logo.svg<!-- Nyu'un ètinjau kembali so'al PERGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 58 Tahun 2020 & Nyu'un ampon jhâ' abuwâng Okara ka'dinto kantos aghântèna PERGUB--> | blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]] | blank_emblem_size = 110px | pushpin_map = Indonesia Java#Indonesia#Southeast Asia#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]]##Location in [[Indonesia]]##Location in [[Southeast Asia]]##Location in [[Asia]] | subdivision_type = Naghârâ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Dâ'èra-dâ'èra Indonesia|Dâ'èra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Polo Jhâbâ]] | subdivision_type2 = Koṭṭa tor Dâ'èra administrasi | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Daftar dâ'èra administrasi kalabân Koṭṭa administrasi Jakarta|Daftar]] |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1= [[Jakarta Tenga]] |2= [[Jakarta Dâjâ]] |3= [[Jakarta Lao']] |4= [[Jakarta Bârâ']] |5= [[Jakarta Dhimor]] |6= [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] }} | seat_type = Ebhukoṭṭa | seat = [[Jakarta Pusat]]<br>(''dè facto''){{Efn|Jakarta nika salâgghâ koṭṭa neng Level Da'èra Khusus Ebhukotta amanta lèma' Da'èra Administrasi ''Kotta Administrasi'' (Koṭṭa-Koṭṭa Administrasi/municipalities) tor sittong ''Kabupatèn Administrasi'' (Da'èra administratif). Sobung Ebhukoṭṭa ''de jure'', Lamon Bungowan Pârnata panika alokasi neng Jakarta Pusat.}} | established_title = Asal-mowasal | established_date = Abad ka 5 ([[Prasasti Tugu|Pamokèman solong sè tadokumèntasi]]) | established_title1 = Èprakarsaghi | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1527|06|22|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|title=Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia|trans-title=Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia|language=id|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_title2 = Akâmbhâng minangka [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1619|05|30|df=y}}<ref name="Ricklefs2001">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs|year=2001|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|edition=3rd|page=35|isbn=9780804744805}}</ref> | established_title3 = [[Status koṭṭa neng Indonesia|Status koṭṭa]] | established_date3 = {{Start date and age|1621|03|04|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | established_title4 = [[Propensi neng Indonesia|Status Propènsi]] | established_date4 = {{Start date and age|1961|08|28|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | government_type = [[Subdivisions neng Indonesia#First level|Da'èra Administrasi Khusus]] | governing_body = Pârnata propènsi Dâ'èra Khusus Ebhukoṭṭa Jakarta | leader_title = [[Gubernur neng Jakarta|Gubernur]] | leader_name = [[Heru Budi Hartono]] (''Akalaghung''-2024) | leader_title2 = [[bâkkèl Gubernur neng Jakarta|Bâkkèl Gubârnur]] | leader_name2 = ''Sobung'' | leader_title3 = Lègislatif | leader_name3 = [[Dèwan Perwakilan Rakyat Da'èra Jakarta (DPRD Jakarta)|DPRD Jakarta]] | area_total_km2 = 660.982 | area_metro_km2 = 7,076.31 | area_urban_km2 = 3,546 | area_urban_sq_mi = 547.16 | area_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 38 neng Indonesia]] | population_urban = 35,386,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Demog19th">{{Cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|edition=19th annual|date=August 2023|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | elevation_m = 8 | elevation_ft = 26 | population_total = 11350328 | population_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 6 neng Indonesia]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = 2023 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Disdukcapil DKI Tertibkan Data Penduduk Sesuai Domisili|url=https://infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-sosial-budaya/816655/disdukcapil-dki-tertibkan-data-penduduk-sesuai-domisili|publisher=Dinas Dukcapil DKI Jakarta|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> | population_metro = 32,594,159 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|title=Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan|trans-title=Urban area development centre database|website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206220012/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Orèng Jakarta | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type1 = Demografis | demographics1_title1 = {{Nowrap|Ethnic groups}} | demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = 36.17% [[Bhângsa Jhâbâ|Orèng Jhâbâ]] |2 = 28.29% [[Bhângsa Betawi|Orèng Betawi]] |3 = 14.61% [[Bhângsa Sunda|Orèng Sundanese]] |4 = 6.62% [[Orèng Tiongko'|Orèng Chèna]] |5 = 3.42% [[Bhângsa Batak|Orèng Batak]] |6 = 2.85% [[Bhângsa Minangkabau|Orèng Minangkabau]] |7 = 0.96% [[Bhângsa Malaju|Orèng Malaju]] |8 = 7.08% Sè laèn }} | demographics1_title2 = Aghâma (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=ArcGIS Web Application|access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1 = 83.83% [[Islam]] |2 = 8.56% [[Protestan]] |3 = 3.89% [[Grèja Katolik|Katolik]] |4 = 3.50% [[Buda]] |5 = 0.18% [[Hindu]] |6 = 0.015% [[Konghuco]] |7 = 0.004% [[Aghâma Adhât]] }} | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bpsdatagdp2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg2IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref><ref name="bpsdataperkapita2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg4IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Koṭṭa |demographics2_info1 = [[Ropiya Inḍonèsia |Rp]] 3,442.98&nbsp;trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 225.88&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 724.01&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title2 = Per kapita |demographics2_info2 = [[Ropiya Indonesia|Rp]] 322.62&nbsp;million<br>[[USD|US$]]&nbsp;21,166<br>[[Int$]] 67,842&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title3 = Mètro |demographics2_info3 = [[Ropèya Indonesia|Rp]] 6,404.70 trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 420.192 billion<br>[[Int$]] 1.346 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | timezone = [[Pambâgiân Bhâkto neng Inḍonèsia|Bâkto Indonesia Bârâ']] | utc_offset = +07:00 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal codes]] | postal_code = 10110–14540, 19110–19130 | registration_plate = B | blank5_name = [[Indèks Pamorbhâ'ân Manossa (IPM)]] (2023) | blank5_info = {{Increase}} 0.836<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/05/13/8f77e73a66a6f484c655985a/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2023.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2023|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]]) – <span style=color:#090>very high</span> | area_code = +62 21 | iso_code = ID-JK | official_name = Dâèra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa Jakarta<br>{{Nobold|{{lang-id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem. !-->}}}} | motto = {{Native phrase|sa-Latn|Jaya Raya}}<br>"Jhâjâ tor Rajâ"<br>[[Slogan]]: {{lang-id|Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia}}{{Efn|In collaboration with "Plus Jakarta" Wordmark.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Petir Garda |last1=Bhwana |first2=Dewi Elvia |last2=Muthiariny |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1667249/jakarta-introduces-new-slogan-sukses-jakarta-untuk-indonesia |title=Jakarta ngalonthaghi Jargon anyar 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia' |website=en.tempo.co |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> }}<br>"Jakarta Suksès ka'angghuy Inḍonèsia"<!-- taghâut sareng KEPGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 292 Tahun 2023. --> | website = [https://jakarta.go.id/ Jakarta.go.id] }} '''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'''꧈ꦲꦭꦺꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦩꦶꦄꦏꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀'''ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦃꦑ꦳꧀ꦈꦱꦸꦱꦶꦧꦸꦏꦺꦴꦠꦗꦑꦂꦠ'''ꦎꦠꦧ'''ꦢꦏꦲꦶ ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'''<!--ꦥꦤꦶꦏꦱꦶꦠꦸꦮꦱꦶꦏꦭꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦏꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ'ꦠꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧉ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦭꦏꦺꦴꦤꦶꦧ'ꦢꦥꦩꦠꦿꦨꦤ꧀ꦤ"ꦏꦼꦥꦸꦠꦸꦱꦤ꧀ꦥꦽꦱꦶꦢꦼꦤ꧀(ꦏꦼꦥ꧀ꦥꦽꦱ꧀)"ꦱꦺꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦄꦼꦈꦠ꧀ꦢ'ꦥꦩꦠꦫꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧉ꦥꦤꦶꦏꦲꦺꦫꦺꦴꦩꦠ꧀ꦢꦭꦩ꧀ꦈꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦺꦴꦂ꧓ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧒꧐꧒꧒ꦥꦱꦭ꧀꧓꧙ꦄꦪꦠ꧀꧑꧉-->꧈ꦱꦺꦝꦶꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦏꦭꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏ[[ꦨꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ]]ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧇꧑꧙꧔꧙꧇꧈ꦪ'ꦤꦶꦱꦺꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶ[[ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ|ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]]ꦨꦶꦤꦫꦺꦤ꧀[[ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶꦏ꦳ꦸꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪ|ꦢꦲꦺꦫꦃꦎꦠꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦱꦢꦿꦗꦠ꧀ꦱꦉꦁꦥꦿꦺꦴꦥꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶ]]꧉<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2024|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=25 Juli 2024|format=Visual|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref>ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦭꦺꦩ'[[ꦏꦺꦴꦠꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪ|ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶ]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦱꦶꦠ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦁ[[ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪ|ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶ]]꧉ꦨꦶꦤꦫꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦫꦺꦴꦗꦸ'ꦢ'ꦥꦼꦪꦂꦱꦱꦺꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦿ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏ[[ꦄꦉꦄꦩꦼꦠꦿꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴꦭꦶꦠꦤ꧀|ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦩꦼꦠꦿꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴꦭꦶꦠ꧀]]꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦧꦶꦠꦫꦤꦼꦁꦥꦱꦺꦱꦺꦂꦥꦤ꧀ꦠ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦧꦫ'-ꦠꦱꦺ'[[polo Jhâbâ|ꦟꦺꦴꦱꦙꦧ]]꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦝꦸꦮꦶꦙꦗ꧀ꦙꦸꦭꦸꦏ꧀''ꦛꦼꦧꦶꦒ꧀ꦢꦸꦫꦶꦪꦤ꧀''(ꦱꦁꦏꦢꦶꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦝꦸꦫꦺꦤ꧀)ꦱꦂꦫꦺꦤ꧀ꦤꦲꦺꦱꦺꦁꦏꦺꦴ'ꦄꦒ꦳ꦶꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦱꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦱꦫꦺꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ[[ꦘꦺꦮ꧀ꦪꦺꦴꦂꦏ꧀]](''[[ꦧꦶꦒ꧀ꦄꦥ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦊ]]'')ꦤꦼꦁ[[Amerika Serikat|ꦄꦩꦺꦫꦶꦏꦱꦾꦫꦶꦏꦠ꧀]]꧉<ref name="Jakartapost">{{en}} {{cite web | url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like | author=Suryodiningrat, Meidyatama | work=The Jakarta Post | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | archivedate=2008-02-21 | date=2007-06-22 | access-date=2013-07-02 | dead-url=no }}</ref> ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦧꦶꦧꦫꦃꦱ꧇꧖꧖꧔꧈꧐꧑꧇&nbsp;ꦏ꧀ꦩ꧀²(ꦱꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦤꦱ:꧇꧖꧉꧙꧗꧗꧈꧇꧕&nbsp;ꦏ꧀ꦩ꧀²)꧈꧇ꦱꦉꦁꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦮꦂꦒꦤ꧑꧑꧇꧉꧑꧓꧕꧉꧑꧙꧑ꦚꦧ꧈ꦚꦧ꧈ꦄꦭꦺꦁꦒ꦳ꦝ'ꦥꦂꦠꦺꦁꦔꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧇꧒꧐꧒꧔꧇꧉<ref name="DUKCAPIL"/> ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦧꦶꦱ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀꧈ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀꧈ꦱꦉꦁꦏꦧꦸꦢꦪ'ꦄꦤ꧀꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦱꦭꦺꦫꦏꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦔꦥꦿꦏꦂꦱꦤꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂ-ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦓ꧀ꦲꦨꦈꦩꦤ꧈ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦮꦱ꧀ꦠ꧈ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦄꦱꦺꦁ꧉ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦥꦤꦺꦏꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦥꦂꦠꦺꦠꦲꦤ꧀ꦊꦩ꧀ꦧꦒ-ꦊꦩ꧀ꦧꦒꦥꦂꦤꦠꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦱꦏꦂꦠꦫꦶꦪꦠ꧀[[ꦄꦯꦺꦪꦤ꧀]]꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦪꦭꦩ꧀ꦩꦶꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦮ'ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦄꦧꦁ꧈ꦪ'ꦤꦶ[[ꦦꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦄꦧꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦂꦤꦺꦴꦲꦠ꧀ꦠ|ꦦꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦂꦤꦺꦴ–ꦲꦠ꧀ꦠ]]ꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦑꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦠꦔꦼꦫꦁ]]꧈[[ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]][[ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦲꦭꦶꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦢꦤꦏꦸꦱꦸꦩ]]꧈ꦩꦁꦱꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦮꦶꦥꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦱꦺ'꧈ꦪ'ꦤꦶ[[ꦦꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦁꦥꦿꦶꦪꦺꦴꦏ꧀|ꦠꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦁꦥꦿꦶꦪꦺꦴꦏ꧀]]ꦱꦉꦁ[[ꦦꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦭꦥ|ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦭꦥ]]꧉<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-di-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |title=mau tahu jam paling sibuk neng jakarta nih sebaiknya dihindari |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417230631/https://www.gridoto.com/amp/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-neng-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |title=Daerah khusus Ibukota Jakarta (Indonesia.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153723/https://indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |title=Tur jakarta (Jakarta-tourism.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711055419/https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> ==ꦄꦼꦠꦶꦩꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ== [[File:Karte Batavia MKL1888.png|jmpl|220px|ki|ꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦤꦃꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ(ꦱꦩꦁꦏꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ)ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧇꧑꧘꧘꧘꧇꧉|al=]] ꦨꦧꦎꦠꦧꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦥꦤꦶꦏꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦄꦎꦧ-ꦎꦧꦙꦗ꧀ꦙꦸꦭꦸꦏ꧀ꦄꦏꦝꦶꦱꦭꦤ꧀ꦙꦁꦗ꦳ꦩꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦙꦙꦂꦨ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦄꦠꦶꦠꦺꦁ<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 april 2022|title=Beragam Nama Jakarta Sejak Tahun 397 hingga Sekarang|url=https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|website=Sindonews|language=id-ID|access-date=8 Juni 2023|archive-date=2023-06-2erido1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621021521/https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|dead-url=no}}</ref>''':''' * ''[[ꦯꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦺꦭꦥ]]''(꧇꧓꧙꧗꧇—꧇꧑꧕꧒꧗꧇) * {{flagicon|Banten Sultanate}} ''[[ꦗꦪꦑꦂꦠ]]'' (꧇꧑꧕꧒꧗—꧑꧖꧑꧙꧇) * {{flagicon|Dutch East indies}} ''[[ꦨꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ]]'' (꧇꧑꧖꧑꧙꧇—꧇꧑꧙꧔꧒꧇) * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} ''Djakarta Tokubetu Si'' {{Nihongo|2=ジャカルタ特別市|4=''[[Alih aksara Kunrei-shiki|ꦏꦸꦤꦿꦺꦆ-ꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦏꦶ]]'': ''ꦢ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦠꦺꦴꦏꦸꦧꦺꦠꦸꦱꦶ, [[Alih aksara Hepburn|ꦲꦺꦥ꧀ꦧꦸꦂꦤ꧀]]: ꦗꦏꦫꦸꦠꦠꦺꦴꦏꦸꦧꦺꦠ꧀ꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦲꦶ}}'' (꧇꧑꧙꧔꧒꧇—꧇꧑꧙꧔꧕꧇) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''ꦢ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'' (꧇꧑꧙꧔꧕꧇—꧇꧑꧙꧗꧒꧇) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'' (꧇꧑꧙꧗꧒꧇—ꦱꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀) [[File:Propaganda Jepang Indonesia Raya Nippon Eigasha 2605.webm|jmpl|220px|ki|ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦥꦒꦤ꧀ꦢ[[ꦟ꧀ꦗꦺꦥ꧀ꦥꦁ]]ꦩꦓ꧀ꦲꦺꦚ꧀ꦕꦫꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦢ'"[[ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦫꦪ]]"ꦱꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦚꦚꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦱꦾꦺꦱꦢꦿꦙꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦱꦱꦉꦁ"[[ꦏꦶꦩꦶꦒꦪꦺꦴ]]"ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦭꦒꦸꦏꦨꦁꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀[[ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦲꦺꦥ꧀ꦧꦸꦂꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦪ]]ꦲꦭꦺ[[ꦢꦺꦥ꦳ꦕ꧀ꦠꦺꦴ]]ꦤꦭꦺꦏ[[ꦩꦱꦥꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦢꦸꦏꦟ꧀ꦗꦺꦥ꧀ꦥꦁ]]꧉]] ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'"''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ''"ꦲꦺꦩꦧꦶꦭꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀[[Pandudukan Jepang neng wilayah Hindia Blandhâ|ꦩꦱꦏ'ꦆꦃꦠꦶꦭꦭꦟ꧀ꦗꦺꦥ꧀ꦥꦁ]]ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧙꧔꧒꧈ꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦚꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦠ꧀ꦠ''[[ꦓꦺꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺ]][[ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ]]''ꦱꦾꦺꦲꦺꦏꦫꦱ꧀ꦩꦶꦥꦂꦤꦠ[[ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ]]ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧙꧐꧕꧉<ref>Thee Liang Gie; ''Sejarah Pemerintahan Kota Djakarta'', Jakarta: Kotapraja Djakarta Raja, 1958, hal. 83.</ref> ꦙꦸꦭꦸꦏꦤ꧀"''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ''"ꦩꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ꦝꦫꦶꦥꦱꦺꦁꦏꦛꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦢꦶꦏ꧀ꦱꦶ'''''ꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ'''''([[ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦢꦼꦮꦤꦒꦫꦶ]]:जयकृत)꧈ꦄꦩꦺꦴꦮꦱꦭ꧀ꦢ'ꦎꦏꦫꦨꦱꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦂꦠजय''ꦗꦪ''(ꦏꦒꦩ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦔꦤ꧀/ꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀)꧈ꦱꦉꦁकृत''ꦏꦿꦠ''(ꦏꦩ'ꦩꦺꦴꦫꦤ꧀)꧈ꦢꦓ꧀ꦲ''ꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ''ꦤꦶꦏꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦏꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦩ'ꦩꦺꦴꦫꦤ꧀"꧉ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'ꦤꦶꦏꦲꦺꦥꦫꦺꦔꦶꦄꦩꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦩꦲꦗꦤ[[ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩꦏ꧀|ꦢꦼꦩꦏ꧀]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂ[[ꦏꦼꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦚ꧀ꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀|ꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀]]ꦤꦼꦁꦄꦤ꧀ꦝꦧ꧀ꦏꦩꦻꦴꦭ'ꦄꦤ꧀[[ꦥ꦳ꦠꦲꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ]](ꦥ꦳ꦊꦠꦼꦲꦤ꧀)ꦧ'ꦢꦥꦚꦂꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦄꦧꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦭ꧀ꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀꧒꧒ꦗꦸꦤꦶ꧑꧕꧒꧗ꦢꦫꦶꦏꦥꦂꦤꦠꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀꧉ ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'ꦥꦤꦺꦏꦄꦠꦂꦗꦶꦩ꧀"ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦏꦩꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀"ꦎꦠꦧ"ꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦠꦏꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀"꧉ꦤꦩꦺꦴꦁ꧈ꦲꦏꦺꦏꦠ꧀ꦠꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦩꦺꦭꦺꦴꦄꦩꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦱꦠꦫꦺꦴꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦤꦎꦠꦧꦈꦱꦲꦱꦺꦱꦔꦼꦠ꧀"ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦺꦩꦂꦢꦸꦮꦤ꧀[[ꦧꦲꦱꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦂꦠ|ꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦂꦠ]]ꦪ'ꦤꦶ''ꦗꦪ''(जय)ꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀"<ref name="jaya">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=jaya|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043538/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> ꦠꦺꦴꦂ''ꦏꦂꦠ''(कृत)ꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦠꦼꦏ꧀ꦏ"꧉<ref name="krta">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=krta|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044135/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> ꦩꦚ꧀ꦕꦗꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦎꦠꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦺꦏꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦪꦓ꧀ꦲꦩ꧀꧉[[ꦄꦃꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦙꦫ]][[ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀]]꧈ꦗꦺꦴãꦎꦢꦼꦧꦂꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧈ꦤꦼꦁ''ꦢꦺꦕꦢꦱ꧀ꦢÁꦱꦶꦪ''(꧑꧕꧕꧓)ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦚꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦏ'ꦈꦗꦸꦢꦤ꧀ꦆꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦭꦃ"''ꦏ꧀ꦱꦕꦠꦫ(ꦗꦑꦂꦠ)"''ꦱꦩꦿꦩ꧀ꦧꦃꦨꦧꦨꦶꦝꦤ꧀"''ꦕꦫꦮ꦳ꦩ꧀''(ꦏꦫꦮꦁ)"꧉ ꦱꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦢꦺꦴꦏꦸꦩꦤ꧀(ꦥꦶꦪꦒꦩ꧀)ꦄꦩꦺꦴꦮꦱꦭ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀(ꦏ꧀꧉꧑꧖꧐꧐)ꦲꦺꦩꦎꦱ꧀ꦄꦃꦭꦶꦄꦼꦥꦶꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶ[[ꦲꦼꦂꦩꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦴꦧꦿꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦂꦮ꦳ꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦂꦠꦹꦏ꧀|''ꦮ꦳ꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦂꦠꦹꦏ꧀'']]ꦲꦺꦩꦶꦪꦺꦂꦱꦲꦺꦔꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦏꦎꦏꦫ''ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦏꦼꦠꦿ''꧈<ref>T.B.G. jilid 19 tahun 1870, hal. 393, dâlâm Slamet Muljana, ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=l1ALHtAiibQC&pg=PA72&dq=muljana+van+der+tuuk&hl=en&ei=MPx6Ttm9MMqzrAeRgZnAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Sriwijaya]'', hal. 72. LKiS, 2006. ISBN 979-8451-62-7. èaksès 22 September 2011.</ref>ꦱꦚꦎꦱ꧀ꦱ''ꦗꦏꦼꦠꦿ''ꦊꦂꦉꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦫꦠ꧀-ꦱꦼꦂꦫꦠ꧀[[ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀#ꦢꦥ꦳꧀ꦠꦂꦫꦠꦺꦴꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀|ꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]<ref>Titik Pudjiastuti, (2007), ''Perang, dagang, persahabatan: surat-surat Sultan Banten'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-461-650-8.</ref>ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀''[[ꦱꦺꦴꦙꦫꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]''(ꦥꦸꦥꦸꦃ꧔꧕ꦱꦉꦁ꧔꧗)ꦱꦏꦝꦶꦤꦥꦲꦺꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦱꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ[[ꦲꦸꦱ꧀ꦱꦼꦆꦚ꧀ꦗꦪꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀|ꦲꦺꦴꦄꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦼꦆꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦗꦗꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀]]꧉ꦱꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦠ[[ꦕꦺꦴꦂꦤꦼꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦢꦼꦲꦺꦴꦈꦠ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀|''ꦕꦺꦴꦂꦤꦼꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦢꦼꦲꦺꦴꦈꦠ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀'']]ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧕꧙꧖ꦚꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀[[ꦫꦢꦼꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦗꦪꦏꦿꦩ|"ꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀"''ꦮꦶꦗꦪꦏꦿꦩ'']]ꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏ''ꦏꦺꦴꦤꦶꦁꦮ꦳ꦚ꧀ꦗꦕꦠꦿ''(ꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦃꦗꦑꦂꦠ)꧉ ==ꦱꦺꦴꦙꦫꦃ== {{ꦎꦡꦩ|sojhârâ Jakarta}} [[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|160px|left|[[ꦧꦠꦺꦴꦥꦿꦱꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦠꦺꦴꦓ꧀ꦲꦸ]]ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦭꦺꦩ'ꦠꦥꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦤꦼꦁꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦠꦸꦒꦸ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦈꦠꦫ꧉]] ===ꦩꦱꦥꦿ-ꦏꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦤꦶꦪꦭ꧀=== ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦱꦺꦱꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦲꦺꦏꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦤꦺꦏꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦝꦫꦶ[[ꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦸꦩꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫ]]({{lang-id|ꦠꦫꦸꦩꦤꦒꦫ}})꧈ꦱꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀[[ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢ]]꧈ꦱꦺꦄꦫꦺꦴꦧꦤꦼꦁꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ[[ꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦸ]]ꦱꦺꦥꦭꦺꦁꦝꦶꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦨꦸꦩꦺꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta|title=Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon|year=2005}}</ref> ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤꦏꦨ꧀ꦭꦸꦱꦫꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦸꦩꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫ꧈ꦪ-ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦤ꧈ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦢꦸ'ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧈ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦤ[[ꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢ]]꧉ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦥꦺꦠ꧀ꦠꦺꦴ'ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦄꦮ꧀ꦮꦭ꧀ꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦠꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦧꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀꧈ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦥꦤꦺꦏꦲꦺꦠꦠꦺꦁꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦮ꦳ꦶꦠꦭ꧀ꦏ꧀ꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦿꦎꦎꦠꦧꦢꦺꦏ꧀[[ꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦿꦶꦮꦶꦗꦪ]]꧉ꦄꦎꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦝ'ꦕꦠꦼꦠꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦂꦠꦖꦺꦤ꧈''ꦖꦸ-ꦥ꦳ꦤ꧀-ꦖꦶ''꧈ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦕꦠꦼꦠ꧀ꦧꦶꦠꦫꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧒꧐꧐꧈[[ꦖꦺꦴꦈꦗꦸ-ꦏꦸꦮ]]ꦚꦲꦺꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦨꦱꦤꦼꦁꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦠꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦧꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦩꦤꦧꦶꦱꦿꦶꦮꦶꦗꦪꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ'ꦄꦥꦂꦤꦠꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦗꦗ꦳ꦶꦫꦩ꧀ꦭꦗꦸꦃ]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦧꦫ'ꦙꦧ꧉ꦭꦙꦁꦎꦠꦧꦕꦠꦼꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦚꦲꦺꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦨꦱꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦺ"ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦠꦼꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦄꦱꦏ꧀ꦏꦂꦄꦏꦱ꧀(ꦙꦸꦂꦨꦸ)"꧈ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦩꦎꦂꦫꦱꦺꦴꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦁ[[ꦭꦝꦃꦭꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀]]ꦏ꦳ꦱ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦱꦺꦏ'ꦄꦭꦺꦴ'ꦩꦸꦠꦸꦤ꧉ꦩꦲꦗꦤꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦤꦺꦏꦱꦫꦤꦫꦺꦏꦤꦝ'ꦧꦶꦝꦁꦄꦒꦿꦶꦏꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀-ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦤꦚꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦗꦸ-ꦏꦗꦸꦮꦤ꧀(ꦧꦿꦁꦏꦃ)꧉<ref>{{cite book| author=Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed.| publisher=Penerbit Kanisius| date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988| location =Yogyakarta| page =page 60 }}</ref>ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦲꦺꦙꦸꦭꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ[[ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥ]](ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦚꦶꦪꦺꦴꦂ)꧈ꦏꦠꦺꦴꦤꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦄꦼꦩ꧀ꦥ'ꦧꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀꧈ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤꦺꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦄꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦂꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢ꧉ [[File:Padrao sunda kelapa.jpg|thumb|160px|left|ꦱꦺꦴꦩꦗꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤꦄꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦱꦉꦁꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦺꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦩꦸꦮꦧꦠꦺꦴ꧈ꦱꦺꦴꦩꦗꦥꦤꦶꦏꦲꦺꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦭꦸꦱꦺꦴ-ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦤꦼꦱꦼꦥꦢꦿãꦎ]] ꦱꦧ꧀ꦨꦤꦏꦥꦭ꧀[[ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀]]ꦝꦫꦶ[[ꦩꦭꦏ]]ꦝ'ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥꦤꦼꦁ꧑꧕꧑꧓꧈ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦱꦔꦶꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦢ'ꦏꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦥꦁꦫꦤ'ꦭꦝꦃꦭꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀꧉<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|year=1999}}</ref>ꦱꦤꦭꦺꦏꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦧꦪ꧀[[ꦭꦸꦱꦺꦴꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦤꦼꦱꦼꦥꦢꦿãꦎ|ꦱꦺꦴꦩꦗꦃꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦤ꧀]]ꦱꦉꦁꦨꦁꦱꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦄꦂꦱꦗꦤꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤꦩꦱꦺꦱꦲꦺꦄꦤꦫꦤ꧀ꦤ[[ꦏꦱꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩ']]ꦥꦔꦺꦴꦧꦱꦙꦧꦠꦼꦁꦔ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta}}</ref>ꦄꦔꦺꦁꦧꦏ꧀ꦗꦃꦢ'ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦫꦺꦔꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦺꦭꦤ꧀(ꦄꦼꦝꦶ)ꦄꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦶ'ꦤꦁꦏ'ꦄꦼꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧑꧕꧒꧒꧉ ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧕꧒꧗꧈[[ꦥ꦳ꦠꦲꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ]]꧈ꦄꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦤꦥꦠꦺꦥꦺꦤꦁꦏꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩ'ꦚꦂꦧꦸꦠꦺꦴꦂꦚꦩꦺꦴꦗꦸꦠꦺꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥ꧈ꦩꦁꦱꦤ꧀ꦔꦺꦴꦢ꧀ꦝꦏꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦢꦸꦠꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀꧉ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ꧈ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦄꦱ꧀ꦩꦤꦄꦨꦤꦼꦁꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ꧈ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦤꦢꦻꦴꦭꦠꦤ꧀[[ꦏꦱꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]꧉ ꦔꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦏꦠꦫꦺꦏꦠꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦫꦢꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦥꦺꦤꦁꦏꦤ꧀ꦏꦱꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦥ'ꦤꦼꦁꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧕꧙꧖꧉ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧑꧖꧐꧒꧈[[ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀|ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀]]ꦄꦨꦏ꧀ꦠꦭꦺꦴꦁꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦂꦢꦢꦸꦃꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦂ[[ꦱꦶꦂꦗꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦭꦚ꧀ꦕꦱ꧀ꦠꦼꦂ]]꧈ꦄꦥꦺꦴꦕꦭ꧀ꦩꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦄꦕꦼꦃ|ꦄꦕꦺꦃ]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦄꦭꦗꦂꦏꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦺꦏ'ꦢꦶꦩ꧀ꦩꦱꦝꦗ꧀áꦤꦲꦺꦥꦫꦺꦔꦶꦲꦺꦝꦶꦔꦢ꧀ꦝꦏꦶꦱꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦝ꧀áꦓ꧀ꦲꦁ꧉ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦄꦤꦶꦏꦱꦺꦥꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ'ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦁꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧑꧖꧘꧒꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}</ref> ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦲꦺꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦲꦧꦶꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦶꦱꦉꦁꦱꦱꦺꦴꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦠꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦧꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦏꦃꦩꦫꦺꦔꦶꦲꦺꦝꦶꦩꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦏꦩꦂꦏꦗ꦳꧀ꦄꦲꦺꦙꦶꦤ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦥꦤꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦠ꧀ꦏꦭ꧑꧖꧑꧕꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heuken |first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta ḍâri kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) |publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka |year=2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref> ===ꦲꦺꦫꦏꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦤꦶꦪꦭ꧀=== [[File:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|thumb|'''ꦱ꧀ꦠꦝꦸꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ''꧈ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦒꦸꦧꦼꦂꦤꦸꦂꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀[[ꦥꦫꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ|ꦮ꦳ꦺꦴꦕ꧀]]ꦤꦼꦁꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫ[[ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦠꦺꦴꦮꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]꧉ꦧꦸꦔꦺꦴꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦱꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦄꦨꦝꦶ[[ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦙꦫꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]]] [[ꦥ꦳ꦶꦊ:ꦄꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦶꦪꦼꦱ꧀ꦧꦼꦄꦼꦕ꧀​ꦏ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀-ꦛꦼꦕꦱ꧀ꦠ꧀ꦊꦎꦥ꦳꧀ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ꧉ꦗ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦒ꧀|ꦛꦸꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀|ꦊꦥ꦳꧀ꦠ꧀|ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪꦲꦺꦥꦱ꧀ꦕꦏꦂꦱꦤꦼꦁꦄꦡ꧀ꦡꦱ꧀ꦥꦏꦫꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧉ꦏꦂꦪ[[ꦄꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦶꦪꦼꦱ꧀ꦧꦼꦄꦼꦕ꧀​ꦏ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀]]ꦕ꧀꧉꧑꧖꧕꧖]] ꦫꦺꦏꦭꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦲꦧꦶꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦭꦶꦪꦼꦤ꧀ꦫꦢꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦄꦕꦚ꧀ꦕꦭ꧈ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦄꦱꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤꦤ꧀ꦏꦧꦸꦭꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦔꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦂꦱꦂꦢꦢꦸꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦥꦚꦼꦂꦫꦔꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦨꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦧꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦤꦔꦺꦁꦱꦼꦂꦫꦔꦤ꧀ꦏ'ꦢꦶꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦏꦺꦔꦺꦁꦲꦺꦏ'ꦄꦂꦱꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦄꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠ'ꦏꦺꦤꦶ'ꦏꦝꦭꦂꦢꦶꦮ꦳ꦶꦱꦶ[[ꦗꦤ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦼꦠꦼꦂꦱ꧀ꦗ꦳ꦺꦴꦎꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦄꦼꦤ꧀]](ꦗ꧀꧉ꦥ꧀꧉ꦕꦺꦴꦄꦼꦤ꧀)ꦱꦺꦏꦢꦫꦸꦪ꧀ꦚꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤ꧀꧉ꦱ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ꧈ꦧꦭꦤ꧀ꦞꦔꦺꦴꦧ꧀ꦨꦂꦨꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦚꦺꦁꦏꦭꦺꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦎꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦂꦢ'ꦥꦿꦎꦤ꧉ꦄꦤꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤꦺꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦙꦗꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦤꦺꦠꦺꦤꦺꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧈ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧖꧑꧙꧈ꦚꦩꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ''ꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ''ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦫꦸꦮꦶꦄꦨꦝꦶ''ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ''ꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧉ ꦥꦔꦺꦔꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦺꦏꦄꦠꦏꦭ꧀ꦆꦩꦶꦒꦿꦤ꧀ꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦚꦤ꧀ꦝꦂ꧈ꦕꦼꦂꦥꦫꦱꦎꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦕꦺꦤꦎꦠꦧꦠꦶꦪꦺꦴꦁ̣ꦎꦮ꧉ꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦮꦂꦒꦱꦺꦝꦏ꧀ꦏꦭꦄꦱꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦸ꧈ꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦸ'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦥꦂꦤꦠꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧉ꦏꦠꦼꦂꦉꦤꦤ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦥ꧀ꦏꦭꦥꦂꦤꦠꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦔꦺꦴꦢ꧀ꦝꦶ'ꦆꦥꦱꦺꦥꦠꦤ꧀ꦆꦩꦶꦒꦿꦱꦶꦫꦺꦁ-ꦎꦫꦁꦕꦺꦤꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴꦁꦢꦼꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦱꦶ꧉ꦠꦁꦱꦺꦭꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦭꦧꦤꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦪꦤ꧀꧕꧈꧐꧐꧐ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦝꦫꦶꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦕꦺꦤ[[ꦥꦩ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦻꦄꦤ꧀ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ꧑꧗꧔꧐|ꦲꦺꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦱ꧀ꦎꦠꦧꦲꦺꦒꦼꦤꦺꦴꦱꦶꦢ]]ꦏꦝꦭꦂꦥꦼꦂꦤꦠꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦠꦺꦴꦂꦮꦂꦒꦠꦺꦴꦧꦶꦤ꧀ꦥꦂꦠꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀꧙ꦎꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦧꦼꦂ꧑꧗꧔꧐꧈ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦎꦤ꧀-ꦠꦎꦤ꧀ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ꧈ꦱꦶꦠꦸꦮꦱꦶꦤꦺꦏꦩꦏ꧀ꦱꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦕꦺꦤꦄꦥꦠꦂꦢ'[[ꦒ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦢꦺꦴꦏ꧀]]ꦱꦺꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦩꦺꦙꦶꦭ꧀ꦨꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧉<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{Cite book|last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2003 |location=Melbourne |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4/page/138 138]–139|isbn=1-74059-154-2}}</ref> ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦱꦼꦏ꧀ꦏꦂꦢ'ꦄꦫꦃꦙꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦻꦴ'ꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦤꦏꦼꦩꦫꦤ꧀(ꦮꦧꦃ)ꦥꦼꦚꦏꦺ'ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧘꧓꧕ꦠꦺꦴꦂ꧑꧘꧗꧐꧈ꦚꦺꦴꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦁꦫꦺꦁ-ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦄꦱꦺꦗꦶꦏ꧀ꦢ'ꦙꦼꦊꦈ'ꦚꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦻꦥꦭꦧ꧀ꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀꧉ꦏꦺꦴꦤꦶꦁꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦊꦆꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦺꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦚꦩ[[ꦩꦺꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦼꦂꦢꦺꦏ]]ꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧘꧑꧘꧈ꦠꦩꦤ꧀ꦥꦕꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴ'ꦄꦤ꧀[[ꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁ]]ꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧙꧑꧓꧈<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 Menteng : Pelopor Kota Taman], 3 November 2007</ref>ꦠꦺꦴꦂ[[ꦏꦼꦧꦪꦺꦴꦫꦤ꧀ꦧꦫꦸ]]ꦪ'ꦤꦺꦕꦼꦕꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦏ꦳ꦶꦂ-ꦄꦏ꦳ꦶꦫꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧉<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/>ꦄꦭꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦥꦽꦕ꧀ꦕ'꧑꧙꧓꧐꧈ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪꦄꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦥꦠꦱꦥꦢꦸꦮꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦠꦮꦂꦒ꧈<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress.''</ref>ꦥꦽꦓ꧀ꦲꦠꦲꦺꦊꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦶ꧓꧗꧈꧐꧖꧗ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦄꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦺꦫꦺꦴꦥ꧉<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4T4HJKW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=949420039&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households]. ScienceDirect.</ref> ===ꦲꦺꦫꦏꦩꦂꦝꦶꦏ'ꦄꦤ꧀=== ꦱ'ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦫꦁꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦃ꧈ꦏꦎꦩ꧀ꦉꦥꦸꦧ꧀ꦭꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦄꦝꦶꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦧꦱ[[ꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦼꦂꦫꦁꦝꦸꦤ꧀ꦚꦏ꧒|ꦱꦂꦢꦢꦸꦃꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦨꦝꦶ[[ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ|ꦗꦺꦴꦒ꧀ꦗꦏꦼꦂꦠ]]ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦱꦺꦄꦚꦂ꧉ꦱ'ꦄꦠ꧀꧑꧙꧕꧐꧈ꦱ'ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦏꦩꦂꦝꦶꦏ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦄꦧꦭꦶꦲꦺꦉꦧ꧀ꦨꦸ'꧈ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦲꦺꦧꦭꦶꦪꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦢ'ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦱꦗ꧀ꦙꦃ꧉<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/>ꦥꦽꦱꦶꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦥꦿꦠꦩ꧈[[ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦏꦂꦤꦺꦴ]]꧈ꦔꦥ꧀ꦠꦺꦏꦂꦱꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦩꦨꦝꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱꦼꦩꦁꦱꦤꦄꦠꦺꦠꦠꦿꦺꦏꦃꦥꦩꦢ꧀ꦝꦏꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦨꦤ꧀ꦝꦻꦥꦂꦤꦠꦄꦩꦏ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦩꦨꦱ꧀ꦠꦄꦂꦏꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦱꦉꦁ[[ꦄꦂꦱꦶꦠꦼꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦩꦺꦴꦢꦼꦂꦤ꧀]]꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=P. |last=Schoppert |coauthor=Damais, S. |title=Java Style |year=1997 |publisher=Didier Millet |location=Paris |isbn= 962-593-232-1}}</ref> ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦠꦿꦺꦏꦤꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦙꦭꦤ꧀ꦭꦗꦁ꧈ꦨꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦫꦤ꧀ꦤꦂꦩꦺꦁꦤꦼꦁꦙꦭꦤ꧀ꦩ꧀ꦲ꧀ꦛꦩꦿꦶꦤ꧀-ꦱꦸꦢꦶꦂꦩꦤ꧀꧈[[ꦩꦺꦴꦤꦸꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀]]꧈[[ꦲꦺꦴꦠꦺꦭ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]]꧈ꦥꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦙꦠꦺꦴꦂꦒꦼꦢ꧀ꦢꦸꦁꦥꦂꦊꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦂ꧉ꦤꦼꦁꦎꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦧꦼꦂ꧑꧙꧖꧕꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦱꦏ꧀ꦱꦺ[[ꦥꦒꦫꦏꦤ꧀꧓꧐ꦱꦼꦥ꧀ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ|ꦱꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦠ꧀ꦏꦸꦢꦺꦠ]]ꦱꦺꦩꦱꦺꦝꦃꦄꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦼꦂ꧈ꦚꦺꦴꦊꦠ꧀[[ꦥꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦱꦭ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧑꧙꧖꧕-꧖꧖|ꦥꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦱꦭ꧀ꦫꦺꦁ-ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦏꦕꦺꦂ]]꧈ꦄꦤ꧀ꦝꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦕꦺꦤ꧈<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid]". BBC News. 12 February 1998.</ref> ꦔꦧꦶꦝꦤꦺ[[ꦥꦼꦫꦭꦶꦲꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦎꦂꦢꦼꦄꦚꦂ|ꦲꦺꦫꦎꦂꦢꦼꦄꦚꦂꦤꦼꦁꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦲꦂꦠꦺꦴ]]꧉ꦱꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦎꦂꦢꦼꦱꦺꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦭꦺꦴꦧꦁꦨꦗ|ꦔꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦗꦱꦢ꧀ꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀-ꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦧꦸꦮꦁ]]꧉ ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧑꧙꧖꧖꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦲꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶ"ꦢ'ꦄꦼꦫꦃꦏ꦳ꦸꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ"(''ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦃꦏ꦳ꦸꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦆꦧꦸꦏꦺꦴꦠ'')꧈ꦄꦨꦏ꧀ꦠꦱ꧀ꦠꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦱꦺꦱꦢꦿꦙꦠ꧀ꦱꦉꦁꦥꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶ꧉<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta |work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |accessdate=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref>ꦭꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀[[ꦄꦭꦶꦱꦢꦶꦏꦶꦤ꧀]]ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦒꦸꦧꦼꦂꦤꦸꦂꦩꦢꦶꦪꦤꦤ꧀꧖꧐-ꦄꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧑꧙꧗꧗;ꦩꦿꦏꦂꦱ'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦧꦶꦠꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀ꦙꦭꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦗꦩ꧀ꦧꦠ꧀꧈ꦚꦺꦴꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦁꦥꦚꦼꦏ꧀ꦏꦫꦤ꧀ꦱꦼꦤꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦨꦸꦝꦗ꧈ꦩꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦫꦺꦴꦩꦄꦁꦭꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴꦂꦱꦏꦺꦴꦭꦃ꧉ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦄꦫꦺꦪ-ꦄꦫꦺꦪꦙꦧ꧀ꦨꦲꦺꦥ'ꦄꦂꦢꦩ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦥꦿꦺꦴꦗꦺꦏ꧀-ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦗꦺꦏ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦢꦼꦂꦤꦶꦱꦱꦶ꧈<ref>{{Cite journal|first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1989 |title=The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis |journal=Third World Planning Review |volume=11 |issue=2 pages=pp. 211–238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/095624789200400203 |first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1992 |title=The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives |url=https://archive.org/details/environment-urbanization_1992-10_4_2/page/9 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–32}}</ref> ꦔꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦏ꧀[[ꦧꦺꦕ']]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦶꦙꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦱꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ꧉ꦱꦢꦶꦏꦶꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦪꦂꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦤꦠꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦆꦩꦶꦒꦿꦤ꧀ꦩꦚ꧀ꦕꦗꦑꦂꦠꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦠꦿꦺꦏꦤꦔꦙꦻꦴꦆꦥꦤꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦚꦼꦂꦫꦺꦤꦶꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦏꦥ꦳ꦏꦶꦫꦤ꧀꧉<ref> {{Cite book | last = Turner | first = Peter | title = Java (1st edition) | url = https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=1997 | location=Melbourne | page=[https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn/page/315 315] | isbn=0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> ꦆꦤ꧀ꦮ꦳ꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦱꦶꦩꦚ꧀ꦕꦤꦼꦒꦿꦶꦱ'ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦩꦲꦺꦗꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦥꦤꦺꦏꦱꦭꦤ꧀ꦙꦁꦥꦂꦤꦠꦯꦢꦶꦏꦶꦤ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦥꦁꦒ꦳ꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Edsel E. |last=Sajor |year=2003 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00325 |title=Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines |journal=Development and Change |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=713–742 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00325}}</ref> [[File:Jakarta riot 14 May 1998.jpg|al=kanan|jmpl|200x200px|꧒꧐꧐ꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀꧒꧐꧐ꦥ꧀ꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀|ꦱꦸꦮꦱꦤ[[ꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦶꦢꦸꦩꦺꦆ꧑꧙꧙꧘]]ꦱꦺꦏꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦠꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀꧑꧔ꦩꦺꦆ꧑꧙꧙꧘꧉ꦏꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦄꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦥꦉꦥ꧀ꦥ'ꦤꦩꦏ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦚꦂꦱꦝꦁꦏ'ꦙꦁꦏ'꧉]] ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦏ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦶꦕ-ꦫꦕꦄꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ꦧꦗꦤ[[ꦏꦿꦶꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦶꦄꦱꦶꦪ꧑꧙꧙꧗|ꦏꦿꦶꦱꦶꦱ꧀꧑꧙꧙꧗]]꧈ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦥꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦥꦤ꧀꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦨꦝꦶꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦤꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦶ-ꦥꦼꦂꦤꦠ꧉꧓꧒ꦠꦎꦤ꧀ꦄꦏꦺꦴꦧꦱ꧈ꦱꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦥꦿꦺꦱꦶꦢꦼꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦲꦂꦠꦺꦴꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦤ꧀꧉ꦥꦤꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦩꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦤꦩꦲꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦮ[[ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦱꦏ꧀ꦠꦶ]][[ꦥꦤꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦱꦏ꧀ꦠꦶ|ꦲꦺꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦂ]]ꦙꦭꦫꦤ꧀ꦄꦥꦫꦠ꧀ꦏ'ꦄꦩꦤꦤ꧀;ꦱ'ꦄꦫꦺꦨꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁ[[ꦏꦫꦸꦱꦸꦲꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦆ꧑꧙꧙꧘|ꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦶꦢꦸꦤꦼꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]ꦄꦱꦺꦗꦤ꧀ꦧꦶꦠꦫ꧑꧈꧒꧐꧐ꦱꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦩꦩꦲꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦮꦄꦩꦁꦱꦤ꧖꧈꧐꧐꧐ꦓ꧀ꦲꦢ꧀ꦝꦸꦁꦲꦺꦱꦲꦺꦭ꧀'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ꧉ <ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref>ꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦄꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀[[ꦕꦺꦤꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]]ꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦏꦺꦴꦂꦧꦤ꧀ꦤ꧉<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm Wages of Hatred]. Michael Shari. Business Week.</ref>ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦲꦂꦠꦺꦴꦄꦙꦸꦂꦢꦱꦺꦏ꧀ꦭꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦥꦿꦺꦱꦶꦢꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦭꦙꦸꦤꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦿꦸꦱꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦝ'ꦥꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩꦺꦴꦏꦿꦱꦶꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref>ꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦄꦤꦂꦠꦼꦫꦺꦴꦫꦶꦱ꧀ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦱ꧀ꦱꦺꦧꦁꦠꦎꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦺꦏꦄꦏꦝꦶꦤꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧒꧐꧐꧐ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧒꧐꧐꧕꧈<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139" />ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀[[ꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧒꧐꧐꧙|ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧒꧐꧐꧙]]꧉<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu, 19 Juli 2009 – 13:16 WIB |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom neng Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==ꦒꦺꦪꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶ== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ ꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦲꦺꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦩ꧀ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦏꦲꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|website=www.dw.com|access-date=2022-09-24|title=Salinan arsip|archive-date=2022-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015235443/https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- |align=center|Bârâ' || {{coord|5|28|45.0|S|106|23|25.03|E}} || [[Nosa Pabelokan]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Lao' || {{coord|6|22|14.0|S|106|53|39.0|E}} || [[Jhâlân Transyogi|Jhâlân Transyogi (Cibubur-Jonggol)]] km 01, [[Cibubur, Ciracas, Jakarta Timur]] |- |align=center|Tèmor || {{coord|6|08|42.0|S|106|58|21.0|E}} || Jalan Kaliabang, [[Rorotan, Cilincing, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |align=center|Dâjâ || {{coord|5|12|09.18|S|106|27|46.23|E}} || [[Pulau Sebira]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Tertinggi || +91 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|22|09.0|S|106|54|01.01|E}} || [[Bhumi Perkemahan tor Graha Wisata Pramuka Cibubur|Kabâsan Buperta Cibubur]], [[Pondok Ranggon, Cipayung, Jakarta Temor]] |- |align=center|Terendah || -1 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|06|57.0|S|106|48|13.0|E}} || Jhâlân Muara Baru, [[Penjaringan, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |} [[File:Sungai Ciliwung dekat dengan gedung groeneveld. jpg.jpg|jmpl|[[ꦯꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦮꦸꦁ]]꧉ꦄꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦫꦱꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦩꦨꦸꦁꦏꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦨꦝꦶꦢꦸꦮ'꧉ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦩꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦫꦝꦶꦫꦶꦁꦱꦺꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦥꦊꦁꦙꦨ꧀ꦨꦤꦼꦁꦝꦸꦤ꧀ꦚ꧉<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-26|title=Ciliwung Jadi Salah Satu Songay Terkotor neng Dunia, Berikut Faktanya|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|access-date=2022-06-27|last=Kautsar|first=Nurul Diva|editor-last=Diva|editor-first=Nurul|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422194142/https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>]] ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀​ꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦱꦭꦗꦢꦗ[[ꦟꦺꦴꦱꦙꦨ]]꧈ꦤꦼꦁꦩꦺꦴꦮꦫ[[ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦮꦸꦁ]]꧈[[ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]꧉ꦱꦩꦂꦨꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦁꦱꦶꦂꦏꦤ꧘ꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ[[ꦢꦥꦭ]]ꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦠꦫꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦁꦔꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏ꧙꧑ꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ[[ꦢꦥꦭ]]ꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦏꦧꦱꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦥꦼꦂꦠꦕꦶꦧꦸꦧꦸꦂ꧈[[ꦕꦶꦥꦪꦸꦁ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂ]]ꦱꦺꦩꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦫꦏꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦕꦂꦠꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦥ꦳ꦺꦴꦂꦩꦱꦶꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦺꦴꦭ꧀-ꦗꦠꦶꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ꧉ꦨꦶꦤꦫꦺꦁꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦠꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦄꦼꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦏ'ꦢꦶꦱ꧀ꦱ'-꧑ꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ[[ꦢꦥꦭ]]ꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦏꦱꦶꦤꦼꦁꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦩꦸꦮꦫꦧꦫꦸꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥ꧀ꦭꦸꦮꦶꦠ꧀꧈[[ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦢꦗ]]ꦤꦼꦁꦏ'ꦢꦶꦩ꧀ꦩꦢꦲꦺꦫꦏꦫꦱꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦩ'ꦄꦭꦩꦺꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦥꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦤꦃꦩꦺꦴꦭꦝꦶꦩꦺꦤ꧀꧉<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-03|title=Muara Baru Terancam Tenggelam 4,6 Meter neng Bawah Muka Laut pada 2050|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=2022-10-01|last=Koresponden|first=Non|editor-last=H.|editor-first=Clara Maria Tjandra Dewi|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006020751/https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|dead-url=no}}</ref>ꦄꦩꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦩ'ꦄꦤ꧀'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦠꦼꦭ꧀ꦨꦱ꧀ꦱꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦗꦑꦂꦠꦱꦼꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦠ꧀ꦏꦭꦺꦴꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦪ꧀ꦍꦁ꧈ꦭꦁꦏꦺꦴꦁꦔꦥꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦭꦎ'ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦩꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦫꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦥꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀ꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦫꦎꦙꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦲꦺꦭꦺꦂꦱꦉꦁ꧑꧓ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦱꦺꦱꦝꦗꦤꦄꦩꦺꦴꦮꦫꦤꦺꦴꦗ꧀ꦙꦸ[[ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦦꦺꦴꦁꦗꦏꦂꦠ]]꧉ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦱꦺꦥꦊꦁꦥꦂꦭꦺꦴꦄꦼꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦄꦥ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦕꦶꦭꦶꦮꦸꦁ꧈ꦱꦺꦩꦨꦸꦁꦏꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦨꦝꦶꦢꦸꦮ'꧉ꦙꦠꦼꦩꦺꦴꦂꦠꦺꦴꦂꦙꦭꦻꦴ'꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦠꦕꦼꦂꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶ[[ꦙꦨꦧꦫ']]ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦧꦫ'ꦄꦠꦕꦼꦂ[[ꦦꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]꧉ [[ꦏꦤꦺꦴꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦼꦫꦶꦧꦸ]]ꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦏꦨꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦠꦶꦥ꦳꧀ꦱꦺꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦏ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]꧈ꦱꦩꦂꦨꦮꦶꦭꦪꦤꦄꦝꦥꦂꦝꦫꦥꦤ꧀ꦏꦤꦺꦴꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀꧑꧐꧕ꦤꦺꦴꦱꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦕꦏ꧀꧔꧕&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;ꦏ꧀ꦩ꧀(꧒꧘ꦩꦶꦭ꧀)ꦤꦼꦁꦲꦺꦫꦺꦁꦢꦗꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧉ ===ꦆꦏ꧀ꦭꦶꦩ꧀=== ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦝꦸꦮꦶꦱꦸꦲꦸꦈꦢꦫꦱꦺꦥꦤꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦥ꧀ꦢꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦍꦏ꧀ꦭꦶꦩ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦴꦥꦶꦱ꧀꧉ꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦧꦫ'ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦭꦩꦺꦩꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦕꦺ'ꦤꦺꦩ꧀ꦨꦫꦤꦼꦁꦧꦸꦭꦚ꧀ꦗꦤꦸꦮꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥ꦳ꦺꦧꦿꦸꦮꦫꦶꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦂꦏꦝꦿꦧꦶꦱꦤ꧀ꦎꦙꦤ꧀꧓꧕꧐ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦱꦶꦂꦏꦤ꧒꧗&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;°ꦕ꧀꧉ꦝꦿꦧꦶꦱꦤ꧀ꦎꦙꦤ꧀ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦧꦸꦭꦚ꧀ꦗꦤꦸꦮꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦥ꦳ꦺꦧꦿꦸꦮꦫꦶꦩꦺꦭꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ꧈ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦏ'ꦢꦶꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦭꦺꦴꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦪ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦱꦧ꧀ꦨꦤ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧈ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦕꦺ'ꦤꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂ-ꦏꦫꦤꦭꦺꦏꦧꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦄꦒꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦝꦿꦧꦶꦱꦚ꧀ꦕꦸꦫꦃꦎꦙꦤ꧀꧖꧐ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ꧉ꦧꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦎꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦧꦼꦂꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦫꦺ-ꦄꦫꦺꦱꦺꦠꦭꦩ꧀ꦨꦱ꧀ꦥꦤꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧈ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦈꦢꦫꦏꦺꦔꦺꦁꦤꦸꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦻ꧇꧔꧐꧇&nbsp;°C꧉<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner|first=Peter|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Java|url=https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn|edition=1st edition|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|date=1997|location=Melbourne|pages=p. 37|isbn=0-86442-314-4}}</ref>ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦱꦶꦂꦏꦠꦎꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦄꦥꦠꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ꧒꧕°-꧓꧘&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;°ꦕ꧀(꧗꧗°-꧑꧐꧐&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;°ꦥ꦳꧀)꧉<ref name = "crick">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |work=Lonely Planet |title=Jakarta: When to Go |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |archive-date=2008-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202732/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |dead-url=no }}</ref> {{Jakarta weatherbox}} ==ꦱꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦨꦺꦂ== {{Reflist|2}} 2dwpnq4uj6dr0wko1bma965o2w1z8by 0 13202 65651 62565 2026-08-14T19:44:47Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cosmic Fireball Falling Over ALMA.jpg|thumb|Andhâru katèla' ḍâri lokasi [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array]] (ALMA)<ref>{{cite news |title=Bola Api Kosmik Jatuh di Atas ALMA |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1414a/ |access-date=10 April 2014 |newspaper=ESO Picture of the Week}}</ref>]] '''Andhâru''' otabâ '''mètèor''' kalabân bâttra èkalonta mènangka '''<dfn>bintang ghâgghâr</dfn>''', engghi panèka lampet mellong ḍâri bhârâng kèni' (ampona [[mètèoroid]]) sè malangè atmosfer Bhumi, samarèna èbullâ' kangsè' amarang polana ngonjhep kalabân molekul abâng è atmosfer aṭṭasan,<ref name="IMO-meteoroid">{{cite web|title=Glosarium Organisasi Meteor Internasional|publisher=[[International Meteor Organization]] (IMO)|url=http://www.imo.net/glossary#letterm|access-date=16 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name="M-W">{{cite dictionary|entry=meteor|dictionary= Kamus Merriam-Webster |entry-url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meteor | access-date = 21 September 2014}} </ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Bronshten | first = V. A. | title = Fisika Fenomena Meteorik | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | series = Sains | year=2012 | page = 358 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=snL8CAAAQBAJ&q=meteor+adiabatic+heating&pg=PA5 | isbn = 978-94-009-7222-3 }}</ref> arèpta lampet mellong lèbât paghuliânna sè santa' bân ampona kalabân ḍukkalan matèrial amarang è buḍina. Tekka' andhâru katon ghun èbuân soko anjhungnga ḍâri Bhumi,<ref>Bob King. (2016). ''Langè' Malem kalabân Mata bhâlâkka': Trèka nyarmonè Planèt, Konstelasi, Satelit, bân gèbukka Langngi' Malem laènna ta' kalabân Teleskop''{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=Desember 2021}}</ref> andhâru ampona kateddhiân è [[mesosfer|mèsosfer]] è ka'anjhungan pandhâliân {{convert|76|to|100|km|ft|abbr=on|-4}}.<ref name="MIT-pje">{{cite web |url=http://www.haystack.mit.edu/~pje/meteors/ |title=Observasi Meteor UHF di Millstone Hill: Hasil Awal |first=Philip J. |last=Erickson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073442/http://www.haystack.mit.edu/~pje/meteors/ |archive-date=5 Maret 2016 }}</ref><ref name="AMS-2">{{cite web |title=FAQ Meteor: Seberapa tinggi meteor terjadi? |publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] (AMS) |url = https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-faq/#2 |access-date=16 April 2021 }}</ref>Oca' ḍhâsar ''andhâru'' panèka ḍhimèn ghun èkangertè mènangka bola apoy<ref name="Prawitra">{{cite book|last=Prawitra|first=A.|year=2009|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kamus_standard_bahasa_Madura_Indonesia/qhdQWmc2Z7UC|title=Kamus Standard Bahasa Madura-Indonesia|location=Bangkalan|publisher=Dian Rakyat Ltd.|isbn=979-523-999-6|url-status=live|access-date=2024-11-26|archive-date=2019-08-6|dead-url=no}}</ref>, ḍhinèng oca' ''mèteor'' apènangkan ḍâri tapsèla [[Yunani Kona]] ''meteōros'', ajhârbâ "tèngghi è bâng-abâng".<ref name="M-W" />. Juta'an andhâru apokpara è atmosfer Bhumi bâng-sèbâng arè. Kaèbbhâ'an mètèoroid sè nemma'aghi andhâru pata aokoran sabutèran beddhi, panèka ampona aokoran milimèter otabâ akèni'an. Okoran mètèoroid kèngèng èrèna ḍâri massa bân dènsitassa, sè ḍâ' bhungkassa kèngèng èkrèna alèngghâ taratasan andhâru sè èkasèghâr neng atmosfer aṭṭasan.<ref name="AJ-18">{{cite journal| last=Subasinghe | first=Dilini | journal=Astronomical Journal | title=Estimasi Efisiensi Luminositas Meteor | volume=155 | issue=2 | page=88 | year=2018 | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaa3e0| arxiv=1801.06123 | s2cid=118990427 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Andhâru kèngèng arobâ ojhân andhâru, sè ngangghâl nalèka Bhumi nerapas lèr-èlèran puing sè èdhina komèt (bintang ngallè), otabâ mènangka andhâru sè "srabi" otabâ "sporadis" sè ta' akaè'an kalabân èlèran [[puing luar angkasa|puing manca angkasa]] atamtoan. Kaèbbhâ'ân andhâru sè penasṭè panèka lastarè èsèghâr, asegghudhân èsèghâr masyarakat umum bân kateppa'an, kanèng kalabân laka detail ḍâmon orbit mètèoroid sè nyèrka andhâru lajhu kèngèng ècagher (èkrèna). Santa'na atmosfèrik andhâru abhâḍhi ḍâri ghuli Bhumi alènglèngè Mata'arè kalabân santa' apata {{cvt|30|km/s|mph|}},<ref name="NASA-earthfact">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=David R. |date=1 September 2004 |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Lembar Fakta Bumi |publisher=NASA |access-date=9 Agustus 2010 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> santa'na orbit mètèoroid, bân [[sumur gravitasi|parèghi gravitasi]] Bhumi. Andhâru bibidhân ngaton nalèka anjhungnga pata {{convert|75 to 120|km|mi||abbr=on}} è aṭṭas Bhumi. Ghâpanèka ampona lajjhâr nalèka anjhungnga {{convert|50 to 95|km|mi|||abbr=|}}.<ref name="meteorsandtheirparentcomets">{{Cite book |last=Jenniskens |first=Peter |title=Hujan Meteor bân Komet Induknya |url=https://archive.org/details/meteorshowersthe0000jenn |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-85349-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/meteorshowersthe0000jenn/page/372 372]}}</ref> Andhâru aghâḍhui ra-ngara nalèka saèket persèn ka'angghuy aghâdukan kalabân Bhumi nalèka abân arè (otabâ para' abân). Kanèng, menḍâng andhâru èsèghâri è malem arè, nalèka pettengnga mènang'aghi objèk sè arabângan abhâḍhi katèla'. Ka'angghuy bhârâng kalabân okoran mèlaghis ḍâri {{cvt|10|cm||}} kantos pa-snapa mèter, visibilitas (katèla'an) andhâru èghumantong bi' [[tekanan ram]] atmosfèr (bennè ghisèkan) sè mabullâ' mètèoroid kangsè' amellong bân ngarèpta lampat gas abennès sarta partikel mètèoroid sè aghâlânjhâr. Gas panèka ngalebbhu matèrial mètèoroid sè ngowa' bân gas atmosfèr sè ngabullâ' nalèka mètèoroid naratasè atmosfer. Kaèbbhâ'ân andhâru mellok nalèkana sittong deṭṭik. == Sojhârâ == Lambâ' è masyarakat, andhâru ({{langx|jv|ndaru}}) èangghâp ghi' akaè'an sareng tahayyul pacobhiân (panoghu, erro, cobhâ sè ngaton'aghi dhibi'na), mara [[banaspati]], ''pulung'', bân ''kemamang'', sè atemma nongghrâ'ân (tora kabhâghusân) otabâ jhurbhâlâ (tora kajhubâ'ân)<ref>{{cite journal|last=AM|first=Sardiman|journal=sosio and cultural Journal|Konsep Kekuasaan dalam Tradisi Budaya Jawa| volume= | issue= | page= | year=1992|doi= 10.21831/cp.v1i1.8791|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Dhinèng è dhunnya bârâ', mètèorit ta' kaonang kèya mènangka pokpara astronomi kantos kabidhân abad kapèng-19. lambâ'na, è dhunnya Bârâ', bhârâng panèka ètangghâ' mènangka pokpara atmosfèr, mara kèlap, bân ta' èkaè'aghi kalabân dhungngèng parkara bâto sè ghâgghâr ḍâri langngi'. Nalèka taon 1807, profèsor kimia pènangkan [[Universitas Yale]], [[Benjamin Silliman]], aghumantè sittong [[mètèorit]] sè ghâgghâr è [[Weston meteorite|Weston, Connecticut]].<ref name="jefferson">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=Richard |url=http://www.amsmeteors.org/about/ams-history/the-early-years-of-meteor-observations-in-the-usa/ |title=Tahun-Tahun Awal Pengamatan Meteor di AS |publisher=American Meteor Society }}</ref> Silliman pa-jhupa kalamon andhâru ka'dissa' apènangkan manca angkasa, kanèng andhâru ta' malèbur bânnya' ghumantè astronom kajhâbhâ bhârât andhâru spektakuler nalèka Novèmber 1833. == Andhâru tèra' == {{main|Daftar bolide}} [[File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv|thumb|Rekaman kamèra dari [[mètèor Chelyabinsk]] sè ngalèbâtè [[Oblast Chelyabinsk]], Rusia nalèka 15 Fèbruari 2013. Objèk panèka èrèna'aghi aghâḍhui diamèter {{Measurement converter|17 to 20|m|ft}} bilân ghi' ta' ngalebbhui atmosfèr.]] Andhâru tèra' (bhâsa {{langx|id|meteor terang}}, {{langx|en|fireball}}), èngghi panèka mètèor sè atèra'an ètèmbhâng ampona bân kèngèng katèla' tekka'na è abân arè. [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) apèyarsa'aghi ''fireball'' mènangka "andhâru sè atèra'an ètèmbhâng planèt sè emma bhâi" (''magnitudo semu'' −4 otabâ arajâ'ân).<ref name="meteor-13871">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteorobs.org/maillist/msg13871.html |first=George |last=Zay |title=MeteorObs Explanations and Definitions (states IAU definition of a fireball) |publisher=Meteorobs.org |date=1999-07-09 |access-date=2011-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001080446/http://www.meteorobs.org/maillist/msg13871.html |archive-date=2011-10-01 }}</ref> Andhâru tèra' kalabân magnitudo katon −14 otabâ atèra'an panèka èolok [[bolide]]s.<ref name="Belton">{{cite book |last1=Di Martino |first1=Mario |last2=Cellino |first2=Alberto |chapter=Sifat fisik komet bân asteroid yang disimpulkan dari pengamatan fireball |title=Mitigasi komet bân asteroid berbahaya |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=156 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw0A7T0fy6AC&pg=PA156 |isbn=978-0-521-82764-5 |editor-last=Belton |editor1-first=Michael J. S. |editor2-last=Morgan |editor2-first=Thomas H. |editor3-last=Samarasinha |editor3-first=Nalin |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Yeomans |editor4-first=Donald K. }}</ref> IAU ta' aghâḍhui pèyarsa rosmi ka'angghuy "bolide" bân bâttrana ngangghâp istilah panèka asinonim (alarca') kalabân "andhâru tèra'". Astronom segghut ngangghuy "bolide" ghâbây ngolok andhâru tèra' sè mèlaghis katar, otamana sè leddhu' ḍâlem [[andhâru aing burst]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=bolide |editor-last=Ridpath |editor-first=Ian |editor-link=Ian Ridpath |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |isbn=978-0-19-185119-3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191851193.001.0001/acref-9780191851193-e-487 |access-date=2024-09-03 }}</ref> ampo èolok mènangka andhâru tèra' sè leddhu'. Istilah (andhika) panèka kèya kennèng aroju' ḍâ' andhâru tèra' sè nyèrka sowara sè kennèng èkaèḍing. Nalèka pongkas abad ka-20, "bolide" kèya èmèḍi' ka'angghuy ngolok bhârâng apa bingkas sè abhitè Bhumi bân leddhu', ta' kalabân ngarèna komposisina (astèroid otabâ komèt).<ref name="Google-Book-jR84AAAAIAAJ">{{cite book |last=Rogers |first=John J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jR84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA251 |title=Sejarah Bumi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |page=251 |isbn=978-0-521-39782-7 }}</ref> Kata ''bolide'' apènangkan [[Bhâsa Yunani|Yunani]] βολίς (''bolis'') <ref name="myet-bolide">{{cite web |url=http://www.myetymology.com/english/bolide.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117162151/http://www.myetymology.com/english/bolide.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 Januari 2012 |publisher=MyEtymology |title=Bolide }}</ref> sè kennèng ajhârbhâ ''misil'' otabâ ''kèlapan sonar''. Kalamon magnitudo bolide nungghâi −17 otabâ atèra'an, arowa èolok [[superbolide]].<ref name="Belton" /><ref name="Google-Book-3Hd8Lw1hExUC">{{cite book |last1=Adushkin |first1=Vitaly |last2=Nemchinov |first2=Ivan |title=Peristiwa Katastrofis yang Disebabkan oleh Objek Kosmik |publisher=Springer |date=2008 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hd8Lw1hExUC |isbn=978-1-4020-6451-7 |bibcode=2008cecc.book.....A }}</ref> Bâḍâ sakunè' pokpara andhâru tèra' sè malebbhui atmosfèr Bhumi bân temolè kalowar polè; panèka èolok [[Earth-grazing fireball]]s. Ḍiring pokpara samaghâs ka'dissa' kateḍḍiân è abân arè è aṭṭas Amèrika Dâjâ nalèka taon 1972 ([[The Great Daylight 1972 Fireball]]). Pokpara rangrang laènna èngghi panèka [[meteor procession]], sè ka'emma andhâru bhâncar abhâḍhi bhâng-ghumbhângan andhâru tèra' sè ablessat para' sajhijhir kalabân rangas Bhumi. Sèbâng taon, ghunghung andhâru tèra' sè ècatet bi' [[American Meteor Society]] jumbhu ngaongghâ. Èrèna bâḍâ mèlaghis dari 500.000 fireball per taon,<ref name="AMS-FAQ">{{cite web |title=Fireball FAQs |publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] |url=http://www.amsmeteors.org/fireballs/faqf/ |access-date=2013-03-21 }}</ref> kanèng sacaṭo rajâ ta' kadètèksi (kalaca') serrèna apokpara è aṭṭas tasè' otabâ nalèka abân arè. [[European Fireball Network]] bân [[NASA All-sky Fireball Network]] nga''dètèksi'' kaḍhik ngalaca' èbbhâ'ân andhâru tèra'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=Bill|title=Jaringan Fireball Seluruh Langit NASA|url=https://fireballs.ndc.nasa.gov|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref> ==Parèghi== {{Reflist}} 8lqfumjnlni1v9f2ydxlz9pbn2pikj5 0 13213 65689 40008 2026-08-15T05:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 65689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susu''' panèka annyongan bergizi bârna potè sè èghâbây sareng kelènjher susu [[mamalia]], sala sèttongnga panèka manossa. Susu panèka sombher gizi otamana bhâji' sabellun bisa nyerna ḍhâ'ârân sè ghâli. Susu kèban (ampona [[sapè]] ) jhughân èola dhâddhi bânnya' proḍuk akadhi mentèghâ, yogurt, ès krim, kèju, susu kentel manis, susu bubuk bân laènna kaangghuy èdhâ'âr manossa. Samangkèn, susu aghâdui bânnya' fungsi bân manfaat. Ka'angghuy yuswa sè produktif, susu abhânto pertombuân. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tahukah anda manfaat susu |url=http://prodia.co.id/tips-kesehatan/tahukah-anda-manfaat-susu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014180245/http://prodia.co.id/tips-kesehatan/tahukah-anda-manfaat-susu |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2012-10-16}}</ref> sabhinarèn jârèya, ka'angghuy orèng seppo, susu abhânto nolongè tolang sopajâ ta' dhâddhi kropos. Susu sacara alami aghâdu' nutrisi pentèng, akadhi bânnya' vitamin, protein, kalsium, magnesium (Mg), fosfor (P), bân seng (Zn), faham laèn nambâi jhâ' susu aghâdhu' mineral bân lemak. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Agt 2012 |title=Susu Kedelai vs Susu Sapi |url=https://www.beritaunik.net/tips-trik/susu-kedelai-vs-susu-sapi.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609003331/https://www.beritaunik.net/tips-trik/susu-kedelai-vs-susu-sapi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dhâddhi, sadhâjâna orèng èsaranaghi ka'angghuy ngènom susu. Samangkèn, bânnya' susu sè èbâddhâi ḍâlem bhângon sè unik. tojjhuânna ka'angghuy orèng terro mellè bân ngènom susu. == Sombher susu == Susu bhunten namong ḍâri [[sapè]], namong jhughân ḍâri pan-bârâmpan mamalia laènna sè èghâbây ḍâri paternakan susu. Susu ḍâri kèban salaèn sapè tamaso' è antarana: * Susu dhumbhâ * susu embi' * susu jhârân * susu kerbhi * susu hèmar * Susu bâbi * Susu onta, tamaso' onta è Amèrika Lao', akadhi llama * susu yak == Sombher == {{reflist}} {{larca'2/sandbox | include_in = Inḍonèsia | dialeks = Dialek? || Dialek? || Dialek? || Dialek? | rows = |- | cairan || annyongan || èncaran |- | kerbau ||kebhi ||kerbhu || kerbhuy |- |kedelai ||hèmar ||kèmar ||kolḍi |- }} 5s5dcb2ha931ux6kece3oi3dm63w6kn 0 13427 65678 41261 2026-08-14T20:06:34Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} '''Leonhard Euler''' (15 April 1707 - 18 Sèptèmber 1783) èngghi panèka sala sèttong matematikawan, bân fisikawan ''pionir'' ḍâri [[Swiss]]. Euler aghâbây panemmowan-panemmowan pentèng ḍâlem biḍâng sè cem-macem akadhi [[kalkulus]] bân teori graf. Epon jhughân makennalaghi bânnya' notasi bân tèrminologi matematika moderen, otamana tentang analisis matematika, akadhi konsèp fungsi matematika.<ref name="function">{{harvnb|Dunham|1999|p=17}}</ref> Èpon jhughân èkennal lèbât karjâna ḍâlem mèkanika, dinamika fluida, [[optik]], bân [[astronomi]]. Euler ngabi'i bâkto dhibâsana è St. Petersburg, [[Rusia]] bân è Berlin, Prusia. Èpon jhughân èangghep mènangka matematikawan sè unggul è abad ka-18, bân sala sèttong matematikawan sè palèng ''produktif'', hasèl karjâna maso' ḍâlem 60-80 jilid kuarto.<ref name="volumes">{{cite journal|last = Finkel|first = B.F.|year = 1897|title = Biography- Leonard Euler|journal = The American Mathematical Monthly| volume = 4| issue = 12<!--| page = 300 -->|pages = 297–302}}</ref> Sèttong perbhâsa ḍâri Pierre-Simon Laplace sè noddhuwaghi pangarona Euler ḍâlem [[matematika]]: "Maos Euler, maos Euler, èpon master ḍâri kaulâ bân sampèyan sadhâjâ. == Kaoḍi'an == === Taon wâl-awwâl === [[Bhengkek:Euler-10 Swiss Franc banknote (front).jpg|jmpl|Obâng kertas Swiss [[Swiss Franc|10 Franc]]]] Euler bhâbhâr è [[Basel]], 15 April 1707. Ramana panèka Paul Euler, sèttong orèng pastor Calvinisme. Èbhuna Marguerite Brucker, ana' ḍâri pastor. Èpon aghâdhuwi ḍuwâ' alè' binè' asmana Anna Maria bân Maria Magdalena. Saamponna bhâbhârrâ Leonhard, kalowargana ngallè ḍâri Basel ḍâ' Riehen, kennengnganna Euler ajhâlâni jhâman ghi' kana'na. Paul Euler, kancana ḍâri sala sèttong angghuta kalowarga Bernoulli- [[Johan Bernoulli]], sè èangghep mènangka matematikawan [[Èropa]], sè dâgghi' dhâddhi pangaro pentèng ḍâ' Leonhard ngoḍâ Sakola formal Euler awwâlla ḍâri Basel. È ka'dissa leonhard asareng mba ḍâri èbhuna. È omor ka tello bellâs, èpon aḍâftar è Universitas Basel, bân è taon 1723 è omor 16 taon, narèma ghellâr ''Master of Philosophy'' kalabân disertasi sè abhândhingaghi filsafat ḍâri [[René Descartes|Descartes]] bân [[Issac Newton|Newton]]. Salastarèna lulus, Euler noro' lès Sabṭo sorè ḍâri Johann Bernoulli, sè dhuli nemmo kapènterran lowan biyasa ḍâri morèd anyarra ḍâlem matematika.<ref>{{cite book|last= James|first= Ioan|title= Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neumann|url= https://archive.org/details/remarkablemathem0000jame|publisher= Cambridge|year= 2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/remarkablemathem0000jame/page/2 2]|isbn= 0-521-52094-0}}</ref> === St. Petersburg === [[Bhengkek:Euler-USSR-1957-stamp.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Prangko taon 1957 ḍâri [[Uni Soviet]] ka'angghuy ngèmodhi molang arèna Euler ka-250. Èserrat: Ampon 250 taon sajjhek bhâbhârra sèttong matematikawan mantèrèng, ''akademikus'' Leonhard Euler.]] Euler ḍâpa' è [[Rusia]] è tangghâl 17 Mei 1727. Èpon ngènep è compo'na Daniel Bernoulli, orèng sè terros alako bhâreng. Euler bisa abhâsa Rusia bân nep-tep è St. Petersburg. Epon jhughân alako mènangka panolong medis è ''Angkatan Laut Rusia''.<ref>{{harvnb|Calinger|1996|p=127}}</ref> Ètangghâl 7 Jânuwari 1734, Euler akabin bân Katharina Gsell (1707-1773), potrèna [[Georg Gsell]], ''pelukis'' è ''Academi Gymnasium''. Ḍâri tello bellâs potrana, ghun lèma' sè bisa oḍi' alèbâtè jhâman na'-kana'. === Berlin === Karana karosaghân sè ros-terrosan è Rusia, Euler adhingghâlaghi St. Petersburg è tangghâl 19 Juni 1741 ka'angghuy toju' è kalakowanna è ''Akademi Berlin'', sè èpatabâr bân Friedrich ḍâri Prusia. Èpon nep-tep è [[Berlin]] sa'abitta 25 taon, Euler nyerrat lebbi ḍâri 380 serradhân. È Berlin, èpon materbi' ḍuwâ' karjâna sè madhâddhi abâ'na kasohor: ''[[:en:Introductio in analysin infinitorum|Introductio in analysin infinitorum]]'' sèttong serradhân tentang fungsi-fungsi matematika sè èpaterbi' taon 1748, bân ''[[:en:Institutiones calculi differentialis|Institutiones calculi differentialis]]'' <ref> {{cite web| title = E212&nbsp;– Institutiones calculi differentialis cum eius usu in analysi finitorum ac doctrina serierum|publisher=Dartmouth|url=http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pages/E212.html}}</ref> êpaterbi' taon 1755 tentang kalkulus diferensial. == Kontribusi ḍâ' Matematika bân Fisika == Euler aghâbây bânnyak karjâ para' sadhâjana biḍâng [[matematika]], akadhi [[geometri]], kalkulus infinitesimal, trigonometri, [[aljabar]], bân teori bilangan, jhughân fisika kontinuum, teori lunar bân biḍâng-biḍâng [[fisika]] laènna. Euler panèka tong-sèttongnga matematikawan sè aghâdhuwi ḍuwâ' bilangan kalaban asmana: [[Bilangan Euler]] sè èkennal ḍâlem kalkulus, ''e'', rakèra paḍâ bân 2.71828, bân konstanta Euler-Mascheroni γ (gamma) sè kadhâng ghun èsebbhut "Konstanta Euler" (''"Euler's Konstant"''), rakèra paḍâ bân 0.57721. Kantos samangkèn ta' èkaonèngè ponapa γ panèka sèttong bilangan rasional otabâ irrasional. <ref>{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=John|title=[[Prime Obsession]]: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics|year=2003|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=[https://archive.org/details/primeobsessionbe00derb_046/page/n438 422]}}</ref> === Notasi Matematika === Euler makennalaghi bân madhâddhi kasohor sajumbla ''konvensi notasi'' matematika lèbât buku-bukuna sè jumblana sanget bânnya' bân nyebbar lowas. Otamana, èpon makennalaghi konsèp [[fungsi matematika]]<ref name="function"/> bân sè pertama nyerrat ''f''(''x'') ka'angghuy nandhâi sèttong fungsi ''f'' sè èghuna'aghi ḍâ' variabel ''x''. Euler jhughân makennalaghi notasi moḍèren ka'angghuy fungsi-fungsi Trigonometri, horop {{math|''e''}} ka'angghuy dhâsar logaritma natural (samangkèn èkennal mènangka Bilangan Euler otabâ ''Euler's Number''), horop [[Yunani]] [[Sigma|Σ]] ka'angghuy penjumbla'an bân horop {{math|''i''}} ka'angghuy nandhâi ''bilangan imajiner''<ref>{{cite book|title = A History of Mathematics|url = https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328|last= Boyer|first=Carl B.|author2=Merzbach, Uta C.|author2-link= Uta Merzbach |publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn= 0-471-54397-7|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328/page/n458 439]–445|year = 1991}}</ref>. Pangangghuyân horop Yunani ''[[Pi|π]]'' ka'angghuy nandhâi ''rasio'' sakalènglèngnga sèttong bhângon bunter kalabân diamèterra jhughân èpadhâddhi kasohor bân Euler, maskè asalla ḍâri matematikawan Wales, [[William Jones]] === ''Analisis'' === === ''Teori Bilangan'' === === ''Teori Graf'' === === Matematika Terrapan=== === Fisika bân astronomi === === Logika === Euler jhughân èkennang mènangka hasèl karjâna sè aropa'aghi ''kurva tertutup'' ka'angghuy aghâmbhârraghi pamikkèran silogisme (1768). Ḍiagram panèka jhughân èkennal kalabân asma ''diagram Euler'' == Sombher == jqkw9lvirxxzn0hw8yly9gr1nwbl43s 0 13430 65655 41694 2026-08-14T19:50:29Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} '''Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz''' otabâ è'èjhâ mènangka '''Leibnitz''' otabâ '''von Leibniz''' (1 Juli ( 21 Junè mènorot tarèkh kalènḍer Julian) 1646 - 14 Nopèmber 1716) èngghi panèka sèttong filsuf [[Jèrman]] katoronan [[Sorbia]] bân asalla ḍâri Sachsen. Èpon otamana èkennal karana ngartè ''Théodicée'' jhâ' manossa oḍi' ḍâlem dhunnya sè palèng bhâghus karana dhunnya èghâbây bân pangèran sè samporna. Paham ''Théodicée'' panèka dhâddhi kasohor sabâb èkritik èḍâlem buku ''Candide'' serratanna ''Voltaire''. Salaèn filsuf, Leibniz panèka èlmowân, matematikawan, diplomat, fisikawan,sajarawan, bân doktor ḍâlem hokom dhunnya bân hokom gârèja. Èpon èangghep mènangka roh universitas è jhâmanna bân aropa'aghi sala sèttong filsuf sè palèng anḍi' pangaro è abad ka-17 bân ka-18. Dhurrunna ḍâ' subyèk sè sanget lowas kasebbar è bânnya' jurnal bân apolo-èbuwân sorat bân serradhân manuskrip sè sadhâjâna ghi' ta' èpaterbi'. Kantos samangkèn ghi' sobung èdisi sè lengkap ḍâri serradhân-serradhân Leibniz bân kalabân panèka laporan lengkap ḍâri prestasina ghi' ta' bisa èlakonè. Leibniz bhâbhâr è [[Leipzig]] bân sèdhâ è Hannover. == Riwâyat oḍi'na kalabân bâtara == Kalakowanna Leibniz kalabân bâtara akadhiyâ èbâbâ panèka: * 1646-1666: taon-taon ''formatif'' * 1666-1674: otamana alako ḍâ' Kurfürst Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, bân mentrina, Baron von Boineburg. *1672—1676: oḍi' è [[Paris]], bân aghâbây ḍuwâ' perjhâlânan pentèng ka [[London]]. *1676—1716 ngabdhi ḍâ' kalowarga panjhi Hannover. *1677—1698: dhâddhi ''punggawa'', lu-ghâllu ḍâri Johann Friedrich ḍâri Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Kamodiyân ḍâ' tarètanna, aḍipati, kamodiyân Kurfuerst, Emst August ḍâri Hannover. * 1687—1690: mèyos kalabân lowas è Jèrman, [[Austria]], bân [[Italia]], aghâbây panelitian tentang buku sè èparènta bân Kurfürst tentang sajara kalowarga Braunschweig. * 1698—1716: ngabdhi ḍâ' kurfurst Georg Ludwig ḍâri Hannover. * 1712—1714: oḍi' è [[Wina]]. Èpèlè dhâddhi angghuta dèwan kakaisaran è taon 1713 bân Karl VI, Kaisar Romawi Soccè, è maligi Habsburg è Wina. * 1714—1716: Georg Ludwig, salastarèna dhâddhi George I ḍâri Britania Raya, alarang Leibniz noro'è abâ'na ka [[London]]. Leibniz adhingghâl dhunnya ḍâlem kabâḍá'ân sè korang lebbi ètèlba. == Matematika== === ''Sistem Linear''=== Leibniz nyoson ''koèfisièn sistem persamaan linèar'' ka ḍâlem sèttong ''matriks'', ka'angghuy nyarè solusi ḍâri sistem kasebbhut manabi bâḍâ.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Matthew L.|title=The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution: Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz, and the Cultivation of Virtue|url=https://archive.org/details/goodlifeinscient0000jone|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-40955-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goodlifeinscient0000jone/page/237 237]–239|date=2006-10-01}}</ref> Cara panèka kamodiyân èsebbhut ''èliminasi Gauss''. Leibniz nyabâ' ḍhâsar hokom bân tèori dètèrminan, maskè matematikawan ḍâri [[Jeppang]] Seki Takakazu jhughân nemmo dètèrminan kalabân mandiri ḍâri Leibniz.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agarwal|first1=Ravi P|last2=Sen|first2=Syamal K|title=Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences|date=2014|publisher=Springer, Cham|isbn=978-3-319-10870-4|page=180}}</ref> karjâ-karjâna nojjhuwaghi pangètongan dètèrminan ngangghuy kofaktor. Pangètongan panèka ènyamaè rumus Leibniz. Èpon jhughân nemmo ''sistem persamaan linèar'' ngangghuy cara dètèrminan, sè samangkèn èsebbhut atoran [[Cramer]]. === Geometri === Rumus Leibniz ka'angghuy {{pi}} nyata'aghi akadhi èbâbâ panèka. :<math>1 \,-\, \frac{1}{3} \,+\, \frac{1}{5} \,-\, \frac{1}{7} \,+\, \cdots \,=\, \frac{\pi}{4}.</math> Leibniz nyerrat jhâ' bhângon lèngkerran "bisa ènyata'aghi sacara palèng jhimet kalabân dèrèt è attas, èngghi panèka ''agregat pecahan'' sè ètambâi bân èkorangè kalabân tè-ghântèan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Matthew L.|title=The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution : Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz, and the Cultivation of Virtue|url=https://archive.org/details/goodlifeinscient0000jone|date=2006|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-226-40954-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/goodlifeinscient0000jone/page/169 169]|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> Nangèng cara panèka ghun rapa' kalabân bânnya' ''suku'', aghuna'aghi 10.000.000 ''suku'' ka'angghuy ngaollè {{sfrac|{{pi}}|4}} sè bhenḍer kantos 8 kennengngan dèsimal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Martin|title=The Universal Computer : The Road from Leibniz to Turing, Third Edition|date=2018-02-28|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-138-50208-6|page=7}}</ref> === Kalkulus === Leibniz asareng bân Newton, èangghep mènangka sè nemmo [[Kalkulus]] (kalkulus diferènsial bân integral). Mènorot buku catettan Leibniz, panemmowan anyar sè pentèng kadhâddhiyân è tangghâl 11 Nopèmber 1675, prappa'na Leibniz lu-ghâlluna ngangghuy kalkulus intègral ka'angghuy nyarè lowas è bâbâna grafik fungsi {{math|1={{var|y}} = {{var|f}}({{var|x}})}}.<ref>Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von. Gerhardt, Carl Immanuel (trans.). (1920). [https://archive.org/details/earlymathematic01gerhgoog ''The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz'']. Halaman 93. Open Court Publishing. </ref> Èpon ngennalaghi sajumbla notasi sè èghuna'aghi kantos samangkèn, akadhiyâ tandhâ intègral {{math|∫}} (<math>\displaystyle\int f(x)\,dx</math>) sè abâkkèlè S sè malanjhâng, ḍâri oca' latèn ''summa'', bân {{math|d}} sè èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy diferènsial (<math>\frac{dy}{dx}</math>), ḍâri oca' latèn ''differentia''. == Sombher == aprta8m1rb7pptv5b42yk3uti588l2d 0 13584 65672 42936 2026-08-14T20:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:General Sherman tree looking up.jpg|jmpl|272px|Bhungkana Jenderal Sherman sè aropa'aghi bhungka palèng rajâ è dhunnya]] '''Botani''' otabâ '''èlmo bu-tombuwân''' èngghi panèka èlmo sè ajhâr tentang bu-tombuwân, jamur(fungi), bân alga, kalabân mikologi bân fikologi sè bâdâ è ḍâlem ranca' [[èlmo]] botani. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Sybil, P|date=1984|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology|publisher=McGraw-Hill Company|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalabân sapanèka, ḍâlem botani èajhâri sadhâjâ disiplin èlmo [[Biologi]], akadhi gènètika, pertombuwân, rèproduksi, mètabolisme, perkembângan, interaksi kalabân komponèn biotik bân komponèn abiotik, sareng èvolusi sè asambhung kalabân tombuwân. <ref>[http://sainstekno.net/2018/11/27/mengenal-botani-ilmu-tumbuhan-yang-komperhensif Mengenal Botani, Ilmu Tumbuhan Yang Komperhensif]. (2020–12–13). Sains Dan Teknologi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201213033721/http://sainstekno.net/2018/11/27/mengenal-botani-ilmu-tumbuhan-yang-komperhensif Arsip]. Aksès (2025–04–09).</ref> Istila botani asalla ḍâri [[bhâsa Yunani]] kèna, βοτάνη (''botane''), sè artèna rebbhâ otabâ tana pangowanan.<ref>{{cite book|url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh|title = Botane (βοτάνη)|last1 = Liddell|first1 = Henry George|last2 = Scott|first2 = Robert|publisher = Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University|location = Oxford|year = 1940|archive-date = 2019-06-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190610004608/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1 = Gordh|first1 = Gordon|last2 = Headrick|first2 = D. H.|url = http://books.google.com/?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=botane+boskein+botany#v=onepage&q=botane%20boskein%20botany&f=false|title = A Dictionary of Entomology|publisher = CABI Publishing|location = Cambridge, MA|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-85199-291-4}}</ref>Samangkèn botsni ajhâr sakètar 400.000 [[spèsiès]] organisme oḍi' sè ka'dimmaa 260 èbu è antarana panèka tombuwân sè aghâdhuwi ''pembuluh'' bân 248 èbu è antarana panèka angiospèrma. <ref>{{cite book|last1 = Judd|first1 = W. S.|last2 = Campbell|first2 = C. S.|last3 = Kellogg|first3 = E. A.|last4 = Stevens|first4 = P. F.|last5 = Donoghue|first5 = M. J.|year = 2002|title = Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach|publisher = Sinauer Associates|location = Sunderland, MA|isbn = 0-87893-403-0}}</ref> Orèng sè ajhâr biḍâng botani èsebbhut mènangka '''botanis''' otabâ ahli botani. == Lingkup bân peran botani== Akadhi bentu'-bentu' kaoḍi'an laèn ḍâlem biologi, tombuwân oḍi' bisa è ajhâri ḍâri paddhu pamandhengngan sè bhidhâ, ḍâri tingkatan molekul, gènètika, bâb biokimia lèbât organèl, sèl, jaringan, organ, individu, populasi bu-tombuwân, bân padhurrun tombuwân. È sadhâjâ tèngkat panèka ahli botani pola alako è biḍâng sè asambhung kalabân pangalompo'an taksonomi, struktur anatomi bân morfologi), otabâ fungsi fisiologi ḍâri kaoḍi'an bu-tombuwân. <ref name="Ben">{{cite book|last = Ben-Menahem|first = Ari|title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences|year = 2009|isbn = 3-540-68831-5|publisher = Springer-Verlag|location = Berlin|volume=1}}</ref> Bannè pèra' tombuwân, botani jhughân ajhâr jamur (mikrologi), baktèri (baktèriologi), alga (fikologi). Botani juga tidak hanya mempelajari kelompok <ref>Braselton, J. P. (2013). [http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html What is Plant Biology?]. Ohio University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071530/http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html Arsip]. Aksès (2025–04–08).</ref> Panelitian tombuwân sanget pentèng sabâb tombuwân panèka bâgiyân ḍhâsar ḍâri kaoḍi'an è [[Bhumè]], sè ngasèllaghi oksigèn, ḍhâ'ârân, serrat, ''bahan bakar'', bân , bhât-obhâtan sè mamongkèn manossa bân bentu' kaoḍi'an laènna bâḍâ. Lèbât [[fotosintèsis]], tombuwân nyerrwp karbondioksida, <ref name="Campbell et al 2008">{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|last3=Urry|first3=Lisa Andrea|last4=Cain|first4=Michael L.|last5=Wasserman|first5 =Steven Alexander|last6 = Minorsky|first6 =Peter V.|last7 = Jackson|first7 =Robert Bradley |title=Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780536785541|edition=8|year=2008|publisher=Pearson - Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-321-54325-7}}</ref> sèttong gas ''rumah kaca'' sè ḍâlem jumbla bânnya' bisa apangaro ḍâ' iklim global. Salaèn ka'ḍissa, tombuwân bisa nyegghâ èrosi tana bân pangaro ḍâlem siklus aèng.<ref>Gust, Devens. (1996). [http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html Why Study Photosynthesis?]. Arizona State University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225717/http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html Arsip]. Aksès (2025–04–09).</ref> Sèttong pamahaman sè bhâghus tentang tombuwân sanget pentèng bâgi masa ḍâteng masyarakat manossa sabâb mongkènnaghi manossa ka'angghuy: * Aghâbây ḍhâ'ârân ka'angghuy èparèngè ḍâ' populasi sè akembâng * Pahamè prosès-prosès kaoḍi'an sè ḍhâsar * Aghâbây bhât-obhâtan bân bahan ka'angghuy ngobhâtè panyakèt-panyakèt * Mahamè aobâna kennengngan kalabân lebbi jellas == Sombher== diqwdg8j8lpyuf64zhjzyuodgnf00ff 0 13665 65687 42822 2026-08-14T20:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:PTCDA AFM.jpg|jmpl|Citra mikroskop gaya atom (AFM) molekul ''perilenatetrakarboksilat dianhidrida'' (PTCDA), sè aghâdhuwi gugus karbon sello' lèma'<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms8766|pmid=26178193|pmc=4518281|title=Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|page=7766|year=2015|last1=Iwata|first1=Kota|last2=Yamazaki|first2=Shiro|last3=Mutombo|first3=Pingo|last4=Hapala|first4=Prokop|last5=Ondráček|first5=Martin|last6=Jelínek|first6=Pavel|last7=Sugimoto|first7=Yoshiaki|bibcode= 2015NatCo...6E7766I}}</ref>]] [[Bhengkek:Pentacene on Ni(111) STM.jpg|jmpl|Citra mikroskop ''penerowongan payaran'' molekul pentasena, sè aghâdhuwi rantai loros ḍâri karbon sello' lèma'.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/C4NR07057G|pmid=25619890|title=Pentacene on Ni(111): Room-temperature molecular packing and temperature-activated conversion to graphene|journal=Nanoscale|volume=7|issue=7|pages=3263–9|year=2015|last1=Dinca|first1=L. E.|last2=De Marchi|first2=F.|last3=MacLeod|first3=J. M.|last4=Lipton-Duffin|first4=J.|last5=Gatti|first5=R.|last6=Ma|first6=D.|last7=Perepichka|first7=D. F.|last8=Rosei|first8=F.|bibcode= 2015Nanos...7.3263D}}</ref>]] [[Bhengkek:TOAT AFM.png|jmpl|Citra AFM 1,5,9-triokso-13-azatriangulena sareng sosonan kimiana.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms11560|pmid=27230940|pmc=4894979|title=Mapping the electrostatic force field of single molecules from high-resolution scanning probe images|journal=Nature Communications|volume=7|pages=11560|year=2016|last1=Hapala|first1=Prokop|last2=Švec|first2=Martin|last3=Stetsovych|first3=Oleksandr|last4=Van Der Heijden|first4=Nadine J.|last5=Ondráček|first5=Martin|last6=Van Der Lit|first6=Joost|last7=Mutombo|first7=Pingo|last8=Swart|first8=Ingmar|last9=Jelínek|first9=Pavel|bibcode=2016NatCo...711560H}}</ref>]] '''Molekul''' ghâmpangnga panèka ḍuwâ' otabâ lebbi atom sè salèng asambhung bân ètalè'è sareng talèyan [[kimia]]. Molekul aropa'aghi ghughusan sè saccara èlèktris asèpat nètral.<ref>{{cite book| author= Ebbin, Darrell D.| title= General Chemistry | url= https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry0000geor|edition=3rd| date= 1990| publisher= Houghton Mifflin Co.| location= Boston| isbn= 0-395-43302-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Brown, T.L. |author2=Kenneth C. Kemp |author3=Theodore L. Brown |author4=Harold Eugene LeMay |author5=Bruce Edward Bursten |title= Chemistry–the Central Science | url= https://archive.org/details/studentlectureno00theo |edition=9th| date= 2003| publisher= Prentice Hall| location= New Jersey| isbn= 0-13-066997-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Chang| first= Raymond| title= Chemistry | url= https://archive.org/details/chemistry0006chan|edition=6th| date= 1998| publisher= McGraw Hill| location= New York| isbn= 0-07-115221-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Zumdahl, Steven S.| title= Chemistry | url= https://archive.org/details/chemistry0004zumd|edition=4th| date= 1997| publisher= Houghton Mifflin| location= Boston| isbn= 0-669-41794-7}}</ref> Molekul èbhidhâ'aghi ḍâri ion aḍhâsar sobungnga muwatan listrik. Nangèng, ḍâlem fisika kuantum, kimia organik, bân biokimia, istila molekul segghut èghuna'aghi kalabân bâk lorghâ, jhughân èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy ion poliatomik. Ḍâlem tèori kinètika gas, istila ''molekul'' segghut èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy partikel gas popana bisaos tanpa mentèngè èssèna. Mènorot artè panèka, atom gas mulia èangghep mènangka molekul monoatomik.<ref>{{cite book| last= Chandra| first= Sulekh| title= Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry| date= 2005| publisher= New Age Publishers| isbn= 81-224-1512-1}}</ref> Sèttong molekul bisa homonuklir, panèka aghâdhuwi atom-atom ḍâri sèttong unsur kimia, matsalla oksigèn (O<sub>2</sub>); otabâ bisa jhughân aropa hètèronuklir, sèttong senyawa kimia sè asoson ḍâri sèttong unsur, matsalla aèng (H<sub>2</sub>O). Atom bân kompleks sè asambhung lèbât talèyan non kovalèn, akadhi talèyan hidrogèn otabâ talèyan ionik, omomma èangghep mènangka molekul tongghâl.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Molecule|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date =22 January 2016|url=http://global.britannica.com/science/molecule|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> == Sajhârâ bân Ètimologi == Mènorot Merriam-Webster bân Kamus Etimologi ''Online'', istila "''molecule''" ètoronnaghi ḍâri bhâsa Latin "''moles''" otabâ unit kènè'na massa. *'''Molecule''' (1794) – "partikel sè cè' alossa", ḍâri [[bhâsa Prancis]] ''molécule'' Perancis (1678), dâri bhâsa Neo-Latin ''molecula'', kènè' ḍâri bhâsa Latin ''moles'' "massa, pangalang". Awwâl artèna mar-samar; mode oca' (èghuna'aghi kantos akhèr abad ka-18 namong ḍâlem bentu' Latin) bisa èsarè ḍâ' filsafat Descartes.<ref>{{cite web|title=molecule|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/molecule|publisher=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=15 April 2025|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223305/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/molecule}}</ref> Definisi molekul ampon aoba asareng atambâna pangataowan tentang sosonan molekul. Definisi sabellunna korang teppa', èdefinisiaghi molekul mènangka "partikel sè palèng kènè' dâri zat [[kimia]] murni sè ghi' èjâgâ komposisi bân sèpat kimiana".<ref>[http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/m.shtml#molecule Molecule Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013143129/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/m.shtml#molecule|date=2014-10-13}} (Frostburg State University)</ref> Definisi panèka segghut ètola' sabâb bânnya' zat ḍâlem sabbhân arè, akadhi bâto, bujâ, bân logam, èpadhâddhi ḍâri jaringan krèstal rajâ ḍâri atom otabâ ion sè ètalè'è saccara kimia, tapè ta' èghâbây ḍâri molekul diskrit. == Talèyan == Molekul èpasèttong sareng talèyan kovalen otabâ talèyan ionik. Bâḍâ jennis unsur nonlogam sè coma bâḍâ mènangka molekul è kennengngan. Contona, hidrogèn coma bâḍâ mènangka molekul hidrogèn. Sèttong senyawa Molekul èbhâdhi ḍâri ḍuwâ' otabâ lebbi unsur.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide|url=http://worldcat.org/title/hutchinson-unabridged-encyclopedia-with-atlas-and-weather-guide/oclc/696918830|website=worldcat.org|publisher=Oxford, England|accessdate=2025-04-15|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126124400/https://www.worldcat.org/title/hutchinson-unabridged-encyclopedia-with-atlas-and-weather-guide/oclc/696918830}}</ref> === Kovalèn === [[Bhengkek:Covalent bond hydrogen.svg|jmpl|ka|Abentu'na talèyan kovalèn H<sub>2</sub> (kanan) ka'dimma ḍuwâ' atom hidrogèn èbâgi ḍuwâ' èlèktron. ]] Talèyan kovalèn panèka talèyan kimia sè èbâgi ḍâ' pasangan èlèktron è antara atom. Pasangan èlèktron panèka èsebbhut ''pasangan reng-sareng'' otabâ ''pasangan talèyan'', bân kaseimbangan gaya tarèk bân tola' sè stabil è antara atom, bâkto abâgi èlèktron, ka'ḍissa èsebbhut ''talèyan kovalèn''.<ref>{{cite book| author2= Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden| last= Campbell| first= Neil A.| title= Biology: Exploring Life| url= http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html| accessdate= 2025-04-15| year= 2006| publisher= Pearson Prentice Hall| location= Boston, Massachusetts| isbn= 0-13-250882-6| archive-date= 2014-11-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html}}</ref> === Ionik === [[Bhengkek:NaF.gif|jmpl|kiri|Natrium bân fluor sè parappa'na ajhâlanè rèaksi rèdoks abentu' natrium florida. Natrium kaèlangan èlèktron palèng lowarra ka'angghuy ngaolle konfigurasi èlèktron stabilla, bân èlèktron panèka maso' ḍâ' atom floue kalabân èksotèrmal.]] Talèyan ionik panèka jenis talèyan kimia sè mamaso' daya tarèk èlèktrostatik antara ion-ion sè muatanna alabâbnan, bân panèka interaksi otama sè kadhâddhiyân è ḍâlem senyawa ionik. Ion panèka atom sè ampon kaèlangan sèttong otabâ lebbi èlèktron (èsebbhut kation) bân atom sè ampon ollè sèttong otabâ lebbi èlèktron (èsebbhut anion). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&pg=PA7&dq=ionic+bonding+-wikipedia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi34bOG_6nTAhVnl1QKHRLZBeoQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q=ionic%20bonding%20-wikipedia&f=false|title=Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys|last=Campbell|first=Flake C.|date=2008-01-01|publisher=ASM International|isbn=9781615030583|language=en}}</ref> ''Transfer'' èlèktron panèka èsebbhut ''elektrovalensi'' sè aropa'aghi labân ḍâri kovalènsi. È ḍâlem hal sè palèng sadherhana, kation panèka atom logam bân anion panèka atom nonlogam, nangèng ion panèka bisa dhâddhi lebbi rumit, matsalla, ion molekuler akadhi NH+4 otabâ SO2−4. Sadherhanana, talèyan ionik panèka ''transfer'' èlèktron ḍâri logam ka nonlogam sopajâ kaḍuwâ' atom ngaollè kalopa' valensi sè aèssè samporna. == Sombher== <references/> 2hgpe3t3myey5xuusd0raax3i8ev8ql 0 14089 65684 44154 2026-08-14T20:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|''pembuluh'' ḍârâ|''pembuluh'' limfatik|kapilèr lèmpa|kaghunaan laèn|kapilèr (disambiguasi)}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Kapilèr | Latin = vas capillare<ref name="Terminologica Histologica">{{cite book |author1=Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology |title=Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology |url=https://archive.org/details/terminologiahist0000unse |date=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |isbn=9780781766104 |page=[https://archive.org/details/terminologiahist0000unse/page/n102 87]}}</ref> | Image = Capillary.svg | Caption = Diagram kapiler | Image2 = Capillary system CERT.jpg | Caption2 = Ilustrasi jhimet jhâringan kapiler | Precursor = | System = [[Sistem paèḍhârân ḍârâ]] | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} '''Kapiler''' iyâ rèya [[pembuluh darah|''pembuluh'' ḍârâ]] kènè' kalabân diamèter pandhâliân 5 kangsè' 10 [[mikrometer]], bân arobâaghi panṭa ḍâri sistem [[sirkulasi mikro]]. Kapilèr iyâ rèya ''mikropembuluh'' bân ''pembuluh'' ḍârâ palèng kènè' è ḍâlem raghâ. Ghânèka ghun èkapaḍḍhâk ḍâri [[tunica intima]] (leppèttan palèng ḍâlem ḍâri arteri otabâ vèna), arobâ geḍḍhung tèpèssa sèl [[endotelium]] skuamosa sè jhimet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Structure and Function of Blood Vessels {{!}} Anatomy and Physiology II|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/structure-and-function-of-blood-vessels/#:~:text=Capillaries%20have%20only%20a%20tunica,smooth%20muscle%20and%20connective%20tissue.|access-date=2021-11-19|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> Kapiler teddhi kennengngan pangorobhânna salèsèran zat ḍâri [[cairan interstisial|ancaran ''interstisial'']] è salènglèngnga, kaḍhik maghiliaghi ḍârâ ḍâri cangka artèri palèng kènè' ([[arteriol]]) kaangghuy mancer ka cangka vèna sè palèng kènè' ([[venula]]). Zat-zat laèn sè narostosè kapiler sala sèttongnga iyâ rèya aèng, [[oksigèn]], [[karbon dioksida]], [[urea|urèa]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Maton |first=Anthea |title=Human Biology and Health |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho|pages=87, 114, 120}}</ref> [[glukosa]], [[asam urat]], [[asam laktat]], bân [[krèatinin]]. [[Kapiler limfa|Kapiler lèmpa]] atabhung bi' [[pembuluh limfa|''pembuluh'' lèmpa]] sè abâḍâân rajâ kaangghuy maghili ancaran [[lèmpa]] sè èkapolong ḍâlem sirkulasi mikro. == Ètimologi == Oca' ''kapiler'' apènangkanna bhâsa Latin {{lang|la|capillaris}}, sè artèna "akanṭa obu'", bân kabiddhâ èpaghuna ḍâlem bhâsa Inggris è bâjâ partengngaan abad kapèng-17, bhâsa Madhurâna ghi' èsarèa ka tokang oro' kèn ta' sempat-sempat.<ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=Capillary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=capillary |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=14 July 2021 |date=2021}}</ref> Artè rèya pènangkanna ḍâri ṭaṭak (diameter) kapilèr sè cè' kènè'na parsasat obu'.<ref name=oed/> Oca' kapiler ampona èangghuy mènangkana nomina (oca' bhârâng), bhlângkan kèya èpaghuna mènangkana adjektiva (oca' sèpat), acora' ḍâ' ''frasa'' "[[aksi kapiler]]", iyâ rowa li-ghiliân ancaran sè ta' kennèng èpangaroè gaya èksternal acora'na [[gravitasi]]. == Struktur == [[File:A red blood cell in a capillary, pancreatic tissue - TEM.jpg|thumb|left|Ghâmbhâr [[mikroskop èlèktron transmisi]] panèmpal sè malang è kapilèr sè èkennengngè bi' [[sel darah merah|sèl ḍârâ mèra]]]] Ḍârâ aghili ḍâri jhântong ngalèbâdhi [[arteri]], sè acangka bân nyella' teddhi [[arteriol]], sè lajhuna acangka majhâu teddhi kapilèr arobâ kennengngan kateddhiânna pangorobhân zat bân rapassa. Kapilèr lajhuna apolong bân maṭaṭak teddhi [[venula]], sè lajhuna maṭaṭak bân apolong teddhi [[vena]], lajhu moḍhi'i ḍârâ ka jhântong ngalèbâdhi [[vèna cava]]. È ḍâlem [[mesenterium]], [[metarteriol]] abhângon trèka tambâ'ân è pandhâliân artèriol bân kapilèr. Kapilèr individu arobâaghi panṭa ḍâri '''to'orân kapiler''', jhâringan apolen ḍâri kapilèr sè ter-ngater [[jhâringan (biologi)|jhâringan]] bân [[organ (biologi)|organ]]. Sajân [[metabolik]] ghâsèk sabuwâ jhâringan, sajân bânnya' kapilèr sè ngabhuto kaangghuy ter-ater nutrien bân mowang kasèl mètabolisme. Bâḍâ ḍuwâ' jennès kapilèr: kapilèr sajhâtè, sè acangka ḍâri arteriol bân ngorop zat pandhâliân jhâringan bân ḍârâ kapilèr, kaḍhik [[#Sinusoidal|sinusoid]], jennès kapilèr a bhresbhes kabukka' sè èkataoè bâḍâ è [[atè]], [[somsom tolang]], [[kalenjhâr hipofisis anterior]], bân [[organ sirkumventrikular]] anḍi'na otek. Kapilèr bân sinusoid iyâ rèya ''pembuluh'' jhempra sè kas-terkas nabhungaghi arteriol bân vènula ka co'-konco' to'orânna. [[Metarteriol]] sè otamana èkataoè bâḍâ neng è [[sirkulasi mikro]] è [[mesenterium]].<ref name="Sakai 13">{{cite journal | pmc=3751330 | title=Are the precapillary sphincters and metarterioles universal components of the microcirculation? An historical review | journal=The Journal of Physiological Sciences | year=2013 | pmid=23824465 | doi=10.1007/s12576-013-0274-7 | volume=63 | issue=5 | pages=319–31| last1=Sakai | first1=T | last2=Hosoyamada | first2=Y }}</ref> [[Kapiler limfatik]] adiamèter ṭaṭak sakonè' arajâân ètèmbhâng kapiler ḍârâ, bân anḍi' konco' sè kaèntèp (bhidhâ bi' kapilèr ḍârâ sè kabukka' è kaḍu èrèngnga, ḍâri arteriol ka vènula). Struktur rèya massèaghi [[cairan interstisial|ancaran interstistial]] alebbhu ka ḍâlemma, bhlângkan ta' kalowar. Kapilèr lèmpa anḍi' ''tekanan'' [[onkotik]] internal sè atèngghiân èghândhingaghi kapilèr ḍârâ, polana konsèntrasi [[protèin plasma]] sè arajâân ḍâlem [[limfa|lèmpa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guyton |first1=Arthur C. |last2=Hall |first2=John Edward |title=Textbook of Medical Physiology |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofmedica0000guyt |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780808923176 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/textbookofmedica0000guyt/page/187 187]–188 |edition=11th |chapter=The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System}}</ref> ==Sombher== {{Reflist}} 6vmznb8pg0xde4vezul17ct6rjuxguy 0 14093 65675 44141 2026-08-14T20:03:15Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy}} [[file:emphysema, bullous, subpleural and honeycomb fibrosis (4563270966).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Parenkim bhârâ sè noḍhuaghi rosakka temmaan [[Focal lung pneumatosis|bula]] subpleura rajâ.]] '''Parènkim''' {{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=2016-01-21|Parenchyma}}}}{{refn|{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Parenchyma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185635/https://www.lexico.com/definition/parenchyma |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Parenchyma |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} }} iyâ rèya bâgiyân otama ḍâri substansi fungsional ḍâlem organ kèbân marana [[otek]] otabâ [[bhârâ]], otabâ ḍâlem struktur marana [[tumor]]. Mènorot [[zoologi]], Arèya arobâaghi jhâringan sè ngangselli panṭa è ḍâlem bhâdhânna [[cacèng pipih]]. Ḍâlem [[botani]], Arèya arobâaghi leppètan ḍâlem panèmpal malangnga [[ḍâun]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/embryophytes/tracheophytes/leaves/#Leaf-anatomy | title=Leaf Structure & Evolution }}</ref> == Ètimologi == Istilah ''parenkim'' amowasal ḍâri [[Nèo-Latin]] sè èkala' ḍâri oca' [[Yunani Kona]] {{lang|grc|παρέγχυμα}} {{lang|grc-Latn|parenchyma}} sè artèna 'dhâghing viseral', bân ḍâri {{lang|grc|παρεγχεῖν}} {{lang|grc-Latn|parenkhein}} sè artèna 'notta' ka ḍâlem', ḍâri {{lang|grc|παρα-}} {{lang|grc-Latn|para-}} 'è èrèng' + {{lang|grc|ἐν}} {{lang|grc-Latn|en-}} 'è ḍâlem' + {{lang|grc|χεῖν}} {{lang|grc-Latn|khein}} 'notta'aghi'.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Priscilla |last1=LeMone |first2=Karen |last2=Burke |first3=Trudy |last3=Dwyer |first4=Tracy |last4=Levett-Jones |first5=Lorna |last5=Moxham |first6=Kerry |last6=Reid-Searl |first7=Kamaree |last7=Berry |first8=Keryln |last8=Carville |first9=Majella |last9=Hales |first10=Nicole |last10=Knox |first11=Yoni |last11=Luxford |first12=Debra |last12=Raymond |year=2013 |chapter=Parenchyma |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA48 |page=G–18 |title=Medical-Surgical Nursing |publisher=Pearson Australia |isbn=978-1-4860-1440-8 |access-date=2015-05-21 |archive-date=2015-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130011238/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA48 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kabiddhâ, [[Erasistratus]] bân bhlânṭèk anatomi laènna ngangghuy istilah rèya kaangghuy jhâringan manossa magânna.<ref>Virchow, R.L.K. (1863). ''Cellular pathology as based upon physiological and pathological histology'' [...] oleh Rudolf Virchow. Diterjemahkan dari edisi ke-2 oleh Frank Chance. Dengan catatan dan banyak perbaikan, terutama dari catatan manuskrip penulis. 1–562. [Cf. p. 339.] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CklHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA339 tautan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427135524/https://books.google.com/books?id=CklHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA339 |date=2021-04-27 }}.</ref> sè bhuruna, istilah rèya èpatrâbaghi kèya ka jhâringanna tetombuân dhâlârân [[Nehemiah Grew]].<ref>Gager, C. S. 1915. Pemungutan suara kaangghuy nama-nama bagian luar gedung laboratorium, Kebun Botani Brooklyn. ''Rec. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.'' IV, hlm. 105–123. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40870#page/129/mode/1up tautan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225417/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40870#page/129/mode/1up |date=2017-11-10 }}.</ref> == Struktur == Parènkim iyâ rèya panṭa ''fungsional'' ḍâri sabuwâ [[organ (anatomi)|''organ'']], otabâ ḍâri struktur marana [[tumor]] ḍâlem bhâdhân. Arèya bhidhâ bi' [[stroma (jhâringan hewan)|stroma]], sè aroju' ḍâ' ka jhâringan ''struktural'' ḍâri ''organ'' otabâ struktur ka'rowa, iyâ rowa [[jaringan ikat|jhâringan èka']].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} === Otek === {{anchor|cerebral parenchyma}}Parenkim otek aroju' ḍâ' jhâringan fungsional sè bâḍâ è [[otek]] sè kabhângon attas ḍu jennès [[sèl otek]], iyâ rowa [[neuron|nèuron]] bân [[sel glial|sèl glial]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-brain-parenchyma.htm | title=Apa itu Parenkim Otak? (Dengan gambar) | access-date=2015-12-28 | archive-date=2016-01-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105073119/http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-brain-parenchyma.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Parenkim arèya èkataoè kèya jhâ' ngemmo' protèin kolagèn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arachchige|first=Arosh S Perera Molligoda|date=2021-03-16|title=Protein kolagen juga ditemukan dalam parenkim saraf di SSP sè sehat|journal=AIMS Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=3|pages=355–356|doi=10.3934/Neuroscience.2021019|issn=2373-8006|pmc=8222768|pmid=34183986}}</ref> katrapasân otabâ trauma ḍâ' ka parenkimma otek segghutta merrè ka èlangnga kaoḍhilân kognitif otabâ mala kapatèan. Paḍârâân ḍâlem parènkim èkalonṭa mènangka [[perdarahan intraparenkimal|paḍârâân intraparenkimal]].<ref name="Freeman WD-2012">{{cite journal| author=Freeman WD, Aguilar MI| title=Perdarahan intrakranial: diagnosis dan penanganan. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 211-40, ix | pmid=22284061 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2011.09.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22284061 }} </ref> === Bhârâ === Parenkim bhârâ iyâ rèya substansi [[bhârâ]] sè ro'-noro' è ḍâlem [[pertukaran gas|pangorobhân gas]] bân kalebbhu [[alveolus paru-paru|alvèolus bhârâ]].<ref name="Suki-2011">{{Cite journal|last=Suki|first=B|date=Juli 2011|title=Mekanika parenkim paru-paru.|journal=Comprehensive Physiology|volume=1|issue=3|pages=1317–1351|pmid=23733644|pmc=3929318|doi=10.1002/cphy.c100033|isbn=9780470650714}}</ref> === Atè === Parenkim atè iyâ rèta jhâringan fungsional ḍâri organ kasebbhut sè kapaddhâk ḍâri bètara 80% volume angsèlla [[atè]] mènangka [[hepatosit]]. Jennès laèn sèl atè sè otama iyâ rèya sèl non-parenkimal. Sèl non-parènkimal abhângon 40% ḍâri jomblâ saghunghungan sèl atè bhlângkan ghun pèra' 6,5% ḍâri volume angsella.<ref name="Kmieć Z-2001">{{cite book |author=Kmieć Z |title=Kerja Sama Sel Hati dalam Keadaan Sehat dan Sakit |chapter=Pendahuluan — Morfologi Lobulus Hati |volume=161 |pages=iii–xiii, 1–151 |year=2001 |pmid=11729749|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-56553-3_1 |series=Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology |isbn=978-3-540-41887-0 }}</ref> === Bingsèl === Parenkim [[ginjal|bingsèl]] èbhengka ḍuwâ' struktur otama: pantha lowar iyâ rowa [[korteks ginjal|''kortèks'' bingsèlan]] bân pantha ḍâlem iyâ rowa [[medula ginjal|''medula'' bingsèlan]]. [[Ginjal#Anatomi kasar|Sacara Dhlângas]], struktur rèya abhângon 7 kangsè' 18<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Korelasi Ukuran Ginjal dengan Jumlah Piramida Ginjal pada Ginjal Kambing|first1=Leah|last1=Ashton|first2=Russ|last2=Gullekson|first3=Mary|last3=Hurley|first4=Marion|last4=Olivieri|date=1 April 2017|journal=The FASEB Journal|volume=31|issue=1_supplement|pages=899.5|doi=10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.899.5|doi-access=free |s2cid=208553793 }}</ref> [[lobus ginjal|''lobus'' bingsèlan]] abujut akanṭa ḍughughân, bâng-sèbâng ngemmo' kortèks bingsèlan sè alènglèngè panṭa medula sè èolok mènangka [[piramida ginjal|onḍhâgghân bingsèl]].<ref name="Boron-2004">{{cite book |author=Walter F. Boron |title=Fisiologi Medis: Pendekatan Seluler dan Molekuler |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4160-2328-9 }}</ref> ==Sombher== {{Reflist}} 586uwq5l4pekhh80ig5vi9ps5belyyi 0 14264 65674 46945 2026-08-14T20:02:48Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} [[Berkas:Avenzoar (c. 1906) - Veloso Salgado.png|jmpl|Ibnu Zuhri è lukisan "Kedokteran Arab" (c. 1906) karjâ [[Veloso Salgado]]]] '''Ibnu Zuhri''' ({{lang-ar|{{larger|ابن زهر}}}}; 1094–1162, asma lanjhâng {{lang|ar|{{larger|أبو مروان عبد الملك بن أبي العلاء بن زهر}}}} Abu Marwan Abdul Malik ibn Abī al-ʻAlāʼ ibn Zuhr, èkennal è [[Èropa]] kalabân Latinisasi '''Avenzoar'''), panèka dokter bân panembhâng sè asalla ḍâri Sevilla, [[Al-Andalus]] (samangkèn è Spanyol). Abâ'na asalla ḍâri jhâman sè paḍâ kalabân pamèkkèr Islam ḍâri Spanyol [[Ibnu Rusyd]] bân [[Ibnu Thufail]], bân èpon jhughân sala sèttong dokter palèng terkennal è jhâmanna.<ref>{{harvnb|Azar|2008|p=1}}.</ref> == Sombher == {{reflist}} == Ḍaftar Sombher == * {{cite book|last=Azar|first=Henry|title=The Sage of Seville: Ibn Zuhr, His Time, and His Medical Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/sageofsevilleibn0000azar|year=2008|publisher=[[American University in Cairo]]|location=Cairo|isbn=9774161556|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalsciencet0000unse|year=2005|series=Routledge encyclopedias of the Middle Ages ; v. 11|editor1-last=Glick|editor1-first=Thomas F.|editor2-last=Livesey|editor2-first=Steven John|editor3-last=Wallis|editor3-first=Faith|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York|isbn=0415969301|author=Millán, Cristina Álvarez|chapter=Ibn Zuhr}} [[Kategori:Cendekiawan Al-Andalus]] {{stub}} hyvex4t1o7zh4i81ij2b0dk97a7t4x6 0 14266 65679 46949 2026-08-14T20:07:52Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65679 wikitext text/x-wiki Afrika Tèmor jhughân èkennal mènangka ''Eastern Africa'' otabâ ''East of Africa'', panèka wilajâ è konco' tèmor benua Afrika, sè èbidhâaghi kalabân ''lanskap geografis'', sajârâ, bân budajâ sè unik.Èyartèaghi dâlâm bhân-sabbhân cakopan, wilajâ panèka èakoh dâlâm ''skema Divisi Statistik Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa'' mènangka 18 naghârâ berdaulat bân 4 wilajâh. Èngghi panèka Tanduk Afrika è dâjâ bân Afrika Tèmor lao' è lao'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|work=un.org|access-date=22 September 2008|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Artè== È dhâlem arte sè semma', khusussa è dâlem konteks bhâsa Inggris, Afrika Tèmor èmaksod dâ' wilayah sè èpadhâddhi Kenya, Tanzania, bân Uganda, sabâgiyân bânnya' polana sajârâ sè èbâgi è bâbâna Kekaisaran Oman bân mènangka bâgiyân dâri Protektorat Afrika Tèmor Inggris bân Afrika Tèmor Jerman. <ref>{{cite book | last=Maxon | first=Robert M. | title=East Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/eastafricaintrod0000maxo_a2r8 | publisher=West Virginia University Press | publication-place=Morgantown | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-933202-46-4 | oclc=318191973 | page=}}</ref> Lebbi èpabhâjheng definisi Afrika Tèmor, Tanduk Afrika—sè èpadhâddhi Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, bân Somalia—èpaḍâpa' mènangka entitas geopolitik sè bhâḍhi è Afrika Tèmor. <ref name="Stock">Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref name="IRIN">{{cite web |title=IRIN — Horn of Africa |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Region.aspx?Region=HOA&Service=ENG |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828095316/http://www.irinnews.org//Africa-Region.aspx?Region=HOA&Service=ENG |archive-date=28 August 2010 |access-date=14 April 2008 |work=IRINnews}}</ref> Komunitas Afrika Tèmor, blok ekonomi bân politik, samangkèn tamaso' Republik Demokratik Kongo, Somalia, Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan Sèltan, Uganda bân Tanzania. Èngghi panèka, wilayah Tase' Agung Afrika apètampè sacara signifikan sareng naghârâ-naghârâ panèka. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2977-east-african-community-continues-on-a-trajectory-of-expansion-as-summit-admits-somalia-into-the-bloc|publisher=Eac.int|title=East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc|date=25 November 2023}}</ref> È dâlem Somalia bâdâ duwâ' naghara sè ta' èyako Somaliland bân Puntland, sanajân Puntland ghi' terro abâli sareng Somalia, samangkèn ampon mandiri. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Somaliland profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069 |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-11 |title=Puntland profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114727 |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> È semma'na wilajâ-wilajâh dhârâtân panèka bâdâ naghârâ-naghârâ polo bân wilajâ-wilajâ akadhi Komoro, Mauritius, Seychelles, Réunion, Mayotte, bân Polo-polo sè nyebar è Samudra Hindia. <ref name="Joireman 1997 p.">{{cite book | last=Joireman | first=Sandra F. | title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa | publisher=Universal-Publishers | date=1997 | isbn=978-1-58112-000-4 | page=}}</ref> == Sombher== {{reflist}} fn1g2lzer97gxaucupfqrbw1bjcez0y 0 14827 65656 49887 2026-08-14T19:51:04Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Infobox orang}} Ernest François Eugène Ḍouwes Dekker sè èkennal jhughân mènangka Ḍanudirja Setiabudi saellana Inḍonesia mardhika, panèka sala sèttong nasionalis Bâlândhâ-Inḍonesia bân politisi ketoronan Indonesia.Ernest anḍi' hubungan sareng sastrawan anti-kolonial Bâlândhâ sè èkennal Eḍuard Ḍouwes Ḍekker. Bâkto ghi' ngodâ, Ernest aperrang è Perang Boer Kaduwâ' è Afrika lao' è sisi Boer. Pèkkèranna cè' pangarona è taon-taon awal gerakan kamardhika'an Indonesia. Salèrana panèka sala sèttong orèng sè madhâddhi nasionalisme Inḍonesia è awal abaḍ ka-20, sastrawan sè kritis ḍâ' kabijakan-kabijakan pamarènta kolonial Hindia Bâlândhâ, sala sèttong wartawan, aktivis politik, bân sè asalla nyamana "Nusantara" mènangka nyamana Hindia Bâlândhâ sè mardhika.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vlekke |first=Bernard H. M. |title=Nusantara: a history of the east indian archipelago |url=https://archive.org/details/nusantarahistory0000vlek |date=1977 |publisher=Arno Pr |isbn=978-0-405-09776-8 |series=European business |location=New York}}</ref> Setiabudi panèka sala sèttong ḍâri "Tello' Sarangkai" (Triasmukers) pergerakan kamardika'an Inḍonesia, asareng Dr. Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo bân Soewarḍi Soerjaningrat (Ki Hajar ḍewantara). == Carèta oḍi' == Ḍouwes Ḍekker lahèr è Pasuruan è tangghâl 8 Oktober 1879, akadhi sè ètolès è ḍâlem biografi sè èbâdâ'aghi è Universitas Zurich è bulan September 1913. Ramana, Auguste Henri Eḍuard Ḍouwes Ḍekker, panèka agen è bank ghâjheng Nederlandsch Inḍisch Escomptobank. Auguste anḍi' katoronan Bâlândhâ lèbât ramana, Jan (ale'na Eḍuard Ḍouwes Ḍekker, sè èkennal jhughân mènangka Multatuli), bân lèbât èbhuna, Louise Bousquet. Samentara jârèya, èbhuna Ḍouwes Ḍekker, Louisa Neumann, èlahèrraghi è Pekalongan ḍâri pasangan Jerman-Jhâbâ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sa’diyah |first=Lukluk Hidayatus |last2=Setiadi |first2=Pompong B. |last3=Rahayu |first3=Sri |date=2022-09-11 |title=Implementation Of Entrepreneurial Leadership Civil State Apparatus In The New Normal Era |url=https://doi.org/10.56403/bejam.v1i1.37 |journal=Best Journal of Administration and Management |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.56403/bejam.v1i1.37 |issn=2964-657X}}</ref> Ḍouwes Ḍekker lahèr mènangka ana' nomer 3 dâri 4 satarètanan, bân kalowargana segghut apinḍa. Taretan binè'na bân ale'na, Aḍeline (1876) bân Julius (1878), èlahèrraghi bâkto kalowarga Ḍekker bâdâ è Sorbâjâ, è bâkto ale'na, Guiḍo (1883), èlahèrraghi è Meester Cornelis, Batavia (samangkèn Jatinegara, Jakarta Tèmor). ḍâri ka'ḍinto kalowarga ḍekker apinḍa polè ka Pegangsaan, Jakarta Tengnga.<ref name=":0" /> Ḍouwes Ḍekker akabin sareng Clara Charlotte Ḍeije (1885-1968), pottrana ḍokter Jerman-Bâlândhâ, è taon 1903. Ḍouwes Ḍekker anḍi' ana' lema', ḍuwâ' èantarana matè è bâkto ghi' kènè' (Eḍouard bân Sigmund, kaḍuwâ'na lakè'), bân kabbhi sè salamet, kabbhi bâbinè' (Louisa, Heglinḍe, bân Siglinḍe). Pakabinan panèka cerai è taon 1919, bân pasangan panèka apèsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sa’diyah |first=Lukluk Hidayatus |last2=Setiadi |first2=Pompong B. |last3=Rahayu |first3=Sri |date=2022-09-11 |title=Implementation Of Entrepreneurial Leadership Civil State Apparatus In The New Normal Era |url=https://doi.org/10.56403/bejam.v1i1.37 |journal=Best Journal of Administration and Management |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.56403/bejam.v1i1.37 |issn=2964-657X}}</ref> Ḍouwes Ḍekker saterrossa akabin polè sareng Johanna Petronella Mossel (1905-1978), bâbinè' ketoronan Inḍo-Yahudi, è taon 1927. Johanna panèka ghuru sè bânnya' abhânto ḍâlem kegiatan sekretaris Ksatrian Instituut (KI), sakola'an sè èpaddhek sareng Ḍouwes Ḍekker. ḍâri hubugan ka'ḍinto sè kaḍuwâ ta’ èparèngi potra. Bâkto Ḍouwes Ḍekker èbuwâng ka Suriname è ahèr taon 1941, pasangan kasebbhut kodhu apèsa, bân saterrossa Johanna akabin sareng Djafar Kartoḍiredjo, sè jhughân orèng Inḍo (sè èkennal sabellunna Arthur Kolmus). Maske Johanna akabin sareng Djafar ta' kalabân sertifikat cerai resmi polana Ḍouwes Ḍekker ampon èbuwang ka Suriname, Ḍouwes Ḍekker sabellunna ampon ngèdhinnaghi Johanna akabin sareng Djafar sè sala sèttong ghuru è KI bân kenalan Ḍouwes Ḍekker.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snow |first=Philip |last2=van der Veur |first2=Paul W. |last3=van der Veur |first3=Paul |last4=Sinclair |first4=J. P. |date=1968-03 |title=Search for New Guinea's Boundaries |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1792194 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=119 |doi=10.2307/1792194 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> ofh9192a5j5herhs6l3iz77zt4f15u3 2 14879 65692 49044 2026-08-15T06:44:21Z Fendi Chovi 2670 65692 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaulâ Fendi Chovi, mènangka Angghuta komunitas Wikimadura. Salam Èsto! {{Angghuta WikiNamen}} qha902r12fxe0gdnlm452qwztm8tmmf 0 14932 65657 49987 2026-08-14T19:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} '''Alexander Andries Maramis''' otabâ lebbi èkennal kalabân '''A.A. Maramis''' (20 Junè 1897 - 31 Juli 1977) iyâ arèya pejuwang kamardhika'anna Inḍonèsia bân pahlawan nasional. Salèrana tao dhâddi angghuta BPUPKI bân KNIP, jhughân tao dhâddi Menteri Keuangan Inḍonèsia bân aropa'aghi orèng sè aberri' tanda tangan Oeng Republik Inḍonèsia Pertama. Ponakanna Maria Walanda Maramis rèya mamarè pendidikanna è bidang hokom è taon 1924 è Bâlândhâ. == Riwayat Hidup == === Kaoḍi'ân Awwâl === Alexander Andries Maramis lahèr è Manado, Sulawèsi ḍâjâ è tangghâl 20 Junè 1897. Ramana anyama Andries Alesxander Maramis bân Èbhuna anyama Charlotte Ticoalu.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Sulistiyo2012|Sulistiyo (2012)]].</ref> Tantena iyâ arèya Pahlawan Nasional Inḍonèsia Maria Walanda Maramis.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 5.</ref> Alex Maramis ajhâr è sakola ḍhâsarra Bâlândhâ (Europeesche Lagere School, ELS) è Manado.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Nalenan1981|Nalenan (1981)]], p. 10.</ref> Marèna pas maso' sakola menengnga Bâlândhâ (Hogereburgerdchool, HBS) è Batavia (satèya Jakarta) sè kemma jârèya atemmo pas akanca bân Arnold Mononutu sè jhughân ḍari Minahasu bân Achmad Soebardjo.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Idris1982|Idris (1982)]], p. 160.</ref><ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Nalenan1981|Nalenan (1981)]], p. 15.</ref> È taon 1919, Maramis mangkat ka Bâlândhâ bân ajhâr hokom è Yniversitas Laiden.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Massier2008|Massier (2008)]], p. 139.</ref> Bâkto neng è Laiden, Maramis noro' ḍâlem organisasi mahasiswa Perhinpunan Inḍonèsia (Indische Vereeninging). È taon 1924, Maramis èpèlè dhâddhi sèkrètaris perhimpunan kasèbbhut.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Nalenan1981|Nalenan (1981)]], p. 47.</ref> Maramis lulus kalabân gellar "Meester in de Rechten" (Mr.) è taon 1924.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Otterspeer1989|Otterspeer (1989)]], p. 261.</ref> Salèrana pas abâli ka Inḍonèsia bân amolaè karierra mènangka pengacara è Pengadilan Negeri è Semmarang è taon 1925.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Lev2000|Lev (2000)]], p. 260.</ref><ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 42.</ref> Ollè sataon pas ngallè ka Pengadilan Negeri è Palembang.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 43.</ref> === Persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia === [[Berkas:KITLV_-_25245_-_Vooraanstaande_Indonesiers_te_Batavia.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:KITLV_-_25245_-_Vooraanstaande_Indonesiers_te_Batavia.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|Maramis (tengnga) è buḍina Soekarno]] Maramis èyangkat mènangka angghuta Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPKI) sè èbentuk è tangghâl 1 Maret 1945. È badan rèya, Maramis tamaso' ḍâlem Panitia Sanga'. Panitia rèya ètugassaghi ka'angghuy arumussaghi ḍâsar naghârâ kalabân ahimpun nilai-nilai otama ḍâri prinsip ideologis Pancasila sè èghârissaghi moso Soekarno ḍâlem pidatona è tangghâl 1 Junè 1945.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Elson2009|Elson (2009)]], p. 112.</ref> Rumusan rèya èkennal kalabân nyama Piagam Jakarta. È tangghâl 11 Juli 1945 ḍâlem sala sèttong rapat pleno BPUPKI, Maramis ètunjuk mènangka angghuta Panitia Perancang Undang-undang Dasar sè ètugassaghi ka'angghuy aghâbây perubahan-perubahan tertentu sabellunna èpasetuju modo sakabbhina angghuta BPUPKI.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Massier2008|Massier (2008)]], p. 180.</ref> È taon 1976 asareng Hatta, A.G. Pringgodigdo, Sunarii Sastrowardoyo, bân Soebardjo, Mramis tamaso' ḍâlem "Panitia Lèma'" sè ètugassaghi Prèsiḍèn Soeharto ka'angghuy adokumentasiyâghi perumusan Pancasila.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Elson2009|Elson (2009)]], p. 123.</ref> === Menteri Keuangan === [[Berkas:Hatta_1_Cabinet_KR_2_Feb_1948_p1.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Hatta_1_Cabinet_KR_2_Feb_1948_p1.jpg|kiri|jmpl|324x324px|Foto Kabinet Hatta I]] [[Berkas:AA_Maramis_with_Sam_Ratulangi.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:AA_Maramis_with_Sam_Ratulangi.jpg|ka|jmpl|200x200px|Maramis asareng [[:id:Sam_Ratulangi|Ratulangi]]]] Maramis èyangkat mènangka Menteri Keuangan ḍâlem kabinet Inḍonèsia pertana è tangghâl 26 Sèptèmber 1945. Salèrana aghântèyaghi Samsi Sastrawidagda sè awalla èberri' jabatan kasebbhut ḍâ' bâkto kabinet èbentuk è tangghâl 2 Sèptèmber 1945. Sastrawidagda ambu dhibi' ḍâri jabatanna sè ghun pèra' 2 minggu polana sakè'.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Anwar2009|Anwar (2009)]], p. 115.</ref> Sastrawidagda iyâ arèya orèng pertama sè ètunjuk mènangka Menteri Keuangan Inḍonèsia, tapè karana bâktona sè sakejjhâ', Maramis bisa èyangghep, de facto mènangka Menteri Keuangan Inḍonèsia pertama. Mènangka Menteri Keuangan, Maramis aperran penting ḍâlem pengembangan bân pencetakan pèssè dhâlubân Inḍonèsia pertama otabâ Oeang Republik Indonesia (ORI). Bhuto bâkto sataon sabellunma pèssè dhâlubân rèya bisa èpakalowar secara resmi Dâ' tangghâl 30 Oktober 1946. Nota-nota rèya aghântèyaghi pèssè dhâlubân Jeppang sè èyèdaraghi kalabân pamarènta Hindia Bâlândhâ (NICA). .<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Anwar2009|Anwar (2009)]], p. 116.</ref><ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Lindblad2008|Lindblad (2008)]], p. 62.</ref> Pèssè èpakalowar kalangghuy adominadi 1,5, bân 10 sèn, kalabân ètambâi ½, 1, 5, 10,bân 100 ropèya. Tanda tangan Maramis mènangka Menteri Keuangan bâḍâ ḍâlem cèta'anna sè-pèssè dhâlubâng rèya. Maramis ajabat mènangka Menteri Keuangan polè, secara aurutan ḍâlem Kabinèt Amor Syarifuddin I è tangghâl 3 Juli 1947,<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Anderson1972|Anderson (1972)]], p. 398.</ref> Kabinèt Amir Syarifuddin II è tangghâl 12 Novèmber 1947,<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Finch1965|Finch and Lev (1965)]], p. 12.</ref> bân kabinèt Hatta I è tangghâl 29 Jânuwari 1948.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Aritorang2008|Aritorang and Steenbrink (2008)]], p. 192.</ref> Ḍâ' tangghâl 19 Ḍèsèmber 1948, Bâlândhâ amolaè Agresi Militer Bâlândhâ II è bâktona pamarènta'anna Hatta. Soekarno, Hatta, bân pejabat pamarènta laènna sè bâḍâ neng è Yogyakarta ètangkep bân èbuwâng ka Polo Bangka. Maramis bâkto rowa prappa'na bâḍâ è New Delhu, India. Salèrana narèma kabâ' ḍâri Hatta sabellunma Hatta ètangkep kalabân instruksi ka'angghuy abentuk pamarènta'an darurat è pengasingan è India jhâ' sèngana Sjafruddun Prawiranegara ta' olle abentuk pamarènta'an darurat è Sumatra.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Pour2010|Pour (2010)]], p. 70.</ref> Prawiranegara mampo abentuk Pamarènta Darurat Republik Inḍonèsia bân Kabinèt Darurat sè kemma Maramis èyangkat mènangka Menteri Lowar Negeri. Samarèna Soekarno bân Hatta èpabebas, Prawiranegara mabâli pamarènta'anna ḍâ' ka Hatta è tangghâl 13 Juli 1949 bân Maramis abâli ajabat mènangka Menteri Keuangan. === Duta Besar === Èyantarana taon 1950 bân 1960, Maramis perna abâkkèlè Inḍonèsia mènangka Duta Rajâ ka'angghuy empa' naghârâ: Filipina, Funlandia, Jèrman Bârâ', bân Uni Soviet. Sabellunna è tangghâl 1 Agustus 1949, salèrana èyangkat mènangka Duta Istimewa sè atanggung jawab ka'angghuy ngawasè bâkkèl-bâkkèl Inḍonèsia è Lowar Negeri.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 80.</ref> Ḍâ' bâkto rowa, bâkkèl-bâkkèlla Inḍonèsia bâDâna è Bangkok, Canberra, Kabul, Kabul, Kaoro, Karachi, London, Manila, New Delhu, Penang Rangiin, Singapura, Washington, D.C., bân è kantorra Perserikatan bangsa-bangsa (PBB) è Lake Success è Amèrika Serikat. Asabâb Maramis è ḍâlem tugassa ros-terrosan bâḍâ è lowar negeri, jârèya pas èpanoro' ḍâlem delegasi Republik Inḍonèsia ka'angghuy Meja BundaR mènangka penasèhat.<ref name="Parengkuan 1982 p. 83">[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 83.</ref> È tangghâl 25 Jânuwari, Maramis èyangkat mènangka Duta Rajâ Inḍonèsia ka'angghuy Filipina èbitong molaè tangghâl 1 Fèbruari 1950.<ref name="Parengkuan 1982 p. 83" /><ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Anwar2009|Anwar (2009)]], p. 120.</ref> Maramis ajabat mènangka duta rajâna Inḍonèsia è Manila ḍâlem bâkto 3 taon. Ḍâ' tangghâl 10 April 1953, Maramis èyangkat mènangka Duta Râjâ Inḍonèsia kalangghuy Jèrman Bârâ' èbitong molae tangghâl 1 Mèi 1953.<ref name="Parengkuan 1982 p. 86">[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 86.</ref><ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Careers1953|Careers Institute (1953)]], p. 61.</ref> Ḍâ' ka awwâl taon 1956, Maramis abâli ka Jakarta bân ajabat mènangka Kapala Dirèktorat Asia/Pasifik è Kementrian Lowar Negeri. Jabatan rèya pèra' ètegghu' pan-bârâmpan bulân, pokana jârèya èberri' tugas anyar mènangka Duta Râjâ Inḍonèsia ka'angghuy Uni Soviet èbitong ḍâri tangghâl 1 Oktober 1956.<ref name="Parengkuan 1982 p. 86" /><ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Khrushchev2007|Khrushchev (2007)]], p. 807.</ref> 2 taon agghi', Maramis ngaollè tugas rangkep mènangka Duta Râja Inḍonèsia ka'angghuy Finlandia kalabân kedudukan tettep è Moskwa.<ref name="Parengkuan 1982 p. 86" /> Saellana mamarè tugassa mènangka duta rajâ Inḍonèsia ka'angghuy Uni Soviet bân Finlandia, Maramis bân kalowargana nettap è Swiss.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 89.</ref> Salèrana anettap è Lutano sabellunna abâli ka Inḍonèsia è taon 1976.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 92.</ref> == Adhingghâl Omor == [[Berkas:A.A._Maramis_-_TMP_Kalibata_1.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:A.A._Maramis_-_TMP_Kalibata_1.jpg|jmpl|Batu nisan makam A.A. Maramis è Taman Makam Pahlawan Nasional Utama Kalibata, Jakarta]] Saellana para' 20 taon neng è lowar Inḍonèsia, Maramis anyata'aghi pangaterrowanna ka'angghuy abâli ka Inḍonèsia. Pamarènta Inḍonèsia ngator sopajâ jârèya bisa abâli bân ḍâpa' ka Jakarta ḍâ' tangghâl 27 Junè 1976.<ref name="TEMPO 1977">[[Alexander Andries Maramis#TEMPO1977|TEMPO (1977)]].</ref> È antarana orèng sè ngantos è bandara iyâ arèya ca-kancana sè ella akanca abit, iyâ arèya Soebardji bân Mononutu, bân Rahmi Hatta kèta (binèna Mohammad Hatta).<ref name="TEMPO 1976">[[Alexander Andries Maramis#TEMPO1976|TEMPO (1976)]].</ref> Ḍâ' bulân Mèi 1977, salèrana èrabât è roma sakè' saellana ngalami pendarahan. Maramis adhingghâl omor è tangghâl 31 Juli 1977 è roma sakè' Angkatan Darat Gatot Soebroto, pèra' 13 bulân saellana jârèya abâli ka Inḍonèsia.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#JPRS1977|Joint Publications Research Service (1977)]], p. ii.</ref> Mayyiddhâ èbhâjângnhaghi è Ruang Pancasila Departemen Lowar Negeri bân èterrossaghi kalabân upacara militer pas èpetpet è Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata.<ref name="TEMPO 1977" /> == Penghargaan == [[Berkas:Indonesia_1945_100r_Obv.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Indonesia_1945_100r_Obv.jpg|ka|jmpl|200x200px|Pèssè Rp. 100 kalabân tanda tanganna Maramis]] [[Berkas:Gedung_Departemen_Keuangan_RI.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Gedung_Departemen_Keuangan_RI.jpg|ka|jmpl|200x200px|Kantor Kementerian Keuangan sè ènyamaè Gedung "A.A. Maramis"]] È bâkto ajabat mènangka Duta Rajâ Inḍonèsia ka'angghuy Filipina, Maramis narèma gellar Doktor Honoris Causa ḍâri Universitas Far Eastern è Manila è taon 1950.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Perpusnas1950|Perpusnas (1950)]].</ref> Ḍâ' tangghâl 15 Fèbruari 1961, Maramis èberri' anugerah penghargaan Bintang Mahaputra Utama bân è tangghâl 5 Oktober 1963 èberri' anugerah penghargaan Bintang Gerilya.<ref name="TEMPO 1976" /> Maramis secara anunerts eberri' anugerah Bintang Republik InDonèsia Utama ḍâ' tangghâl 12 Agustus 1922.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#GATRA2012|GATRA (2012)]].</ref> Ḍâ' tangghâl 30 Oktober 2007, Maramis èyakowè moso Museum Rekor Dunia Inḍonèsia mènangka Menteri Keuangan sè tanda tanganna bâḍâ è pèssè dhâlubân sè palèng bânnya'. È antara taon 1945 bân 1947, tanda tanganna bâḍâ neng è 15 pèssè dhâlubâng sè laèn.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Raharjo2007|Raharjo (2007)]].</ref> Ḍâ' tangghâl 8 Novèmber 2019, Alexander Andries Maramis èberri' anugerah gelar Pahlawan Nasional moso Prèsidèn Joko Widodo.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#CNN2019|CNN Indonesia (2019)]].</ref> Sè narèma pengharhaanna abâkkèla kalowarga ahli waris, iyâ arèya Joan Maramis, kompoyya A. A. maramis.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#SetNeg2019|Kementerian Sekretariat Negara (2019)]].</ref> == Kalowarga == Maramis akabin sareng Elizabeth Marie Diena Veldhiedt. Ramana Elizabeth iyâ arèya orèng Bâlândhâ tapè Èbhuna asalla ḍâri Bhâli. Kabinna Maramis bân Veldhidt ta' ngaollè ana', tapè Veldhiedt anḍi' potra ḍâri lakè sè sabellunna. Ana' jârèya ètarèma Maramis kalabân ikhlas, bân jârèya èberri' nyama Lexy Maramis.<ref>[[Alexander Andries Maramis#Parengkuan1982|Parengkuan (1982)]], p. 44.</ref> == Referensi == <references responsive="0"></references> '''Sumber referensi''' {{refbegin|32em}} * {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Benedict |url=https://archive.org/details/javaintimeofrevo0000ande |title=Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance 1944–1946 |date=1972 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-080-140-687-4 |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |language=Inggris |trans-title=Jawa pada saat Revolusi: Pendudukan dan Perlawanan 1944–1946 |ref=Anderson1972 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Anwar |first=Rosihan |title=Sejarah Kecil "Petite Histoire" Indonesia, Jilid 3 |date=2009 |publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas |isbn=978-979-709-429-4 |location=Jakarta |ref=Rosihan2009 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Aritorang |first1=Jan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000unse_q8x1 |title=A History of Christianity in Indonesia |last2=Steenbrink |first2=Karel |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-900-417-026-1 |location=Leiden |language=Inggris |trans-title=Sejarah Kekristenan di Indonesia |ref=Aritorang2008 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Careers Institute |first= |title=Current Affairs, Issue 8 |date=1953 |publisher=Careers Institute |location=New Delhi |language=Inggris |trans-title=Urusan Terkini, No. 8 |ref=Careers1953 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last=Tim |date=2019-11-09 |title=Haru dan Bangga Keluarga atas Gelar Pahlawan Nasional |url=https://cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191108201206-20-446795/haru-dan-bangga-keluarga-atas-gelar-pahlawan-nasional |access-date=2019-11-09 |work=[[CNN Indonesia]] |ref=CNN2019}} * {{cite journal |last=Elson |first=R. E. |date=October 2009 |title=Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945 |trans-title=Melihat Kembali Kontroversi Piagam Jakarta 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indonesia_2009-10_88/page/105 |journal=Indonesia |language=Inggris |volume= |issue=88 |pages=105-130 |ref=Elson 2009}} * {{cite book |last1=Finch |first1=Susan |title=Republic of Indonesia Cabinets: 1945–1965 |last2=Lev |first2=Daniel |date=1965 |publisher=Cornell University |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |language=Inggris |trans-title=Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: 1945–1965 |ref=Finch1965 |url-status=live}} * {{cite thesis|type=Ph.D.|last=Idris|first=Safwan|date=1982|title=Tokoh-tokoh Nasional: Overseas Education and the Evolution of the Indonesian Educated Elite|trans-title=Tokoh-tokoh Nasional: Pendidikan Di Luar Pulau dan Evolusi Kaum Terpelajar Indonesia|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|ref=Idris1982}} * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=Alexander Andries Maramis |date=1977 |publisher=Joint Publications Research Service |location=Arlington, VA. |language=Inggris |ref=JPRS1977 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |date=2019-11-08 |title=Presiden Jokowi Anugerahkan Gelar Pahlawan Nasional kepada 6 Tokoh |url=https://setneg.go.id/baca/index/presiden_jokowi_anugerahkan_gelar_pahlawan_nasional_kepada_6_tokoh_2 |access-date=2019-11-09 |work=Kementerian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia |ref=SetNeg2019}} * {{cite book |last=Khrushchev |first=Nikita |title=Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsofnikitak0000khru |date=2007 |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-027-103-317-4 |editor-last=Khrushchev |editor-first=Sergei |location=University Park |language=Inggris |translator-last=Shriver |translator-first=George |trans-title=Memoar Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3 |ref=Krushchev2007 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Legal Evolution and Political Authority in Indonesia |date=2000 |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=9-0411-1421-1 |editor-last=Lev |editor-first=Daniel |location=The Hague |language=Inggris |trans-title=Evolusi Hukum dan Otoritas Politik di Indonesia |ref=Lev2000 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Lindblad |first=J. Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/bridgestonewbusi0000lind |title=Bridges to New Business: The Economic Decolonization of Indonesia |date=2008 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-906-718-290-4 |location=Leiden |language=Inggris |trans-title=Jembatan ke Usaha yang Baru: Ekonomu Dekolonisasi di Indonesia |ref=Lindblad2008 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Massier |first=AB |title=The Voice of the Law in Transition: Indonesian Jurists and Their Languages |date=2008 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-906-718-271-3 |location=Leiden |language=Inggris |translator-last=Wouters |translator-first=Michaela |trans-title=Suara Hukum dalam Transisi: Jaksa-Jaksa Indonesia dan Bahasa Mereka |ref=Massier2008 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Nalenan |first=R. |title=Arnold Mononutu: Potret Seorang Patriot |date=1981 |publisher=Gunung Agung |location=Jakarta |ref=Nalenan1981 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=Leiden Oriental Connections 1850–1940 |date=1989 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9-0040-9022-3 |editor-last=Otterspeer |editor-first=Willem |location=Leiden |language=Inggris |trans-title=Hubungan Oriental Leiden 1850–1940 |ref=Otterspeer1989 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Parengkuan |first=Fendy E. W. |title=A.A. Maramis, SH. |date=1982 |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |location=Jakarta |ref=Parengkuan1982 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |date=1950 |title=Mr. A.A. Maramis menerima anugerah gelar Doktor H.C. untuk Hukum dari Far Eastern University Manila tahun 1950 |url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=384999 |publisher=Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia |ref=Perpusnas1950 |location=Manila |access-date=2025-12-25 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084403/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=384999 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Pour |first=Julius |title=Doorstoot naar Djokja: Pertikaian Pemimpin Sipil-Militer |date=2010 |publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas |isbn=978-979-709-454-6 |location=Jakarta |ref=Pour2010 |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine|last=Raharjo|first=Yudho|date=30 Oktober 2007|title=Mr. A.A. Maramis Raih Penghargaan MURI|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/news/2007/10/30/056110394/mr-a-a-maramis-raih-penghargaan-muri|magazine=TEMPO|access-date=16 Agustus 2017|ref=Raharjo2007}} * {{cite magazine|last=Sulistiyo|first=Bambang|date=22 Agustus 2012|title=Advokat dari Tonsea Perumus Piagam Jakarta|url=http://arsip.gatra.com/2012-08-25/majalah/artikel.php?id=152424|magazine=GATRA|access-date=15 August 2017|ref=Sulistiyo2012}} * {{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=17 Juli 1976|title=Pulang ke Indonesia|url=https://majalah.tempo.co/konten/1976/07/17/PT/69791/Pulang-ke-indonesia/20/06|magazine=TEMPO|access-date=15 August 2017|ref=TEMPO1976}} * {{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=20 August 1977|title=AA Maramis Tutup Usia|url=https://majalah.tempo.co/konten/1977/08/20/PT/75307/Aa-maramis-tutup-usia/25/08|magazine=TEMPO|access-date=15 August 2017|ref=TEMPO1977}} * {{Cite news |last=Indrajaya |first=Dimas Wahyu |date=2020-10-25 |title=Alexander Andries Maramis, Penanda Tangan Mata Uang RI Pertama |url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2020/10/25/alexander-andries-maramis-penanda-tangan-mata-uang-ri-pertama |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=Good News From Indonesia (GNFI) |ref=GNFI2020}} {{refend}}{{clr}} 1fwxq9odvbo4o533ui6hefz8bstqutz 0 14969 65660 49501 2026-08-14T19:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} '''Hanacaraka''' èngghi panèka sebbhudhân pan-bârâmpan aksara sè èghunaaghi è Polo Jhâbâ tor Bali. Masyarakat Jhâbâ ngagungè aksara tradisional sè sè èsebbhut Hanacaraka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ann |title=Illuminations: the writing traditions of Indonesia: featuring manuscripts from the National Library of Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma |last2=McGlynn |first2=John H. |last3=Hardjoprakoso |first3=Mastini |date=1996 |publisher=Lontar Foundation |others=Perpustakaan Nasional (Indonesia), Lontar Foundation (Jakarta, Indonesia) |isbn=978-0-8348-0349-7 |edition=First edition |location=Jakarta}}</ref>Kaagghuy nyèpta serradhân tor tolèsan tradisional, masyarakat Jhâbâ ngangghuy aksara Carakan otaba Hanacaraka. Ghi' jhâman dhimèn kantos bâjâ samangkèn aksara panèka terros èrabât tor èajhârraghi. Aksara panèka nyatana agindhu' ma'na filosofis ḍâ' ka masyarakat Jhâbâ. == Asal Nyama Hanacaraka == Nyama Hanacaraka<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santo |title=Mengenal Hanacaraka: Pengertian, Makna dan Jenisnya |url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/budaya/d-6818682/mengenal-hanacaraka-pengertian-makna-dan-jenisnya |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=detikjateng |language=id-ID}}</ref> asallèpon ḍâri lèma Huruf pertama aksara jhâbâ kasebbhut. Hal ka'dinto padâna oca' alfabet, ḍâri ḍuwâ' oca' awal alfabet Yunani (A-B, alfa-beta) sarta empa' oca' asal abjad Arab (ا-ب-ج-د, alif-ba-jim-dal. Aksara hanacaraka ampon èghuna'aghi sareng masyarakat Jhâbâ sabellunna kamardhika'an ra-kèra abad 15 saèllana Islam maso' ka Jhâbâ. Terros aksara panèka jughân èangghuy è Polo Bâli è bâkto èbhukka' sakola'an ra'yat tor bânnya' kèrèman bhuku-bhuku dâri Jhâbâ. == Macemma Aksara Hanacaraka == Metthèk bhuku 'Hakikat Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya' (2018) è soson Rahayu Surtiati Hidayat, Hanacaraka assallèpon dâri huruf Dewanagari, India. Huruf Hanacaraka jumlana bâḍâ 20, èngghi panèka,  ha, na, ca, ra, ka, da, ta, sa, wa, la, pa, dha, ja, ya, nya, ma, ga, ba, tha, tor nga. Aksara Jhâbâ èkennal kalabân sebbudhân Carakan, sèttong aksara tradisional Indonesia sè kalonta è Polo Jhâbâ. Aksara èangghuy nolès bhâsa Jhâbâ, saterrossa bhuru è ghunaaghi nolès bhâsa laènna akadhi bhâsâ Sunda, Madura, Sasak, tor Melayu, sarta bhâsâ sè talèbât kona akadhi Sanskerta tor Kawi. Aksara Jhâbâ toronan ḍâri aksara Brahmi India lèbât parantara aksara Kawi tor  ta' jhâu ḍâri aksara Bali. Aksara Jawa èangghuy è ḍâlem sastra tor tulisan rè-saarèna masyarakat Jhâbâ molaè abad 15 kantos abad ke-20 sabelunna èghântè kalabân huruf Latin. Aksara Jhâbâ èangghuy è karaton otamana è pusat-pusat budhâjâ jhâbâ akadhi Yogyakarta tor Surakarta. == Pandhuman Nolès Hanacaraka == Metthèk bhuku 'Aksara-aksara di Nusantara sè èsoson Ridwan Maulana (2020), tolèsan aksara Jhâbâ è standarisasi panolèsan èpon è   lokakarya nèng è Sriwedari, Surakarta taon 1926 hasèllèpon Wewaton Sriwedari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berita Hari Ini Terkini |url=https://kumparan.com/channel/news |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}}</ref> Lastarè ghânèka, ngombhâr pandhuman laènna akadhi, Panoelise Temboeng Djawa sareng Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan taon 1956, è Kongres Bahasa Jawa sabbhân taon sè èkabidhi taon 1991. Salaèn ghâpanèka, Pamarènta provinsi Jhâbâ Tengah, Jhâbâ Tèmor, tor Yogyakarta jughân materbhi' pandhuman kaangghuy maakor  atoran tata tulis tor pangajhârân è tello' provinsi kasebbhut. Nangèng sakadhâr èkaonèngè bâḍâ ḍuwâ' sistem tata tulis sè segghut èangghuy èngghi panèka tata tulis Mardikawi (noro' tata tulis aksara Kawi) tor Sriwedari sarta KBJ (èghuna'aghi nèng bhuku-bhuku tor sakola'an). == Carakan Madhurâ == Aksara Jhâbâ è masyarakat Madhurâ è sebbhut Carakan Madhurâ otabâ Carakan Jhâbân (aksara sè asalla dâri Jhâbâ).Hanacaraka è Jhâbâ sabbhân aksara dhâddhi aksara /a/ otabâ /ɔ/, sabhâligghâ è bhâsa Madhurâ abhâkkèlè /a/ otabâ /ɤ/. Carakan Madhurâ dhibi' èngghi panèka aksara ghâjâng (aksara nglegena), aksara rajâ otabâ murdâ (aksara murda), aksara sowara otabâ swara (aksara swara), tor aksara rèka'an (aksara rékan). Bâdhâ jughân pangangghuy (sandhangan) sè aropa pangangguy aksara (sandhangan swara), pangangghuy panyèghek (sandhangan panyigeging wanda), tor pangangghuy panambâ (sandhangan wyanjana). == Sombher == i3zm23ya3o7abbom0lh5vw3tmqofp6m 0 14995 65669 50178 2026-08-14T19:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Infobox orang}} '''Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky''' (bhâsa Rusia: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайкóвский, kadhâddhiyân jhughân èjhârbâ'aghi Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky); Kamsko-Votkinsk, 7 Mei/25 April 1840–St. Petersburg, 6 November/25 Oktober 1893) panèka komposer Rusia jhâman Romantis. Jarèya nolès musik ghâbây bânnya' balèt, akadhi ''Swan Lake'' bân ''The Nutcracker''. Musikka èkennal bân èkasennengi polana karakteristik Rusia, harmoni sè soghi, bân melodi sè bhâghus. Namong, karya-karyana lebbi bârâ dâri komposer Rusia è jhâman jârèya, polana ècamporaghi unsur-unsur manca kalabân melodi ''rakyat nasionalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hume |first=Paul |last2=Abraham |first2=Gerald |date=1946-12 |title=The Music of Tchaikovsky |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/890896 |journal=Notes |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=90 |doi=10.2307/890896 |issn=0027-4380}}</ref> == Kaodi'ân == === Masa ghik keni' === Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky lahèr è Votkinsk, kottah kènè' è kennengngan sè samangkèn èsebbhut Udmurtia, lampatthah provinsi Vyatka è Kekaisaran Rusia. Kalowargana andi' latar bhâkal militer. Ramana, Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, panèka mesinis keturunan Ukraina sè atugas mènangka letnan kolonel è Departemen Pertambangan bân manajer Perusahaan Besi Kamsko-Votkinsk. Mbahna, Petro Fedorovich Chaika, èmigrasi dâri Nikolaevka (semma' Poltava), Ukraina. Embu'na, Alexandra Andreyevna née d'Assier, dâri ketoronan Perancis bân panèka binè katello'na ramana Pyotr. Tchaikovsky andi' empa' tarètan lakè' (Nikolai, Ippolit, bân kembar Anatoly bân Modest), bân ale' bine', Alexandra. èpon jhughân andi' alè' binè', Zinaida, dâri pakabinan ramana sède'-ade'. Tchaikovsky andi' hubungan sè cè' semma'na bân Alexandra bân kembhâr. Anatoly salastarèna mèlè karir, è bâkto Modest dhâddhi dramawan bân panerjemah. Alexandra akabin sareng Lev Davydov bân andi' ana' petto'. Sala sèttong ana'na, Bob, dhâddhi pusat perhatian è jhâman salastarèna komposer.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians |date=2002 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-56159-239-5 |editor-last=Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |edition=2. ed., repr. with minor corr |location=London |editor-last2=Tyrrell |editor-first2=John |editor-last3=Grove |editor-first3=George}}</ref> È taon 1843, polana parkembangan kalowarga, orèng towana Tchaikovsky nyèwa gubernur Perancis, Fanny Dürbach sè aomor 22 taon, sè èjhârbâ'aghi Modest mènangka orèng sè andi' "parenta sè beccè' è bhâsa Perancis bân Jerman, bân moralitas sè nolak Protestanisme." Bâkto Dürbach ngawasèn alè'na Tchaikovsky Nikolai bân sepupuna sè binè', èpon aghâdhui rasa terro onèngah sè tajem ḍâ' parabân ghâpanèka. Penulis biografi Anthony Holden nyatet, "Katerrowanna matarèk kasennengnganna Fanny Dürbach bân aghâbây Fanny Dürbach ajhâr." Kasennengngan bân rasa cinta Dürbach èbhândhingaghi sareng embu'na Tchaikovsky, sè èjhârbâ'aghi Holden mènangka sè cèllep, ta' ramah, bân jhâu dâri kasennengngan fisik. Namong, Alexander Poznansky nolès jhâ' embu'na nyosowèn Tchaikovsky. Tchaikovsky molaè ajhâr piano è omorra 5 taon. Bâ'na cè' ceppetta ajhâr, bisa maca musik sè èghâdhui guruna coma tello taon. Orèng towana cè' sokongnga dâ' bakat musikka, nyadhiyaaghi ghuru, mellè orkestra, bân semangat kaangghuy ajhâr piano. Namong, samangat ghâbây bakat Tchaikovsky toron, bân è taon 1850, rèng-orèng panèka motossaghi kaangghuy ngèrèm Tchaikovsky ka ''Imperial School of Jurisprudence è Saint Petersburg''. Sakola'an panèka fokus kaangghuy nyadhiyaaghi morèd kaangghuy karir mènangka PNS. Polana omorra sè paèng sakonè'na kaangghuy maso' arèya 12 taon, Tchaikovsky èparloaghi maso' ka sakola'an persiapan duwâ' taon sajeunah 1.287 km (800 mil) dâri bengkona. Saellana jârèya, Tchaikovsky nerrossaghi pandidikan pettong taon è Sakola'an Fiqh Kekaisaran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poznanskij |first=Aleksandr Nikolaevič |title=Tchaikovsky's last days: a documentary study |url=https://archive.org/details/tchaikovskyslast0000pozn |date=1996 |publisher=Clarendon press |isbn=978-0-19-816596-5 |location=Oxford}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> n8ny7kjmp6jnxuv4b4a06pqu1ypu7sr 0 15125 65650 50303 2026-08-14T19:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food}} '''Risoles''', otabâ biasana èsebbhut '''risol''' (bhâsa Inggris), panèka [[Pastri|roti]] sè èesse'è [[dhâghing]], biasana [[Daging cincang|dhâghing]] [[Daging cincang|sè ècèccè']], bân [[Ghângan|sayur]] sè èbungkos dâlem telor dhâddâr, bân [[Goreng selam|èghuring]] saellana èlapisi [[Tepung panir|rebusan roti]] bân [[Telur ayam|tèllor]] sè èkocok. Kakanan panèka bisa jhughân èpanggang è dâlem [[oven]], bân èghâbây ''[[hors-d'oeuvre]]'' otabâ ''[[entrée]]'' dhemmang. Rissoles kènè' bisa èghunaaghi mènangka hiasan ghâbây kakanan sè èkaghâbây dâri tok-ketthokka [[unggas]] otabâ [[Sapè|dhâghing]] [[sapè]].<ref name="Larousse">{{cite book |last=Montagné |first=Prosper |title=Larousse gastronomique: the Encyclopedia of Food, Wine & Cookery |url=https://archive.org/details/laroussegastrono0000mont_w7s3 |publisher=Hamlyn |year=1961 |isbn=0-600-02352-4 |location=London |pages= |authorlink= |coauthors=}}</ref> Risoles bisa è èssè'è kalabân [[Daging ayam|dhâghing]] [[Daging ayam|ajâm]], [[Daging sapi|dhâghing]] [[Daging sapi|sapè]], [[jhuko']], [[udang|odâng]], [[jamur kancing|kolat kancèng]], [[wortel]], [[Larbâ|kentang]], otabâ [[Buncis|kacang ijo]]. [[Adonan|Adhunan]] telor dhâddâr èghâbây dâri camporan [[Tepung terigu|tepung gandum]], [[Kuning telur|koning tellor]], [[mentega|menteghâ]] ([[margarin]]), bân [[aèng]] otabâ [[susu]]. Duwâ' macem risoles sè èkennal è [[Inḍonèsia]] panèka risoles kalabân sayur sè ècamporaghi [[dhâghing]] [[tumis]], bân risoles sè èisi ''[[ragout]].'' [[Kue]] panèka abentu' [[persegi panjang]] akadhi [[amplop]]. Risoles [[Segitiga|segi tello']] umumma èisi ''ragout''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Habsari |first=Rinto |title=Snack Gurih Goreng |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |year=2002 |isbn=9-7922-0048-7 |location= |pages=14 |authorlink= |coauthors=}}</ref> Risoles bisah èkakan kalabân ètambâi saos kacang tèpès, saos cabbhi bhutol, otabâ [[Cabai rawit|cabbhi mata mano']]. == Asallah == Risoles, sè èsebbhut ''roinsolles'', molaè èkennal è [[abad ke-13|abad ka-13]]. È bâkto jârèya, kakanan panèka coma [[Panekuk|pancake]] sè èghuring è dâlem bâjân ngangghuy mantègha otabâ [[Lemak sapi|lemak]] [[dhâghing]] sapè/ [[lemak babi|lemak bâbi]]. È perkembangan salastarèna, kakanan panèka èesse'è [[dhâghing]] sè ècèccè'. È dâlem istilah [[Masakan Prancis|kuliner Perancis]], oca' ''rissoler'' artèna ''èbâdâ'aghi coklat''. ''Rissole'' salanjângnga èbungkos è dâlem [[Pastri gelembung|puff pastry]] otabâ sè padâ, biasana èghuring, tapè kadhâddhiyân èpangghâng è dâlem oven. ''Rissoles'' bisa andi' rassa manis bân accèn. Manisna èkaollè kalabân ètabur kalabân gula bubuk bân ètotop kalabân saos buwâ. == Bahan-bahanna == * 500 gram teppong gandum * 2 koning tellor * 2 sendok kakan susu bubuk * 2 sdm teppong tapioka * 2 sendok kakan minyak ghuring * 1/2 sdt ghâram * cèlleng tellor kaangghuy lem risoles * aèng cokop * teppong panir sacokopah * mènya' sacokopah == Sombher == <references /> k99rgbg62tah2ke9048kuky8w3qlgu5 0 15235 65683 55336 2026-08-14T20:12:14Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65683 wikitext text/x-wiki James Clerk Maxwell (13 Junè 1813 – 15 Nopèmber 1879) iyâ arèya fisikawan Skotlandia sè sèttong kalè nolès hokom magnetisme bân kelistrikan dâlem romos matematis. Dâ' taon 1864, èpon abhuktèaghi jhâ' ombâ' elektromagnetik iyâ arèya camporan dâri osilasi mèdan listrik bân magnetik. Maxwell anyataaghi jhâ' cahaya iyâ arèya sala sèttong bhângon radiasi elektromagnetik. Èpon jhughân amokka' pangârtèyân parkara ghuli gas, sarèng anunju'aghi jhâ' lajhu molekul-molekul è dâlem gas tèrgantung dâ'ka suhunya bhâng-sâbhâng. Fisikawan sè asalla dâri Inggris bân tèrkenal, èngghi panèka James Clerk Maxwell nika tèrkenal alèbbhâti formulasi èmpa' ''pernyataan'' sè ajèllasaghi hokom dhâsar listrik bân magnet. Kaḍuwâ' kènnèngan nika sâbèllunna Maxwell lastarèh èsâlidighi lambâ' sarah bân lastarè padâ ètemmoi bâḍâ hubungânna maso kaduwâ'na. Tapè bánnya' hokom listrik bân kemagnetan lastarè ètemmoè bân aèssè kabhândâran ḍâlem sâbâgiyân aspek, sâbèllunna Maxwell, buntèn bâḍâ sèttongnga dâri hokom-hokom ruwa sè iyâ arèya sèttong teori sèrasi. Maxwell anḍi' èmpa' pârlângkabhân hokom sè è romosaghi kalabân rèngkès (tapè andi' bobot tègghi), Maxwell sukses ajèllasaghi tèppa' bân salèng nyambhung antara Medan listrik bân magnet. == Oḍi' == === Kaodi'ân awwâl, 1831–1839 === James Clerk Maxwell rèmbhi' ḍâ' 13 Junè 1831 è 14 India Stree, Edinburgh, ḍâri pasangan John Clerk Maxwell ḍâri Middlebie, sèttong advokat, bân Frances Cay,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shearer |first=Joanna |date=2008-06 |title=Lara Farina, Erotic Discourse and Early English Religious Writing. (The New Middle Ages.) Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 |url=https://doi.org/10.17077/1536-8742.1723 |journal=Medieval Feminist Forum |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=126–129 |doi=10.17077/1536-8742.1723 |issn=1536-8742}}</ref> potrè Robert Hodshon Cay bân trètan bini' Jhon Cay. (Kènnèngânna kalahèrânna  samangkèn anarèma sebuah museom sè èoprasiaghi sarèng James Clerk Maxwell Foundation). Ramana iyâ arèya sèttong lakè' dengan sarana sè tèppa'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laidler |first=Keith J. |title=Energy and the unexpected |url=https://archive.org/details/energyunexpected0000laid |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-852516-5 |edition=1. publ |location=Oxford}}</ref> ḍâri kâluarga Panitera Penicuik, negghu' baronetcy panitera Penicuik. Trètan lakè' ramana iyâ arèya baronet ke-6.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=James Clerk |title=The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell: Volume 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.111848 |date=1890 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-69809-5 |editor-last=Niven |editor-first=W. D. |series=Cambridge library collection. Physical Sciences |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Èpon èlahèraghi mènangka "Jhon Clerk", ètambhâ'aghi "Maxwell" ndi'na lastarèna èpon awarisi (mènangka bâji' ḍâ' taon 1793) kèbbhun  Middlebie, sebuah properti Maxwell è Dumfriesshire.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ringworm|url=https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/3-540-29668-9_2349|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|date=2004|accessdate=2026-01-07|isbn=978-3-540-29668-3|pages=506–506|doi=10.1007/3-540-29668-9_2349|language=en}}</ref> James iyâ arèya sâpopo sèttong ḍâri seniman Jemima Blackburn<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Jemima |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29678 |title=Birds from Moidart and elsewhere / [by] Mrs. Hugh Blackburn. |date=1895 |publisher=David Douglas, |location=Edinburgh :}}</ref> (potrè ḍâri trètan bini' ramana) bân insinyur sipil William Dyce Cay (potra ḍâri trètan lakè' èbhuna) Cay bân Maxwell iyâ arèya kanca akrab bân Cay amapèranaghi mènangka anoro'e bâkto Maxwell akabin.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1927 |title=William Dyce Cay, M.Inst., C.E. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0370164600051828/type/journal_article |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=46 |pages=385–385 |doi=10.1017/S0370164600051828 |issn=0370-1646}}</ref> Orèng seppo Maxwel katèmon bân akabin nalèkana Perpa'na rarowa omorra tello' poloan;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tolstoj |first=Ivan |title=James Clerk Maxwell: a biography |date=1982 |publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-80785-0 |location=Chicago}}</ref> èbhuna omorra parak 40 taon nalèkana Maxwell rèmbhik. Rarowa anḍi' sèttong ana' sabèllunna, potrè asmana Elizabeth, sè sobung omor bhâkto ghi' bèjhi'. Pèrpa'na Maxwell ghi' ngudè, kâloargana ngallè KA Glenlair, è Kirkcudbrightshire, sè la èpajeghâ orèng sepponna è attas perkebunan sè maddhâk ḍâri 1.500 hektar (610 ha). Kabhi indikasi anunju'aghi jhâ' Maxwell la ajâgâ rassa tèrro taoa sè ta' amettengaghi molaè omor kènni'. Dâ' omor tellok taon, sakabbhina sè aghuli, tera', otabâ aghâbây soara lèbur atanya: "napa sè kadèddiyân?" == Sombhèr == <references /> spy8fby0tk7a1s9rqjb7janjlraab4j 0 15256 65663 51298 2026-08-14T19:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} Aksara Lontara sè èkennal jhughân aksara Bugis, aksara Bugis-Makassar-Manḍar, otabâ aksara Lontara Anyar, panèka aksara traḍisional Inḍonesia sè èkembhângaghi è Sulawèsi Lao' bân Bârâ'. Bhâsa panèka èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy nolès bhâsa Bugis, Manḍar, bân Bhâsa Makassar, namong ampon èghuna'aghi jhughân è ḍaerah-ḍaerah laènna sè èpangaro bhâsa Bugis-Makassar, akadhi Bima è Sumbawa Tèmor bân Ende è Flores, kalabân tambâ'ân otabâ obâân.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ann |title=Illuminations: the writing traditions of Indonesia ; featuring manuscripts from the National Library of Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma |last2=McGlynn |first2=John H. |last3=Hardjoprakoso |first3=Mastini |date=1996 |publisher=Weatherhill |others=Perpustakaan Nasional, Lontar Foundation |isbn=978-0-8348-0349-7 |edition=First edition |location=New York, NY}}</ref> Aksara panèka asalla ḍâri aksara Brahmi Inḍia lèbât aksara Kawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macknight |first=Campbell |date=2016-09-15 |title=The Media of Bugis Literacy: A Coda to Pelras |url=https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 |journal=International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies |volume=12 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=53–72 |doi=10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 |issn=1823-6243}}</ref>Aksara Lontara aktif èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy tolèsan bân sastra sabbhân arè è Sulawesi Tèltan paleng sakonè'na molaè abaḍ ka-16 kantos awal abaḍ ke-20, sabellunna èghântè'è sareng aksara latèn. Aksara panèka ghi' èajhâri è Sulawèsi Lao' mènangka bâgiyân ḍâri pangajhârân bhâsa lokal, namong kalabân penerapan sè terbatas è ḍâlem kaoḍi'ân sabbhân arè. Aksara Lontara èngghi panèka sistem tolesan abugiḍa sè kadhâddhiyân ḍâri 23 aksara dhâsar. akadhi aksara Brahmi laènna, bhân-sabbhân konsonan ngajhâri suku kata, kalabân vokal /a/ sè bâḍâ è ḍâlem sè bisa èobâ kalabân ḍiakritik tartanto. Aksara Lontara ètoles ḍâri kacer ka kangan. Sacara traḍisional, ètolès ta' kalabân spasi è antarana oca' (scriptio continua) bân kalabân tandhâ sè sakonè'. Konsonan, otabâ suku kata sè èakhèr konsonan, ta' ètolès è aksara Lontara, dhâddhi teks Lontara ghâpanèka rentan dâ' ambiguitas sè coma bisa èbhândhingaghi ḍâri konteks. == Sajhârâ == Para sarjana umumna parcajâ jhâ' aksara Lontara èghuna'aghi sabellunna Sulawesi Lao' narèma pangaro Islam sè signifikan è sekitar abaḍ ka-16 M, èbâḍâ'aghi ḍâri kanyata'an jhâ' aksara panèka aghuna'aghi sistem abugiḍa Inḍic bânnè aksara Arab sè dhâddhi umum è Sulawesi Lao' è buḍi arè.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macknight |first=Campbell |date=2016-09-15 |title=The Media of Bugis Literacy: A Coda to Pelras |url=https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 |journal=International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies |volume=12 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=53–72 |doi=10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 |issn=1823-6243}}</ref> Aksara panèka asalla ḍâri aksara Brahmi Inḍia lao', kamungkinan èbhâkta ka Sulawesi lèbât aksara Kawi otabâ aksara laènna sè asalla ḍâri aksara Kawi. kapadâ'ân grafis aksara Sumatera Lao', akadhi aksara Rejang bân aksara Lontara, ampon aghâbây pan-bârâmpan para ahli ngusulaghi sambungan antara ḍuwâ' aksara kasebbhut. Teori sè paḍâ jhughân èjhârbâ'aghi sareng Christopher Miller, sè abahâs jhâ' aksara Sumatera Lao', Sulawesi Lao', bân Filipina èkembhângaghi paralel ḍâri pangaro prototipe aksara Gujarat è Inḍia. == Sombher == <references /> m71an7xscjarpo7o8frqjiugsjh11ir 0 15283 65681 50940 2026-08-14T20:10:32Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:Astatine (Element - 85).jpg|jmpl]] '''Astatin''' panèka unsur kimia kalabân simbol '''At''' bân nomer atom 85. Unsur panèka unsur alami sè palèng langka è kerak bhumi, namong bâdâ mènangka hasèl pelorowân ḍâri bânnya' unsur sè lebbi berrâ'. Kabbhi isotop astatin panèka omorra pènḍâ'; sè palèng stabil panèka astatin-210, kalabân omor satengnga 8,1 jhâm. Sampel murni astatin ghi' ta' perna èghâbay, polana spesimen makroskopis bhâkal ceppet è'uapaghi polana panas radioaktivitasna ḍhibi'. == Sèfat Astatin == Astatin panèka unsur sè cè' radioaktifna; kabbhi isotopna anḍi' omor satengnga 8,1 jhâm otabâ korang, loro dâ' isotop astatin laènna, bismut, polonium, otabâ radon. Kabânnya'an isotopna cè' ta' stabilna, kalabân omor satengnga sèttong detik otabâ korang. ḍâri 101 unsur pertama è tabel perioḍik, namong francium sè korang stabil, bân kabbhi isotop astatin lebbi stabil dâri francium, namong, sintetis bân ta' ètemmoè è alam.<ref>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"]''Nuclear Physics A'', '''729''': 3–128, Bibcode" [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A 2003NuPhA.729....3A]. doi: [[doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001|10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001]]</ref> Sifat sabâgiyân bânnya' astatine ghi' ta' èkennal kalabân teppa'.<ref name="MoreAtIC">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC |title=Holleman-Wiberg: Inorganic Chemistry |publisher=Academic Press |others=Terjemahan edisi Jerman ke-101 oleh M. Eagleson dan W. D. Brewer, editor bahasa Inggris B. J. Aylett |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-12-352651-9 |editor-last1=Wiberg |editor-first1=N. |page=423}}</ref> Pânelitian èbâtessi sareng omor satengnga sè panḍâ', sè nyegghâ bâḍâna oso' sè bisa ètèmbhâng. <ref name="MoreAtIC" /> Sakerra' astatin sè èkaton bhâkal ghâmpang è'uapaghi ḍhibi' polana panas sè èhasilaghi sareng radioaktivitas sè terros bâḍâ. ghi' koḍhu èkaton manabi kalabân cèllep sè cokop, oso' astatin makroskopis bisa èsèmpen mènangka film tipis. <ref name="Hermann">{{cite journal |last1=Hermann |first1=A. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=R. |last3=Ashcroft |first3=N. W. |year=2013 |title=Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=111 |issue=11 |pages=116404-1–116404-5 |bibcode=2013PhRvL.111k6404H |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404 |pmid=24074111}}</ref> Astatin biasana èklasifikasiaghi mènangka nonlogam otabâ metaloid; <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kotz |first1=J. C. |title=Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781111427009 |last2=Treichel |first2=P. M. |last3=Townsend |first3=J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8400-4828-8 |edition=8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781111427009/page/65 65]}}</ref> <ref name="Jahn2010">{{cite book |last=Jahn |first=T. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayGhnf3A-L0C |title=MIPS and Their Role in the Exchange of Metalloids |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-6314-7 |volume=679 |page=41}}</ref> bentu'na logam jhughân ampon èkèra'aghi. <ref name="Hermann" /> <ref>{{cite book |last1=Siekierski |first1=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1I8sByjBONoC&pg=PA3 |title=Concise Chemistry of the Elements |last2=Burgess |first2=J. |publisher=Horwood |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-898563-71-6 |pages=65, 122}}</ref> == Sombher == 03plbhsd86ml7le40chq823yict0y6e 0 15384 65691 51226 2026-08-15T05:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 65691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Universitas | name = '''UIN Palangka Raya''' | native_name = | image_name = [[Berkas:Logo IAIN Palangka Raya.jpeg|250px]] | image_size = 200px | caption = Lambang Resmi IAIN Palangka Raya | motto = Terdepan, Unggul, Terpercaya dan Berkarakter | established = 21 Maret 1997 <br/> 17 Oktober 2014 (Paaobâ'`an ḍâri STAIN dhâddhi IAIN) | type = [[Perguruan tinggi Islam negeri è Inḍonèsia]] | affiliation = [[Islam]] | parent = [[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]] | calendar = | endowment = | head_label = Rektor | head = Ahmad Dakhoir | faculty = | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | divinity = | profess = | city = [[Palangka Raya]], [[Kalimantan Tengnga]] | country = {{naghârâ|Inḍonèsia}} [[Inḍonèsia]] | address = Jl. G.Obos Komplek Islamic Center | telephone = Telepon: 0536-3239447 <br /> Fax: 0536-3222105 | affiliations = | nobel_laureates = | website = {{url|https://uin-palangkaraya.ac.id/}} }} '''Universitas Islam Negeri''' (UIN) Palangka Raya otabâ UIN Palangka Raya, sabelluma anyama IAIN Palangka Raya, panèka Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam è Palangka Raya, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengnga, Inḍonèsia. UIN Palangka Raya èpaddhek kalabân dhâsar Kapotosan Prèsidèn Nomor 11 tangghâl 21 Maret 1997, abhâreng sareng tangghâl 12 Dzulqaidah 1417 H.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035301/http://staincurup.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kepres-Pendirian-STAIN-No-11-Th-1997.pdf Salènan arsip]" (PDF). Èyarsip ḍâri aslina tangghâl 1 Ḍèsèmber 2017. Èyaksès tangghâl 28 Ḍèsèmber 2025. </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=redaksikalteng.co |date=2021-03-29 |title=IAIN Palangka Raya Memenuhi Syarat Diajukan Jadi UIN |url=https://kalteng.co/pendidikan/iain-palangka-raya-memenuhi-syarat-diajukan-jadi-uin/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Kalteng.co - Selalu Update & Menginspirasi |language=id |archive-date=2025-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217040833/https://kalteng.co/pendidikan/iain-palangka-raya-memenuhi-syarat-diajukan-jadi-uin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sajhârâ == Sajhârâ awwâl IAIN Palangka Raya èmolaè kalabân lembaga sè èsebbhut Fakultas Tarbiyah Al-Jami'ah Palangka Raya, sè èresmiyaghi sareng Rektor IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin, H. Mastur Jahri, MA è taon 1972. Fakultas ka'ḍinto èpaddhek ka'angghuy kabhutowan ghuru aghâma Islam è Kalimantan Tengnga. Tangghâl 13 Nopèmber 1975, fakultas ka’ḍinto ngaollè status terdaftar kalabân dhâsar sorat kapotosan Dirjen Binbaga Islam Depag RI Nomor: Kep/D.V218/1975. Saterrossa, kalabân dhâsar Kapotosan Prèsiḍèn RI Nomer 9 taon 1988 sareng Kapotosan Menteri Keagamaan RI tangghâl 9 Juli 1988, Fakultas Tarbiyah Al-Jami'ah Palangka Raya dhâddhi Fakultas Negeri Tarbiyah sè aropa'aghi bâgiyân ḍâri Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Antasarih Banjarmasin. Saterrossa ka'angghuy langkong mamajhuwaghi lembaga pendidikan Islam ka’ḍinto, kalabân dhâsar Kapotosan Prèsiḍèn RI Nomer 11 taon 1997 sareng Kapotosan Menteri Keagamaan RI Nomer 301 taon 1997, Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Antasari Palangka Raya aobâ statussa dhâddhi Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Palangka Raya. Obâ'ân status panèka abherri' kasempadhân ghâbây lembaga ka'angghuy alaksana'aghi manajemen dhibi', ngèmbangaghi lembaga, departemen bân program jurusân menorot kabhutowan bân parkembhângan jhâman. Pangobâ'ân dhâddhi IAIN Palanka Raya ètandhâi kalabân tandatangan Paratoran Prèsiḍèn RI Nomer 144 taon 2014 tentang '''Perubahan Status Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri''' Palangka Raya dhâddhi Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palangka Raya ḍâri Prèsiḍèn Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014) è arè Juma'at, 17 Oktober 2014 otabâ 3 arè sabellumma pamgallèyan kakobâsa'an ḍâ' Prèsiḍèn anyar sè ampon èpèlè, Joko Widodo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826151955/http://hkln.kemenag.go.id/download.php?id=718 Salènan arsip]" (PDF). Èyarsip ḍâri aslina tangghâl 26 Agustus 2016. Èyaksès tangghâl 28 Ḍèsèmber 2025.</ref> == Ḍaftar Rektor == * M. Imran Yusuf (1972-1977, Pjs. Dekan) * Soeparman (1977-1984, Pjs. Dekan) * M. Husein (1984-1988, Dekan) * Syamsir Salam (1988-1997, Dekan) (1997, Pjs. Katowa) * Mardjudi (1997-2000, Pjs. Katowa) * Ahmad Syar'i (2000-2004 & 2004-2008, Katowa) * Khairil Anwar (2008-2012, Katowa) * Ibnu Elmi AS Pelu (2012-2014, Katowa) (2014-2019, Rektor) * Khairil Anwar (2019-2023, Rektor) * Ahmad Dakhoir (2023-Samangkèn, Rektor) == Fakultas == === Fakultas Tarbiyah bân Pelatihan Guru === * Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam * Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Arab * Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris * Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi * Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika * Program Studi Manajemen Pendidikan Islam * Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Dasar * Program Studi Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini * Program Pendidikan Profesional Guru (PPG) == Sombher == 2t9ubnndyu6g6pi9w39jerx2205xsux 0 15968 65645 53249 2026-08-14T19:40:49Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Pablo Neruda 1963.jpg|180px|jmpl|Pablo Neruda sebagai kandidat Presiden pada tahun [[1970]].]] '''Pablo Neruda''' (12 Juli 1904 – Tangghâl 23 Sèptember 1973) panèka nyama samaran dâri sastrawan Chili Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto. Neruda, sè èangghep sala sèttong panyair [[bhâsa Spanyol]] sè palèng kasohor è abad ke-20, panèka sastrawan sè produktif. Tolèsanna èmolaè dâri puisi cinta èrotis, puisi surealis, èpik sâjarah, bân puisi politik, kantos puisi sè akaitan kalabân subjek-subjek sederhana akadhi alam bân tasè'. Novèlis Kolombia Gabriel García Márquez nyebbut salèrana "penyair palèng kasohor abad ka-20 è dâlem bhâsa ponapa bisaos." È taon 1971, Neruda èberri'i Hadiah Nobel Sastra. È bâkto ghi' odi', Neruda èkennal polana kaparcajâ'ân politikka. Salèrana mènangka komunis sè jhujhur, salèrana alako sakejja' mènangka senator ghâbây [[Partai Komunis Chili]] è Kongres Chili sabellunna èpaksa ngasingaghi abâ'na.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feinstein |first=Adam |title=Pablo Neruda: a passion for life |url=https://archive.org/details/pablonerudapassi0000fein |date=2004 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-58234-410-2 |location=New York}}</ref> Nyama samaran Neruda èkala' dâri nyamana sastrawan bân penyair [[Ceko]], [[Jan Neruda]]; panèka ahèraa molaè dhâddhi nyama resmina. == Kaodi'ân == === Taon-taon ngadâ' === Neruda lahèr è [[Parral, Chili|Parral]], kottah sè bâdâ 300 orèng km è lao'na Santiago. Ramana, José del Carmen Reyes Morales, panèka karyawan seppur; ebuna, Rosa Neftalí Basoalto Opazo, panèka ghuru sakola'an sè matè duwâ' bulân saamponna alahèrraghi. Neruda bân ramana dhuli apinda ka Temuco, è dissa' ramana akabin bân Trinidad Candia Malverde, bhâbinè' sè la ngalahèrragi pottra lakè', Rodolfo, sangang taon sabellunna. Neruda jhughân èparajâ kalabân alè' kabellunah, Laura, sala sèttong ana'na ramana dâri bâbinè' laèn. Neruda sè ghi' ngodâ èsebbhut "Neftalí," nyamana almarhumah embu'na. Ramana nolak dâ' minatna ka tolesan bân sastra, namong salèrana narèma dorongan dâri orèng laèn, è antarana Gabriela Mistral sè bhâkal dhâddhi pemenang Hadiah Nobel, sè è bâkto jârèya kepala sakola'an paraban lokal. Karya sè partama sè èterbitaghi panèka ghâbây koran lokal, ''La Mañana'', è omor 13 taon: ''Entusiasmo y perseverancia'' ("Semangat bân Kegigihan"). È taon 1920, bâkto salèrana ngadopsi nyama samaran Pablo Neruda, salèrana ampon nerbitaghi bânnya' è dâlem puisi, prosa, bân jurnalistik. === ''Veinte poemas'' === Taon salastarèna (1921), salèrana apinda ka [[Santiago, Chili|Santiago]] kaangghuy ajhâr [[Bhâsa Prancis|bhâsa Perancis]] è Universidad de Chile kalabân maksod dhâddhi ghuru, namong salèrana ta' abit dâri genikah ngabdiaghi bâktona kaangghuy nolès puisi. È taon 1923 koleksi puisi pertamana, ''Crepusculario'' ("The Twilight Book"), èterbitaghi, bân taon salastarèna ''Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada'' ("Dupolo Puisi Cinta bân Lagu Keputusasaan"), koleksi puisi cinta sè kontroversial polana sifat erotisna. Kaduwâ' karya panèka èghâdhui pujian bân èterjemahaghi dâ' bânnya' bhâsa. È dâlem pan-bârâmpan taon salastarèna, ''puisi Veinte'' pajuh jutaan eksemplar bân dhâddhi karya Neruda sè palèng kasohor. == Sombher == <references /> shlqfyq6fg8y4qqaf30spkqbw7zu34q 0 15991 65649 53405 2026-08-14T19:43:28Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina''' (antara 3 Fèbruari 1525 bân 2 Fèbruari 1526 – 2 Fèbruari 1594)<ref>{{Citation|title=Palestrina [Prenestino, etc.], Giovanni Pierluigi da|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/documentID/omo-9781561592630-e-0000020749|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001|accessdate=2026-01-02|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20749. isbn 978-1-56159-263-0.|language=en|first=Lewis|last=Lockwood|first2=Noel|last2=O’Regan|first3=Jessie Ann|last3=Owens}}</ref> panèka komposer Italia dâri musik Renaisans akhir. Perwakilan pusat dâri Sakola'an Romawi, kalabân [[Orlande de Lassus]] bân [[Tomás Luis de Victoria]], Palestrina èangghep mènangka komposer terkemuka è Eropa akhir abad ka-16.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |author-link=Christoph Wolff |title=Bach: Essays on his Life and Music |url=https://archive.org/details/bachessaysonhisl0000wolf |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-674-05926-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bachessaysonhisl0000wolf/page/84 84]}}</ref> Palestrina panèka sala sèttong dâri sakonè' komposer Renaisans sè ta' toman èkaloppaè, namong panèka sè èsebbhut "gaya Palestrin" dâri ''counterpoint''—khusussa sè èkodifikasi sareng [[Johann Joseph Fux]] —bânnè komposisi individuna sè aghâdhui pangaro sè palèng rajâ.<ref name=":0" /> Lahèr è kottah Palestrina è naghârâ-naghârâ Kepausan, Palestrina apinda ka Roma è bâkto ghi' kènè' bân ngajhâri pangajhârân musik è dissa'. È taon 1551, [[Pope Julius III|Paus Julius III]] ngangka' salèrana dhâddhi ''maestro di cappella'' dâri [[Cappella Giulia]] è St. Peter's Basilica. Salèrana ambu dâri jabatan panèka empa' taon saellana, ta' bisa nerrossaghi mènangka orèng awam è bâbâna kepausan [[Pope Paul IV|Paulus IV]], bân aghâdhui jabatan sè padâ è St. John Lateran bân [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] è dâlem dekade salastarèna. Palestrina abâli ka Cappella Giulia è taon 1571 bân pagghun è St Peter's kantos seda è taon 1594. Otamana èkennal polana massa bân motet-na, sè bâng-sèbângna ajumla lebbi dâri 105 bân 250,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Pierluigi-da-Palestrina |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Palestrina andi' pangaro sè abit dâ' perkembangan musik gereja bân sekuler è Eropa, khusussa dâ' perkembangan ''counterpoint''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roche |first=Jerome |title=Palestrina |url=https://archive.org/details/palestrina0000roch |date=1971 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-314117-9 |series=Oxford studies of composers |location=London ; New York}}</ref> Metorot ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', Palestrina "keberhasilan è dâlem abâdâaghi tojjuwân fungsional bân estetika musik gereja Katolik è periode pasca-Tridentine aghâbây salèrana èkennal kalabân reputasi sè langgheng mènangka komposer Katolik ideal, bân jhughân aberri' gayana (otabâ, lebbi teppa'na, pamangghi sè selektif generasi salastarèna dâ abâ'na) mènangka model prestasi sè samporna." == Sombher == <references /> m83c5m4g5w5w8wru7avs0xzphw22kid 0 16028 65688 53336 2026-08-15T04:26:50Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 65688 wikitext text/x-wiki Rigoberta Menchú Tum panèka aktivis HAM Guatemala sè èkennal bân pendukung HAM pribumi keturunan K'iche' Maya, sè sowarana kalowar dâri sala sèttong konflik sè palèng brutal è Amerika Latin è abad ke-20. Bâ'na ollè pangakuan internasional lèbât kesaksianna tentang kekerasan naghara, genosida terhadap masyarakat adat, bân penindasan struktural è bâkto Perang Saudara Guatemala (1960-1996)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Peace Prize 1992 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/tum/biographical/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref>. Kalabân advokasi non-kekerasan, pendidikan HAM, bân diplomasi internasional, Menchú aghâbây masalah hak-hak pribumi, keadilan sosial, bân rekonsiliasi etno-budaya ka panggung global. Penghargaan Nobel Perdamaian 1992 ènyataaghi peranna bânnè namong mènangka saksi sejarah namong mènangka simbol perlawanan pribumi è bâbâna kolonialisme, rasisme, bân impunitas naghara. Karjâna mènangka tandha èpabhâjheng wacana HAM global kaangghuy mamaso' perspektif orèng-orèng adat sè èpinggiraghi sacara tradisional. [[Bhengkek:RIGOBERTA MENCHU PREMIO ODENBRECHT (15846108362).jpg|jmpl|Rigoberta Menchú Tum]] == Kaodi'en == Rigoberta Menchú Tum lahir è tanggal 9 Januari 1959, è Laj Chimel, komunitas pribumi K’iche’ è wilayah pagunongan Guatemala. Bâ'na asalla dâri kalowarga tani sè mèskèn sè alakoh mènangka buruh musiman è perkebunan kopi, sistem ekonomi sè nyaba' orèng pribumi dâlem kabâdâ'an eksploitasi struktural. molaè ghi' kènè', Menchú ngalami langsung diskriminasi ras, kemiskinan ekstrim, bân ketidakadilan agraris sè èalami masyarakat adat<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remer |first=Ashley |date=2021-03-26 |title=Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Guatemalan activist |url=https://www.girlmuseum.org/rigoberta-menchu-tum-guatemalan-activist/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Girl Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212184246/https://www.girlmuseum.org/rigoberta-menchu-tum-guatemalan-activist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Bâkto Perang Saudara Guatemala èmolaè è taon 1960, kekerasan naghara ḍâ' orèng pribumi sajân èpaè'. Militerisasi è dhisa, perebutan tana, bân stigmatisasi politik aghâbây masyarakat K'iche' èbâwah tekanan sè ros-terrosan. Pangalaman-pangalaman panèka mabâdâhaghi kasadaran politik Menchú molaè ghi' ngodâ bân mabâdâhaghi pemahaman jhâ' penindasan etnis bân ekonomi ta' bisa èpèsah. Ben È bâkto ghi' ngodâ bân ghi' kènè', Menchú aktif terlibat è Front Populer 31 Januari, organisasi akar rumput sè fokus dâ' pendidikan politik, hak-hak tana, bân perlawanan sipil masyarakat adat è bâbâna penindasan militer. Aktivismena èfokusaghi kaangghuy mabâli petani pribumi lèbât kasadaran hukum, identitas budaya, bân solidaritas kolektif, bânnè perjuangan bersenjata<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rigoberta Menchú Tum |url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/person/rigoberta-menchu-tum/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Robert & Ethel Kennedy Human Rights Center |language=en-US}}</ref>. Namong, keterlibatan panèka aghâdhui akibat sè para'. Ra-kèra omor 21 taon, Menchú ngalami serangkaian tragedi keluarga tamaso' pembunuhan anggota keluarga sareng pasukan negara sè ècerminaghi pola kekerasan sistematis ghâbây aktivis bân masyarakat pribumi. Ancaman langsung ghâbây kaamananna mamaksa èpon èbuwang ka Meksiko, è dhissa' èpon nerrossaghi perjuanganna è internasional. È pengasingan, Menchú sala sèttong sè maddek Perwakilan Bersatu Oposisi Guatemala, èpabhâjheng advokasi è sabâbhân dunnya kalabân aghâdhui kesaksian korban mènangka alat politik. molaè jârèya, sowarana èkennal sacara luas mènangka perwakilan dâri kasossa'an bân perlawanan orèng pribumi Guatemala. == Karyanah == Karya Rigoberta Menchú sè palèng berpengaruh panèka buku, "Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala" (1983), èbâdâ'aghi dâri wawancara sè èjhârbâ'aghi sareng antropolog Elisabeth Burgos-Debray. Buku panèka bhunten otobiografi konvensional, namong kesaksian kolektif, sè aberri' sowara dâ' pangalaman kekerasan, penindasan, bân perlawanan orèng pribumi Guatemala è bâkto perrang saudara<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rigoberta Menchú Tum Guatemala |url=https://www.nobelwomensinitiative.org/rigobertamenchutum |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Nobel Women's Initiative |language=en}}</ref>. Èterjemahaghi dâ' bânnya' bhâsa, ampon dhâddhi referensi poko' è dâlem pangajharan HAM, etnografi politik, bân sejarah Amerika Latin, sè aghâbây masalah masyarakat adat Guatemala ka panggung internasional. Maske ampon madhateng perdebatan akademis è attas rincian faktual, nilai politik bân moral dâri kesaksian Menchú pagghun èkennal sacara luas mènangka representasi dâri penderitaan struktural masyarakat adat. Salaèn tolesanna, Menchú nerrossaghi lalakonna advokasi lèbât organisasi internasional. Bâ'na aktif è Nobel Women's Initiative, sè fokus dâ' HAM, keadilan sosial, bân feminisme lintas budaya, bân advokasi ghâbây hak-hak pribumi è forum-forum global. == Sombher == <references /> fdism40g4wwvuap1gtp1yuahiq57pzu 0 16062 65646 53469 2026-08-14T19:41:10Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bahasa |name = Napu |nativename = Pekurehua |states =* {{flag|Indonesia}} ---- |region =* {{flag|Sulawesi Tengah}} |speakers = 6.100 (2007 SIL)<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/npy |title=Napu |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=19 Desember 2015}}</ref> |familycolor = Austronesian |fam1 = [[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] |fam2 = [[Rumpun bahasa Celebik|Celebik]] |fam3 = [[Rumpun bahasa Kaili-Pamona|Kaili-Pamona]] |fam4 = [[Rumpun bahasa Pamona|Pamona]] |fam5 = [[Rumpun bahasa Pamona Utara|Pamona Utara]] |fam6 = [[Rumpun bahasa Badaik|Badaik]] |script = [[Aksara Latin|Latin]] |iso1 = - |iso2 = - |iso3 = npy }} '''Bhâsa Napu''' (Bhâsa Inggris: ''Napu language'') otabâ bhâsa Pekurehua, panèka [[Bahasa daerah|bhâsa daerah]] sè èghunaaghi è wilayah Lore Lao', Kabhupaten Poso, Sulawesi Tengnga.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.14203/press.346 |title=Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Sastra: Pembentukan Karakter Bangsa Melalui Bahasa dan Sastra pada Era Milenial |date=2021-04 |publisher=LIPI Press |isbn=978-623-307-133-8 |editor-last=Sunendar |editor-first=Dadang |editor-last2=Djamari |editor-first2=Djamari |editor-last3=Sriyanto |editor-first3=Sriyanto |editor-last4=Septiningsing |editor-first4=Lustani}}</ref> Bhâsa panèka èdominasi è wilayah Lembah Napu bân èghunaaghi sareng orèng Napu. Bâdâ ra-kèra 6.100 orèng sè aghunaaghi bhâsa panèka è taon 2000 mètorot Ethnologue.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970 |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |edition=1. publ. in paperback |location=London}}</ref> Bhâsa panèka tamaso' dâ' golongan Badaik, asareng [[Bahasa Besoa|bhâsa Besoa]] bân [[Bahasa Bada|Bada]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruddyanto |first=Caesarius |last2=Sneddon |first2=James N. |date=1994-03 |title=Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/416782 |journal=Language |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=217 |doi=10.2307/416782 |issn=0097-8507}}</ref> Dâri sudut pandang leksikostatistik mornih, Napu, Behoa, bân Bada bisa èangghep mènangka dialek dâri sèttong bhâsa. Namong, sacara ''geografis'' bân ''sosiolinguistik'' rèng-orèng panèka bhidhâ-bhidhâ, bân è attas dhâsar panèka tello' panèka èangghep mènangka bhâsa sè tapèsa. == Carana ngangghuy == [[Bhâsa Inḍonèsia|Bhâsa Indonèsia]] bân Bhâsa Napu bhân-sabbhân andi ''<nowiki/>' domain'' pangangghuyân beng-sèbeng. Bhâsa Inḍonèsia èghunaaghi è upacara-upacara pamarèntaan, è sakola'an, tor abhânta sareng orèng lowar. Napu umumma èghunaaghi è antarana orèng Napu è kennengngan sè ta' resmi akadhi è roma otabâ è sabâ. Na’-kana’ Napu umumma ngangguy Napu mon amaèn abhereng. Bâdâ orèng tuwah Napu sè aghunaaghi bhâsa Inḍonèsia sareng ana'na kaangghuy nyiap'aghi ana'na kaangghuy asakola. È dâlem kabhâktèyan gereja bân upacara tradisional, bhâsa Napu bân bhâsa Indonesia èghunaaghi. Orèng Napu sè ella akabin sareng penutur bhâsa laèn bhâkal ngangghuy bhâsa camporan Napu, bhâsa Inḍonèsia, bân bhâsa èbhuna pasanganna.<ref name="SULANG1">{{Cite web |title=The Napu Language |url=http://sulang.org/languages/napu |access-date=27 Mei 2017 |website=Sulawesi Language Alliance}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> 5h15romx4z9yf8zqwh7b95n9exxgw59 0 16091 65654 54029 2026-08-14T19:48:58Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65654 wikitext text/x-wiki Songkèt otabâ sungkit<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCP . Texts available         |url=https://mcp.anu.edu.au/Q/texts.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=mcp.anu.edu.au}}</ref> panèka jènis tennon tradisional Indonèsia sè asalla ḍâri Sumatra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/gorga/article/download/13585/11452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209125645/https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/gorga/article/download/13585/11452 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=jurnal.unimed.ac.id |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Susan |title=Gold cloths of Sumatra: Indonesia's songkets from ceremony to commodity |url=https://archive.org/details/goldclothsofsuma0000rodg |last2=Summerfield |first2=Anne |last3=Summerfield |first3=John |date=2007 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-90-6718-312-3 |location=Leiden}}</ref> Songkèt tamaso' dâlem kalowarga tennon brokat. Songkèt ètennon kalabân tanang ngangghuy bennang emmas bân pèrak. Bênang logâm mètalik sè ètennon è dâlem kaèn madhâddhi ropa sè akallèp nyonnar. Bhâhan kaèn sè biyasana èyangghuy aghâbây Songkèt èngghi panèka sotra, katon, bân katon sotra. Songkèt sègghut èhubungaghi bân Karajhâ'ân Sriwijaya mènangka kennengngan molaè awwâlla tradisi songkèt bâḍâ,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgu6c4qZMkYC&q=srivijaya&pg=PA47 |title=Gold Cloths of Sumatra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023133941/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgu6c4qZMkYC&q=srivijaya&pg=PA47 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |access-date=2026-01-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pan-berâmpan jènis Songkèt sè kalonta pun ta' lèppas ḍâri kennengngan sè pânang bâḍâ è bâbâna kakuwasana Sriwijaya, sala sèttong kennengngan sè palèng kowat sè jhughân èparcajhâ dhâddhi ibu kota Karajhâ'ân Sriwijaya è jhâman lambâ' èngghi panèka Palèmbang, sè bâḍâ è Sumatra Lao'. Salaènna Palèmbang, pan-berâmpan daèra è Sumatra jhughân dhâddhi kennengngan sè maḍâteng Songkèt palèng bhâghus è dâlem kèlassa, èngghi panèka daèra-daèra è Minangkabau otabâ Sumatra Bârâ' akadhi Pandai Sikek, Silungkang, Kottha Gadang, bân Padang. È lowarra Sumatra, kaèn songkèt jhughân èkâghâbây bi' daèra-daèra akadhi Bhâli, Lombok, Sambas, Sumba, Makassar, Sulawèsi, bân daèra-daèra laènna è Indonèsia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menapak jejak songket Minangkabau {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/948427777 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> Polana faktor sejarah kakowasaan Karajhâ'ân Sriwijaya, dhâghângan, bân akabhin camporan, Songkèt jhughân dhâddhi kalonta è wilayah tasè' Asia Tenggara otamana è naghârâ-naghârâ sâkitar Indonèsia akadhi Brunèi, Malaysia, bân Singapura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Susan |title=Gold cloths of Sumatra: Indonesia's songkets from ceremony to commodity |url=https://archive.org/details/goldclothsofsuma0000rodg |last2=Summerfield |first2=Anne |last3=Summerfield |first3=John |date=2007 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-90-6718-312-3 |location=Leiden}}</ref> == Sombher == lbag5setmz5lcyvey2uf4dp9xpb4py3 0 16169 65658 55187 2026-08-14T19:52:08Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65658 wikitext text/x-wiki Canḍhi Kalasan otabâ Canḍhi Kalibening<ref name="Wendoris">{{cite book|last=Wendoris|first=T.|title=Mengenal Candi-candi Nusantara|year=|publisher=Pustaka Widyatama|location=|id=ISBN 979-610-236-6}}</ref> (bhâsa Jhâbâ: ꦕꦟ꧀ꦝꦶꦏꦭꦱꦤ꧀, translit. ''Caṇḍhi Kalasan'') panèka sèttong Cagar Buḍhâjhâ sè ègholongaghi mènangka canḍhi ommat Buddha. Canḍhi panèka bâḍâ è Dhisa Tirtomartani, Kacamadhân Kalasan, Kabuphatèn Sleman, Dairah Istimèwa Yogyakarta, Inḍonèsia. Canḍhi panèka ghâḍhuwân 52 stupa bân bâḍâ è bâgiyân lao' lorong rajâ antârana Surakarta bân Jogja, sarta ra-kèra 2 km dâri Canḍhi Prambanan. Pèrtamana dhimèn namong Canḍhi Kalasan panèka sè ètemmo è daèra situs panèka, nangèng sâmarèna èghâli lebbi dâlem, pas ètemmo lebbi bânnyâ' polè bhângonan-bhângonan sè adukung è sakitarra canḍhi panèka. Selaèn Canḍhi Kalasan bân bhângonan-bhângonan sè adukung laènna, bâḍâ kèya tèllo' canḍhi kènè' è lowarra bhângonan canḍhi otama, sè bhentu'na aropa stupa. Mènorot prasasti Kalasan sè mabi angka taon 778 sè ètemmo ta' jhâu dâri canḍhi panèka, èsebbhuttaghi parkara pambhângonân bhângonan soccè kaangghuy ngormadhi Bodhisattva bini', iyâ arèya Tarabhawana sarta sèttong vihara kaghâbây para pandhita.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soekmono |first=R. |title=The Javanese Candi: function and meaning |date=1995 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10215-6 |series=Studies in Asian art and archaeology |location=Leiden ; New York}}</ref> Pangoasa sè marènta pambângonân canḍhi panèka anyama Maharaja Tejapurnapana Panangkaran (Rakai Panangkaran) dâri kalowarga Syailendra. Sâmarèna èbhânḍingaghi dâri ''manuskrip'' è prasasti Kelurak, ''tokoh'' panèka bisa èkaonèngè mènangka Dharanindra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muljana |first=Slamet |title=Sriwijaya |date=2006 |publisher=LKiS Distribusi, LKiS Pelangi Aksara |isbn=978-979-8451-62-1 |edition=Cet. 2 |location=Yogyakarta}}</ref> otabâ kalabân prasasti Nalanda panèka ramana Samaragrawira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Zaman kuno |date=2008 |publisher=Balai Pustaka |isbn=978-979-407-408-4 |editor-last=Poesponegoro |editor-first=Marwati Djoened |edition=Cet. 2., ed. pemutakhiran |series=Sejarah nasional Indonesia / editor, Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro ... [et al.] |location=Jakarta}}</ref> Saèngghâ canḍhi panèka bisa dhaddhi bhuktè bâḍâna Wangsa Syailendra.<ref name="Coomaraswamy">{{cite book|last=Coomaraswamy|first=A.K.|title=History of Indian and Indonesian Art|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindiani0000coom|year=2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=|id=ISBN 0-7661-5801-2}}</ref> == Pranala Lowar == * {{id}} [http://www.jogjatrip.com/id Panduan pariwisata Yogyakarta dan sekitarnya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609020059/http://jogjatrip.com/id |date=2018-06-09 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://sobatjogja.com/candi-kalasan-wisata-jogja-yang-penuh-kisah-kedamaian/ Canḍhi Kalasan, wisata Jogja yang penuh kisah kedamaian] == Sombher == 41r6nf6vubsctdctifaqszi4ov8fbyd 0 16285 65653 55987 2026-08-14T19:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Wasyid bin Muhammad Abbas''' (lahèr kalabân nyamana '''Qosyid''') otabâ lebbi èkennal kalabân nyama '''Ki Wasyid''' panèka pejuang sè mimpèn [[Geger Cilegon 1888|Perang Cilegon]] è tangghâl 9 Juli 1888 kantos sèdhâ è medan perrang è tangghâl 30 Juli [[1888]] è Banten. È dâlem praktèkka, gerakan Ki Wasyid è perrang bânnya' èpangarowè bi' pekkeranna guru-guruna: [[Nawawi al-Bantani]] bân Abdul Karim al-Bantani, mursyid dâri Ordo ''Qodiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah''. È dâlem perjuanganna, salèrana andi' katerrangan bân kamampoan strategis, akadhi carana ngalakonè komunikasi politik sareng para sarjana, ''jawara'', bân para pejuang laènna è Banten bân è lowar Banten kaangghuy noro' perrang alabân penjajah [[Bâlândhâ]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darmadi |first=Dadi |date=2015-07-08 |title=The Geger Banten of 1888: An Anthropological Perspective of 19th Century Millenarianism in Indonesia |url=https://jurnallektur.kemenag.go.id/index.php/heritage/article/view/62/93 |journal=Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |issn=2442-9031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020081004/https://jurnallektur.kemenag.go.id/index.php/heritage/article/view/62/93 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |access-date=2026-01-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Biografi == === Kaodi'ân awwal === Ki Wasyid èlahèrraghi è taon 1843 è dhisa Delingseng, Ciwandan, Cilegon, [[Banten]]. Salèrana lahèr menangka pottra tong-settongnga dâri [[Kèyaè|Kiai]] Muhammad Abbas bân Nyai Johariah. Èbâdhi dâri silsilah, ramana panèka toronanna ulama aghung è bâkto pamarènta'an Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin, èngghi panèka Syekh Muhammad Sholeh (Syekh Gunung Santri), sè aropa'aghi toronanna [[Sunan Ampèl|Sunan Ampel]] dâri sisi èbhuna. Silsilah nasabbâ èngghi panèka: [[Syekh Muhammad Sholeh]] bin Syarif Abdurrahman akabin sareng Siti Muthmainnah binti R. Ahmad Rahmatullah (Sunan Ampel). Samentara dâri embu’na, silsilah ghâpanèka ghi’ nyambhung dâ’ Prabu Pucuk Umun, sè perna dhâddi rato è kâraja’an Pajajaran kalabân pusat pamarènta’an è Banten Girang/Banten Lama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Annisa |first=Muchyi |date=2022-11-15 |title=MODEL MANAJERIAL DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN BERBASIS STIFIN DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU PENDIDIKAN (Studi Kasus di Yayasan Tahfidz Daarul Mu’minin Nusantara, Cilegon, Banten) |url=https://doi.org/10.56874/jamp.v3i1.807 |journal=MATAAZIR: Jurnal Administrasi dan Manajemen Pendidikan |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=292–312 |doi=10.56874/jamp.v3i1.807 |issn=2721-821X}}</ref> Wasyid lahèr dâri kalowarga pejuang sè aberonta’ moso penjajah. Ramana, Abbas, noro' è pemberontakan Wakhia (Perang Gudang Batu) è taon 1850.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kartodirdjo |first=Sartono |title=The Peasants' Revolt of Banten In 1888: Its Conditions, Course and Sequel. a Case Study of Social Movements in Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsrevoltof0000sart |date=1966 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-6351-6 |series=Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Ser |location=Dordrecht}}</ref> Wasyid kènè' èparajâ è pangasingan polana ramana serrèng abâkta kalowargana lèngallè kaangghuy ngindarèn dâri serbuan tentara [[Bâlândhâ|Bâlândhâ.]] == Pamolangan == Ki Wasyid ngaollè pangataowan dâ’-adâ’na tamaso’ pangataowan aghâma dhâsar, dâri ramana, Kiai Muhammad Abbas, sè jughân aropa’aghi pahlawan tor ghuru aghâma. Salèran jhughân mondhuk sareng Ki Wakhia, kancana ramana sè mimpèn Perrang Gudang Batu è [[Serang]]. Saterrossa asakola è pesantren lokal Islam è Jhâbâ Bârâ', Jhâbâ Tengnga, bân Jhâbâ Tèmor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yustati |first=Herlina |date=2020-02-25 |title=Konsumsi dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam (Regresi Religiusitas terhadap Konsumerisme pada Mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) |url=https://doi.org/10.15408/idi.v5i1.14786 |journal=JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=25–50 |doi=10.15408/idi.v5i1.14786 |issn=2088-9445}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> hq9dlk1gqzmwk8l16xxjrhyr7iyeijj 0 16553 65667 55202 2026-08-14T19:57:18Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Yuval Noah Harari''' (bhâsa Ibrani: יובל נח הררי {{IPA-he|juˈval ˈnoaχ haˈʁaʁi|}}, lahèr 24 Fèbruari 1976) panèka orèng Israel abad pertengahan, sejarawan militer, intelektual publik, bân sastrawan elmo populer. Salèrana panèka dosen sejarah è Universitas Ibrani Yerusalim. Buku sè palèng laris sè partama, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2011) èbâdâ'aghi dâri ceramahna ghâbây kelas sejarah dhunnya sarjana. Karya-karyana laènna tamaso' buku-buku sè palèng laris Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (2016), 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018), bân Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI (2024). Karya sè èterbitaghi èparèksa tema-tema karebba bebas, kasadaran, kapenteran, kasennengngan, kasossa'an bân peran carèta dâlem evolusi manossa. È Sapiens, Harari nolès tentang "revolusi kognitif" sè lambâ' kadhâddhiyân rakèra 70.000 taon sè tapongkor è bâkto Homo sapiens aghântè'è Neanderthal bân spesies saingan laènna dâri genus Homo, èkembhângaghi bhâsa bân masyarakat sè èstruktur, bân èpaènga' mènangka predator puncak, èbhânto sareng Revolusi Pertanian Pertama bân èpalekkas sareng Revolusi Kuno, kaangghuy masemma' ka penguasaan è attas lingkunganna. Salèrana lebbi lanjut marèksa konsekuensi sè bisa èalami dâri dunnya bioteknologi futuristik sè è ka'dimma organisme biologis cerdas èlampawèn sareng kreasi dhibi'; salèrana ngoca', "Homo sapiens akadhi sè èkataoè bhâkal èlang è dâlem sèttong abad otabâ lebbi." Maskè buku-buku Harari ampon depa' suksès komersial sè èghâdhui sajjhek èterbitaghi Sapiens, karyana ampon lebbi bânnya' ngaollè tangghâppan negatif è kalangan akademis. Saterrossa kadhâddhiyân revolusi pertanian sè èpakowat sareng revolusi ilmiah. Samentara jârèya, buku Homo Deus nyarèta'aghi ramalan manossa tentang masa depan, èlengkapi kalabân latar bhâlakang sajhârâh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noaḥ |title=Sapiens: a brief history of humankind |url=https://archive.org/details/sapiensbriefhist0000unse |date=2015 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-09-959008-8 |series=Popular science |location=London |translator-last=Purcell |translator-first=John |translator-last2=Watzman |translator-first2=Haim}}</ref> È taon 2019, Yuval Noah Harari bân lakèna, Itzik Yahav, maddek Sapienship, perusahaan dampak sosial sè advokasi tanggung jhâwab global. Misi rèng-orèng panèka kaangghuy nyarèta'aghi bân ngulang polè carèta sè èbâgi sareng manossa kaangghuy mamajuaghi kaparcajâ'ân bân kerjasama è antara sadhâjâna orèng. Perusahaan panèka fokus dâ' penelitian, pengembangan konten, pandhidhighân, bân publikasi makalah posisi tentang tantanganna global è teknologi bân tatanan dunnya masa depan. Sapienship jhughân ampon aluncurâghi halaman Instagram pandhidhighân sè resmi. == Kaodi'ân awwal bân pandhidhighân == Yuval Noah Harari lahèr bân èparaj è Kiryat Ata, Israèl, mènangka sala sèttong dâri tello' ana' sè èlahèrraghi dâri Shlomo bân Pnina Harari bân èparajâ è dâlem kalowarga Yahudi sekuler dâri keturunan Bucovinian bân Polandia. Eppa'na, Shlomo Harari, sè lahèr è Blajberg, panèka insinyur sanjhâta sè alako ḍâ' ka naghârâ, bân èbhuna, Pnina, sè lahèr è Luttinger, panèka administrator kantor. == Pandhidhighân == Harari ngaollè gelâr doktoralla dâri Universitas Oxford è taon 2002. Orèng sè abimbing doktoralla èngghi panèka Steven J. Gunn, sèttong orèng sejarawan Inggris. e70h8h1w427j5qfcxynsyrofnrcdc6a 0 16610 65673 55384 2026-08-14T20:01:58Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Deng Xiaoping''' (Hanzi sederhana: 邓小平; Hanzi tradisional: 鄧小平; pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-p'ing; 22 Agustus - 19 Pèbruwâri 1997) panèka pemimpin revolusioner Partai Komunis Cènah sè dhâddhi pemimpin palèng tèngghi è Republik Rakyat Cènah molaè taon 1970-an kantos awwâl taon 1990-an. Salèrana panèka pamimpin generasi kaduwâ' saamponna Mao Zedong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping, Architect of Modern China, Dies at 92 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/0220deng-death.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping: Architect of modern China |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623152008/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html |archive-date=2024-06-23 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> È bâbâna pimpinanna, reformasi èlaksanaaghi è bânnya' aspèk Tiongkok (Cènah), è antarana politik, ekonomi, bân kaoḍi'ân sosial. Salèrana nolak bânnya' doktrin komunis bân mamaso' unsur-unsur sistem pardhâghângan bèbas dâ' ekonomi Cènah. Salèrana mabâliaghi stabilitas bân perkembangan ekonomi saamponna Revolusi Budhâjâ gagal, sè dhâddhiyâghi Tiongkok sala sèttong naghârâ kalabân ekonomi sè palèng ceppet tombu è dhunnya. Salèrana ngobâ sistem ekonomi Cènah kaangghuy lebbi terbuka ḍâ' ka bhântowan bân investasi manca. Salèrana jhughân maddek zona ekonomi khusus (SEZ) è daerah-daerah akadhi Fujian, Shanghai, Shantou, bân laènna. Pamarènta'anna jhughân ètandhâi kalabân kadhâddhiyân è Lapangan Tiananmen è Beijing è taon 1989. == Pandhidhighân bân awwal karir == Deng Xiaoping lahèr è tangghâl 22 Agustus 1904, è Guang'an, Provinsi Sichuan, mènangka Deng Xixian. Kalowargâna dâri katoronan Sichuan Hakka, kalabân bengatowana dâri Meixian. Eppa’na oreng sè andi’ tana. Deng noro' Partai Komunis Cènah bâkto asakola SMA. Salèrana ajhâr è Prancis (1920-1924) bân Uni Soviet (1925-1926) bân aktif è gerakan komunis. Salèrana abâli ka naghârâ asalla è taon 1926 mènangka administrator militer è Jiangxi Soviet, wilayah otonom komunis è Cènah bârâ' dâjâ sè èpaddek è taon 1931 sareng Mao Zedong.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Deng Xiaoping and the making of modern China |url=https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmak00evan |date=1995 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-013945-7 |location=London}}</ref> Deng Xiaoping noro' Long March taon 1934-1935, bâkto pasukan komunis Mao aperrang è bâbâna pasukan nasionalis Chiang Kai-shek. Long March ètojjuwâghi kaangghuy maddek pangkalan anyar è Provinsi Shaanxi, Cènah bârâ'. Perang sareng Jeppang èmolaè è taon 1937, bân Deng dhâddhi pamimpin Tentara Revolusi Cènah. Dâri taon 1937 kantos 1945, salèrana èangghep sareng sekretaris Komite Pusat Partai Komunis kaangghuy atugas mènangka perwira senior è divisi Tentara Rute Ke-8. Bhèrkat pimpinanna, Partai Komunis tombu cè' ceppètta bân bisa ngalakonè revolusi taon 1946-1949. È taon 1952, salèrana èolok ka Beijing kaangghuy èlantik bâkkel perdana menteri. Karirra terros ongghâ mènangka sekretaris umum Partai Komunis Cènah è taon 1954 bân mènangka anggota Biro Politik è taon 1955. Dâri partengnga'an taon 1950-an, Deng andi' ttanggung jâwâb kaangghuy aghâbây kabijakan domestik bân internasional. Salèrana dhâddhi sanget semma' sareng para pamimpin pragmatis akadhi Liu Shaoqi, sè negghâsaghi pentingnga insentif sombher daya material bân teknis bân kapamimpènan mènangka dasar dâri pembangunan ekonomi Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pye |first=Lucian W. |last2=Spence |first2=Jonathan |date=1999 |title=The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049256 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=156 |doi=10.2307/20049256 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Mao Zedong awalla mojhi keahlian organisasi Deng, namong akhèrra èlang è taon 1960-an è bâkto Revolusi Budhâjâ. Pamangghi Deng ta' cocok sareng kabijakan egaliter Mao. Penekanan sè kowat dâri Deng dâ' kapentingan dhibi'na dhibi' bentrok sareng penekanan Mao dâ' kabijakan egaliter bân antusiasme revolusioner mènangka konci dâ' pembangunan ekonomi. Deng akhèrra è paambu dâri jabadhânna. Salèrana bân kalowargana èkèrèm ka dhisa Jiangxi kaangghuy èdidik polè. == Sombher == <references /> 6v5x578xzgapphf8lvr4unl0wggyc20 0 16618 65648 55492 2026-08-14T19:42:37Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' (30 Novèmber 1874 – 24 Jânuwari 1965) panèka politisi, perwira militèr, bân pangarang Inggris. Salèrana panèka Perdana Menteri Inggris dâri taon 1940 kantos 1945, è bâkto salèrana mimpin Inggris kaangghuy mennang è Perang Dunia II, bân polè dâri taon 1951 kantos 1955. Churchill ngabâkkèlè lèma' daèrah pamèlèyân è bâkto karir mènangka Anggota Parlemen (MP). Sacara ideologis, salèrana panèka ekonom liberal bân imperialis, è sabâgiyân bânnya' karirra dhâddhi angghuta Partai Konservatif, sè èpimpin dâri taon 1940 kantos 1955, namong dâri taon 1904 kantos 1924 salèrana panèka angghuta Partai Liberal. Ḍâri katoronan Inggris bân Amerika, Churchill lahèr è Oxfordshire dâri keluarga bangsawan soghi. Agabung sareng Tentara Inggris, salèrana nèngghu perrang è Kekaisaran Inggris, Perang Inggris-Sudan, bân Perang Boer Kaduwâ', bân ngaollè kasohoran mènangka koresponden perrang bân pangarang buku tentang kampanyena. Èpèlè dhâddhi parlemen è taon 1900, awwalla salèrana panèka orèng sè Konservatif, salèrana abâli ka Liberal è taon 1904. È pamarènta'an Liberal H. H. Asquith, Churchill ajabat mènangka Presiden Dewan Pardhâghângan, Sekretaris Naghârâ, bân First Lord of the Admiralty, sè ajuwangaghi reformasi penjara bân kaamanan sosial kelas buruh. È bâkto Perang Dunnya Pertama, salèrana ngawasèn Kampanye Gallipoli; saellana aoba dâddhi musibâ, salèrana mundur dâri pamarènta'an bân atugas è Royal Scots Fusiliers è Front Bârâ'. È taon 1917, salèrana abâli ka pamarènta'an mènangka Menteri Amunisi è bâbâna David Lloyd George, saterrossa mènangka Sekretaris Naghâra Perang bân Udara, bân akherra ghâbây Koloni, ngawasèn Perjanjian Inggris-Irlandia bân kebijakan Tèmor Tengnga Inggris. Saellana ḍuwâ' taon absèn dâri Parlemen, salèrana ajabat mènangka Kanselir Perbendaharaan è pamarèntah Konservatif Stanley Baldwin, mabâli pound sterling è taon 1925 ka standar emmas sè padâ kalabân nilai poroppâ sabelluna pra-perang, langkah sè èangghep nyiptaaghi tekanan deflasi dâ' ka ekonomi Britania Raya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Roy |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000jenk_a9l6 |date=2002 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-0-330-48805-1 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=Churchill: a life |date=1991 |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=978-0-434-29183-0 |location=London}}</ref> E bâkto cuti è taon 1930-an, Churchill nganjuraghi pelucutan senjata Inggris kaangghuy nolak ancaman sè tombu dâri Jèrman Nazi. Bâkto Perang Dunnya II èmolaè, salèrana èangka' polè mènangka Lord Pertama è Laksamana. È taon 1940, salèrana aghântè Neville Chamberlain mènangka perdana menteri. Churchill ngawasèn keterlibatan Inggris dâlem upaya perrang Sekutu è Jèrman bân kakowadhân Poros, sè aghâbây kamennangan è taon 1945. Kepemimpinanna è bâkto perrang èpoji bânnya' orèng, sanajjân bâdâ tindakan akadhi Pemboman Dresden bân tanggapânna dâ' kalaparan Bengal sè aghâbây kontroversi. Saellana Konservatif kala è pemilu umum taon 1945, salèrana dhâddhi Pimpinan Oposisi. == Sombher == <references /> qefebpy8dkg4uka21p1ruddljivf0eu 0 16622 65682 55513 2026-08-14T20:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz''' (bhâsa Spanyol: [fiˈðel ˈkastɾo]; 13 Agustus 1926 – 25 Novèmber 2016) panèka sala sèttong revolusioner bân politisi komunis Kuba. Castro ajabat mènangka Perdana Menteri Kuba dâri taon 1959 kantos 1976 bân mènangka Presiden Kuba dâri taon 1976 kantos 2008. Salèrana jhughân ajabat mènangka Sekretaris Pertama Partai Komunis Kuba dâri taon 1965 kantos 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bourne |first=Peter G. |title=Fidel: a biography of Fidel Castro |url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour |date=1986 |publisher=Dodd, Mead |isbn=978-0-396-08518-8 |edition=1st ed |location=New York}}</ref> Salèrana lahèr è Birán, Oriente, dâri kalowarga tani soghi. Salèrana aghâdhui pamahaman anti-imperialis sè condong ka kacèr bâkto ajhâr hokom è Universitas Havana. Salèrana toman noro' pemberontakan è alabân pamarènta'an sayap kangan è Republik Dominika bân Kolombia, bân salastarèna panèka andi' rèncana kaangghuy makalowar Presiden Kuba Fulgencio Batista. Namong, serranganna taon 1953 ka Barak Moncada gagal. Saellana sataon è penjara, Castro buruh ka Meksiko, è dissa' salèrana abentu' kelompok revolusioner sè èsebbhut Gerakan 26 Juli abhâreng alè'na, Raúl Castro, bân Che Guevara. Saellana abâli ka Kuba, Castro mimpin perrang gerilya è bâbâna pasukan Batista è Gunong Sierra Maestra. Saellana pamarènta'an Batista robbhu è taon 1959, Castro dhâddhi Perdana Menteri Kuba bân andi' kobâsah militer bân politik. Amèrika Serikat nolak pamarènta'an Castro, namong ta' bisa magheggher Castro, è antarana usaha pembunuhan, blokade ekonomi, bân Invasi ''Bay of Pigs'' taon 1961. Kaangghuy males ancaman ghâpanèka, Castro nyemma'è Uni Soviet bân ngèdinnaghi kaangghuy aghâbây sanjata nuklir è tana Kuba, saènggghâna kadhâddhiyân Krisis Rudal Kuba è taon 1962. Kalabân landhâsan dâri model pembangunan Marxis-Leninis, Castro ngobâ Kuba dâddhi naghârâ sosialis sèttong partai sè èpimpin sareng Partai Komunis. Kabijakanna tamaso' perencanaan ekonomi terpusat bân pendanaan substansial ghâbây pandhidhighân bân kasehatan. Kabijakan-kabijakan panèka è èrèngih sareng kontrol pèrs sareng pamarèntah bân penindasan kritik. È lowar naghârâ, Castro adukung pamarèntah Marxis, akadhi Salvador Allende è Chili, Junta Rekonstruksi Nasional è Nikaragua, bân Pamarèntah Revolusioner Rakyat è Grenada. Salèrana jhughân ngèrèm pasukan kaangghuy abhânto naghârè-naghârâ Arab è Perang Yom Kippur, Ethiopia è Perang Ogaden, bân MPLA è Perang Tarètan Angola. Kalakoan-kalakoan panèka, ètambâ kalabân pimpinan Castro è Gerakan Non-Aligned dâri taon 1979 kantos 1983 bân program internasionalisme medis Kuba, makowat posisi internasional Kuba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coltman |first=Leycester |title=The real Fidel Castro |url=https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0 |date=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10760-9 |edition=1. ed |location=New Haven}}</ref> Namong, saamponna Uni Soviet bubar è taon 1991, Kuba ngalami panoronan èkonomi, bân Castro molaè aghâdhui cita-cita pro-lingkungan bân anti-globalisasi. È taon 2000-an, Castro aghâbây aliansi sareng naghârâ-naghârâ Amerika Latin sè èkennèng "pasang surut," khusussa sareng Presiden Hugo Chávez dâri Venezuela. È ulang tahunna sè kapeng 80 è taon 2006, Castro massra'aghi kendali kakobâsa'an ka alè'na, Raúl. Raúl resmi aghântè'è mènangka presiden è taon 2008. == Sombher == <references /> lsozwb03q5dr6cj77ztpjnyq522fc6q 0 16743 65668 64695 2026-08-14T19:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron''' (bhâsa Perancis: [emanˈɥɛl ʒɑ̃ miˈʃɛl fʁedeˈʁik makˈʁɔ̃]; lahèr 21 Ḍèsèmber 1977) panèka politisi Prancis sè ampon ajabat mènangka Presiden Perancis bân Pangeran Andorra sajjhek tangghâl 14 Mei 2017. Sabellunna, Macron panèka mantan bankir investor Perancis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmopolis » Emmanuel Macron |url=https://cosmopolis.ch/emmanuel-macron/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |language=en-EN |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509192807/https://cosmopolis.ch/emmanuel-macron/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tangghâl 26 Agustus 2014, èangghep mènangka Mentri Ekonomi, Pembaharuan Industri bân Urusan Digital è pamarèntah Manuel Valls. È pemilu presiden Prancis 2017, salèrana makala Marine Le Pen, mennang 66,06 persen sowara, jhâu ngalebbi'i Marine Le Pen, sè namong narèma 34 persen sowara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christiastuti |first=Novi |title=Macron, Politikus Pemula yang Jadi Presiden Termuda Prancis |url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-3494933/macron-politikus-pemula-yang-jadi-presiden-termuda-prancis |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> Kamennanganna adhâddhiyâghi salèrana presiden Perancis sè palèng ngodâ è dâlem sejarah è omorra 39 taon. == Kaodi'ân bân pandhidhighân awwâl == Macron panèka pottrana Jean-Michel Macron, Profesor Neurologi è Universitas Picardy, bân Françoise Macron-Noguès, MD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-26 |title=Emmanuel Macron, "l'hémisphère droit" de François Hollande |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20140826.OBS7233/emmanuel-macron-l-hemisphere-droit-de-francois-hollande.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Le Nouvel Obs |language=fr}}</ref> Salèrana semma' sareng embahna, ghuru sakola'an sè tombu è bengkona sè buta huruf, bân neng-neng è bâbâna èbhu è dâlem bâkto sè abit. Salèrana ajhâr piano sapolo taon, èghâdhui hadiah katello' è Amiens Conservatory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thiollet |first=Jean-Pierre |title=88 notes pour piano solo |url=https://archive.org/details/88notespourpiano0000thio |last2=Blateau |first2=Anne-Elisabeth |last3=Lemarchand |first3=Jean-Louis |last4=Roboth |first4=François |date=2015 |publisher=Neva Éditions |isbn=978-2-35055-192-0 |location=Magland. France}}</ref> Salèrana ajhâr pan-bârâmpan taon è Lycée La Providence sè pamaddek sareng Jesuit è Amiens sabellunna maso' ka Lycée Henri-IV elite è Paris. Salèrana ajhâr Filsafat è Universitas Paris-Nanterre, èghâdhui gelar DEA. Salèrana alako mènangka asisten Paul Ricoeur è antara taon 1999 bân 2001, è dissa' salèrana abhânto ngèdit bukuna Ricoeur La Mémoire, l'histoire, l'oubli. Salèrana jhughân ollè gelar è Urusan Publik è Sciences Po, sabellunna èlatè mènangka pegawai negeri senior è École nationale d'administration (ENA), lulus è taon 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is the hot new Economy Minister who may mark a turning point in Hollande’s presidency? {{!}} Renée Kaplan, l'Amie américaine |url=http://reneekaplan.carnets.liberation.fr/2014/09/02/who-is-the-hot-new-economy-minister-who-may-mark-a-turning-point-in-hollandes-presidency/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118044458/http://reneekaplan.carnets.liberation.fr/2014/09/02/who-is-the-hot-new-economy-minister-who-may-mark-a-turning-point-in-hollandes-presidency/ |archive-date=2015-11-18 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=reneekaplan.carnets.liberation.fr |language=en-EN}}</ref> == Karir publik bân swasta == Macron atugas mènangka Inspektur Keuangan è Kementerian Ekonomi Perancis antara taon 2004 bân 2008. È taon 2007, salèrana atugas mènangka wâkkèl pelapor è Komisi Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Perancis, sè èpimpin sareng Jacques Attali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=Emmanuel Macron, un ex-banquier touche-à-tout à Bercy |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20140827-emmanuel-macron-ex-banquier-touche-a-tout-a-bercy-economie-gouvernement-valls-portrait |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=France 24 |language=fr}}</ref> Saellana jârèya salèrana toron dâri posisi jârèya kaangghuy dhâddhi bankir investor è Rothschild & Cie Banque. == Sombher == <references /> mpb2gpy7utwwl984u70b7ize24yr7bl 0 17199 65664 56821 2026-08-14T19:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65664 wikitext text/x-wiki Victor Vasarely panèka seniman Hongaria-Perancis sè lahir è taon 1906 bân èkennal sacara luas mènangka ramana Op Art (Seni Optik), gerakan seni modern sè ètekanaghi ghâbây aghâbây ilusi visual lèbât pola geometris, pangulangan bhângon, bân kontras warna sè èokor. Kalabân karyana, Vasarely ngabutoaghi bates antara seni bân elmo, sè dhâddhiyâghi persepsi manossa mènangka pusat èksplorasi seni<ref>{{Cite book |last=Busch |first=Julia M. |title=A decade of sculpture: the 1960s |url=https://archive.org/details/decadeofsculptur0000busc |date=1974 |publisher=Art Alliance Press |isbn=978-0-87982-007-7 |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>. [[Bhengkek:Victor Vasarely.jpg|jmpl|Victor Vasarely]] == Kaodi'en == Victor Vasarely, lahir Győző Váshelyi, ajhâr seni è Podolini-Volkmann Academy è Budapest, lembaga sè èinspirasi dâri prinsip-prinsip Bauhaus, khusussa penekanan geometri, rasionalitas visual, bân hubungan antara seni bân desain. È akhir taon 1920-an, èpon molaè aeksperimen kalabân bhângon abstrak bân sistem warna, èpangaro konstruktivisme bân seni abstrak Eropa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor Vasarely |url=https://www.fondationvasarely.org/architectonic-center/victor-vasarely/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Fondation Vasarely |language=fr-FR}}</ref>. È taon 1930, Vasarely apinda ka Paris, è dhissa' alako è bidang desain grafis bân iklan. Pangalaman panèka aghânḍhu' bhâgiyân dâlem membentuk pendekatan visual sè sistematis bân berbasis persepsi. Eksperimen awalna è taon 1930-an aghâbây landhu'an ghâbây perkembangan bhâsa visual Op Art. E budhi arè, Vasarely maddek Fondation Vasarely è Aix-en-Provence, sè ècerminaghè visi-na kaangghuy aghâdhui seni kalabân arsitektur bân ruang umum. Salerana matè è taon 1997, èpanènggalè warisan seni sè bânnya' bân èpangaro, kalabân polowan karya-karya sè èghâdhui prinsip-prinsip teori Gestalt, kontras warna sè èokor, bân struktur geometris sè teppa'. == Karyana == Karya Victor Vasarely èpusataghi è eksplorasi ilusi optik, persepsi visual, bân hubungan antara bhângon geometris bân warna. molaè aher taon 1940-an, èpon ampon ros-terrosan aghâbây sistem visual èbâdâ'aghi modul geometris akadhi lingkaran, kotak, bân rhombus, sè èator èlang-alèng kaangghuy aghâbây rassa gerak, dâlemma, bân distorsi spasial è permukaan duwâ' dimensi. Fase poko' dâlem karyana panèka seri Zebra (1937), sè serrèng èangghep embrio awal Op Art. È dâlem karya panèka, Vasarely nojjhuaghi cara kontras pote-bân-potè bân garis-garis melengkung bisa aghâbây ilusi gerak tanpa aghâdhui perspektif tradisional. È taon 1950-an bân 1960-an, èpon aghâbây apa sè èsebbhut "abjad plastik," sistem bhângon bân warna sè teptep sè bisa èkombinasiaghi kalabân bebas, sè mabi seni èghâbây secara seri tanpa èlang kualitas estetika. È puncak karir, khusussa lèbât serial akadhi Vega, Vasarely aghâbây ilusi èpabhâjheng bân èkontraksi ruang, akadhi permukaan kanvas sè ngalami tarikan kosmik. Karya-karya panèka bhunten namong nantang persepsi mata namong jhughân atanya hubungan antara seni, elmo, bân teknologi, sè aghâbây Op Art relevan dâ' semangat modernisme bân masyarakat industri<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Stephen |last2=Popper |first2=Frank |date=1995 |title=Art of the Electronic Age |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1576165 |journal=Leonardo |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=74 |doi=10.2307/1576165 |issn=0024-094X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Vasarely, Victor|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t088019|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|accessdate=2026-01-12|first=Stephen|last=Bann}}</ref>. è lowar kanvas, Vasarely jhughân aktif nerrapaghi prinsip-prinsip estetikana dâ' seni bân arsitektur umum, parcajâ jhâ' seni kodhu bâdâ è ruang sosial bân bisa èaksès è bânnya' orèng. Kalabân cara panèka, èpon aghâdhui posisi seni bânnè namong mènangka objek kontemplasi namong mènangka pangalaman visual kolektif. == Sombher == <references /> mjh4fmq70b5uc8v2vs8rhbm692ikpny 0 17221 65690 56926 2026-08-15T05:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 65690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies}} '''''Solanum pimpinellifolium''''', omom èkennal mènangka '''tomat rambây''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Estabrook |first=Barry |title=Why Is This Wild, Pea-Sized Tomato So Important? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/why-wild-tiny-pimp-tomato-so-important-180955911/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> panèka spèsiès tomat manglè<ref>{{Cite web |title=New nomenclature for Lycopersicon - Sol Genomics Network |url=https://solgenomics.net/about/solanum_nomenclature.pl |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=solgenomics.net}}</ref> sè asalla ḍâri [[Ekuador|Èkuaḍor]] bân [[Peru]] tapè jhughân èpaḍâteng ka kennengngan laèn, akaḍhi Kapolowan Galapagos. Tomat rambây jhughân bisa ètemmowè è [[Lampung]] bân [[Somattra Lao']].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dari Bumi Nusantara ke Piring kita – Guru Bumi |url=https://gurubumi.com/dari-bumi-nusantara-ke-piring-kita/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Masyarakat Somattra Lao' biasana nyebbhut tomat panèka kalabân ''cung kediro''. Buwâ sè bunter bân okoranna akadhi lèker bân biasana bisa èdhâ'âr metta bân bisa èyola dhâddhi cèngè sè seggher.<ref name=":0" /> == Tojjhuwân Pangembhângan == Tomat rambây bhâkal asilang kalabân tomat domestik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sol Genomics Network |url=https://solgenomics.net/organism/770/view |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=solgenomics.net}}</ref> Bâḍâ macem sè taonan, ḍu taonan, bân langghâng.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Solanum pimpinellifolium [L. ] |url=https://solanaceaesource.myspecies.info/solanaceae/solanum-pimpinellifolium |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=solanaceaesource.myspecies.info |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074832/https://solanaceaesource.myspecies.info/solanaceae/solanum-pimpinellifolium |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' panèka parlo ḍâlem pangembhângan tomat. Kaè'an kalabân tomat<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caicedo |first=Ana Lucía |last2=Schaal |first2=Barbara A. |date=2004-07 |title=Population structure and phylogeography of Solanum pimpinellifolium inferred from a nuclear gene |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15189210 |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1871–1882 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02191.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=15189210}}</ref> bân kamampowan ka'angghuy asilang saccara bhibhâs amongkènnaghi èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy pangennalan sèpat-sèpat katahanan panyakèt è macemma tomat, sarta ḍâlem pangajhârân ''pengendalian genetik sifat-sifat tomat'' akadhi bhângon bân okoran buwâ.<ref name=":1" /> Tomat rambây anḍi' jumla ''likopen'', [[vitamin C]], bân ''asam fenomik'' sè lebbi tèngghi, sarta antioksidan sè lebbi tèngghi èbhândhing ''olanum lycopersicum.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gürbüz Çolak |first=Nergiz |last2=Eken |first2=Neslihan Tek |last3=Ülger |first3=Mehmet |last4=Frary |first4=Anne |last5=Doğanlar |first5=Sami |date=2020-03-01 |title=Mapping of quantitative trait loci for antioxidant molecules in tomato fruit: Carotenoids, vitamins C and E, glutathione and phenolic acids |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945219315663 |journal=Plant Science |volume=292 |pages=110393 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110393 |issn=0168-9452}}</ref> == Sombher == j22a7xviuhi4gy893efarvx7nuc90j2 0 18100 65686 59394 2026-08-14T20:14:54Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''McKinley Morganfield'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Network |first=The Learning |title=The Learning Network |url=https://www.nytimes.com/section/learning |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (lahèr 4 April 1913 kantos sèdhâ 30 April 1983)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Robert |url=http://archive.org/details/cantbesatisfied00robe_0 |title=Can't be satisfied : the life and times of Muddy Waters |date=2002 |publisher=Boston : Little, Brown |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-316-32849-4}}</ref> èkennal saccara profesional mènangka '''Muddy Waters''', panèka panyanyi-panolès laghu bân musisi ''blues'' Amèrika sè aropa'aghi tokoh penting ḍâlem ''blues'' salastarèna perrang, bân segghut èsebbhut mènangka "bhâpa' modern ḍâri ''Chicago blues''". Gaya maènna èghâmbhârraghi mènangka "ojhân dherres ''Delta beatitude''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cogan |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hO-KQ4o_B2MC&redir_esc=y |title=Temples of Sound: Inside the Great Recording Studios |last2=Clark |first2=William |date=2003 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-0-8118-3394-3 |language=en}}</ref> == Kaoḍi'ân == Muddy Waters jâ-rajâ è Stovall semma' bi' Clarksdale, Mississippi, bân è omro 17 taon, Muddy amaèn gitar bân harmonika, nèro artis blues lokal Son House bân Robert Johnson. È taon 1941, Alan Lomax bân Profesor John W. Work III ḍâri Universitas Fisk arekkam Muddy è Mississippi ka'angghuy Perpustakaan Kongres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Robert |date=1978-10-05 |title=Muddy Waters: The Delta Son Never Sets |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/muddy-waters-the-delta-son-never-sets-102670/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Robert |date=2006-05-24 |title=Muddy Waters ~ Can't Be Satisfied {{!}} American Masters {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/muddy-waters-cant-be-satisfied/730/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=American Masters |language=en-US}}</ref> == Lako == È awwâl taon 1930-wan kantos ahèr 1940-wan, Muddy amolaè lakona mènangka musisi ''blues'' kalabân amaèn harmonika. Salastarèna ngallè ka Chicago, Muddy dhâddhi musisi profesional bân aobâ gitarra ka gitar listrik. Sajjhâk taon 1948, abhâreng ''Chess Records'' bân ''band''-na, Muddy ngaollè kasuksèsan lèbât pan-bârâmpan laghuna sè abhângon ciri khas ''èlèktrik Chicago''. È partengnga'an taon 1950, karjâna rutin maso' ḍâ' pangarghâ'ân ''R&B Billboard'', maskè kakalonta'an laghuna molaè toron ra'-para' ahèr ḍèkaḍè salastarèna taon 1950 ghânèka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Robert |url=http://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm |title=Deep blues |date=1982 |publisher=Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England ; New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-14-006223-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Szatmary |first=David P. |title=Rockin' in time: a social history of rock-and-roll |url=https://archive.org/details/rockinintimesoci0000szat |date=2010 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-205-67504-3 |edition=7th ed |location=Upper Saddle River}}</ref> == Sombher == 01heg9zvv60s963bz2eaehjy5tbtmqf 0 18180 65671 59629 2026-08-14T20:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Elvis Aaron Presley''' (lahèr 8 Jânuwari 1935 kantos sèdhâ 16 Agustus 1977) panèka panyanyè bân aktor Amèrika sè èjhulughi "King of Rock and Roll" (Ratona Rock and Roll). Elvis jhughân aropa'aghi tokoh bhudhâjâ sè palèng apangaro è abad ka-20. Elvis sè ngawwâli musik rockabilly bân ngèbâ rock and roll ka arus otama lèbât rekkaman, tivi, bân fèlem. Elvis ngaollè kasuksèsan rajâ saccara global, amaèn bânnya' fèlem, mennang cem-macem pangarghâ'ân, sarta ajhuwâl ra-kèra 500 juta rekkaman. Wârisanna tettep kowat kantos samangkèn. == Kaoḍi'ân bân Lako == Elvis lahèr è tangghâl 8 Jânuwari 1935 è Tupelo, Mississippi, ḍâlem kalowarga saḍerhana sè ghâma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |title=Elvis day by day |url=https://archive.org/details/elvisdaybyday0000gura |last2=Jorgensen |first2=Ernst |date=1999 |publisher=Ballantine books |isbn=978-0-345-42089-3 |location=New York}}</ref> Elvis sanget semma' kalabân orèng seppona, napa polè sareng èbhuna sè anyama Gladys, bân ahèrra Elvis ngaollè pangaro musik awwâl ḍâri gereja. Kaoḍi'ân ghi' kènè'èn, Elvis ngalamè kamalaratan èkonomi, segghut lè-ngallè kennengan, sarta kaoḍi'ânna taghântong bhântowan sosial. Sajjhâk ghi' kènè', Elvis anḍi' pangaterro rajâ ḍâ' musik, ètandhâi kalabân dhurrunna ḍâlem kontes anyanyè bân haḍiyâ gitar lu-ghâlluna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundy |first=Elaine |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IYbOeqSWVhUC&redir_esc=y&hl=id |title=Elvis and Gladys |date=2009-09-28 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-613-7 |language=en}}</ref> Lingkungan sè cem-macem bhudhâjâ, siaran radio lokal, sarta pangalaman tampil è aḍâ'ân orèng bânnya', on-laon abhângon identitas musikka bân kabângalanna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dLcJlkk-DGQC&pg=PA35&dq=elvis+pentecostal&hl=pl&sa=X&ei=m42fVZmTK87g7QbUtaa4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=elvis%20pentecostal&f=false |title=Signs and Wonders: Why Pentecostalism Is the World's Fastest Growing Faith |date=2009-03-30 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-18396-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Conn |first=J. Stephen |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xaFfRV_3H5gC&redir_esc=y |title=Growing Up Pentecostal |date=2006-03 |publisher=Xulon Press |isbn=978-1-60034-085-7 |language=en}}</ref> È taon 1953, Elvis molaè arekkam è ''Sun Records'' è bâbâna Sam Phillips.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Search Results - - 235 Results |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNTML/browse/?start=6&fq=untl_collection:JGPC |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=UNT Digital Library |language=en}}</ref> Sa'amponna pan-bârâmpan kalè ta' bhâjhrâ, è 5 Juli 1954 ahèrra Elvis bisa makalowar "''That’s All Right''”, sè èpoter lowas è radio Memphis bân nandhâi lahèrra gaya khassa Elvis abâreng Scotty Moore bân Bill Black.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |title=Last train to Memphis: the rise of Elvis Presley |url=https://archive.org/details/lasttraintomemph00gura_0 |date=1994 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-33225-5 |location=Boston [Mass.] New York London}}</ref> == Sombher == e27sz9xnuqj8ybw7kmktqulg4zvtf0g 0 18186 65647 59649 2026-08-14T19:41:40Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Arthur William "Big Boy" Crudup'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/368543-Arthur-Big-Boy-Crudup |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref> (lahèr è tangghâl 24 April 1905 kantos sèdhâ 28 Maret 1974)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eagle |first=Bob |title=Blues: a regional experience |last2=LeBlanc |first2=Eric S. |date=2013 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-34423-7 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif}}</ref> panèka panyanyi, panolès laghu bân gitaris Delta blues Amerika. Arthur èkennal è lowar dhâddhi angghutana Delta blues karana laghu-laghuna "''That's All Right''" (1946), "''My Baby Left Me''" bân "''So Glad You're Mine''", saterrossa pas èrekkam sareng [[Elvis Presley]] bân artis-artis laènna.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Virgin encyclopedia of fifties music |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781852279370 |date=2002 |publisher=Virgin |isbn=978-1-85227-937-0 |editor-last=Larkin |editor-first=Colin |edition=3rd ed |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Szatmary |first=David P. |url=http://archive.org/details/rockinintimesoci0000szat_s6d5 |title=Rockin' in time : a social history of rock-and-roll |date=2007 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-188790-9}}</ref> == Kaoḍi'ân Awwâl == Arthur lahèr è tangghâl 24 Agustus 1905 è Grove, Forest, Mississippi. Kalowargana Arthur panèka aropa'aghi kalowarga palako migran sè alakonè parjhâlânan lèbât lao'. Kalowargana Arthur abâli ka Mississippi è taon 1926. Athur amolaè lakona mènangka panyanyè blues è seddhi'in Clarksdale, Mississippi. Mènangka angghuta Harmonizing Four, Arthur èntar ka Chicago è taon 1939. Arthur nettep è Chicago ka'anngghuy alako dhâddhi panyanyè jhâlânan. Ahèrra Produser rekkaman Lester Melrose nemmonè Arthur, pas èkontrak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur Crudup |url=https://www.biography.com/people/arthur-crudup-39804 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331120024/https://www.biography.com/people/arthur-crudup-39804 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Biography |language=en-us}}</ref> == Diskografi == === Album solo === * ''Mean Ol' Frisco'' (1962), * ''Crudup's Mood'' (Delmark, 1969), * ''Look on Yonder's Wall'' (Delmark, 1969), bân * ''Roebuck Man'' (Sequel, 1974). === Album ''kolaboratif'' === * ''Sunny Road'', sareng Jimmy Dawkins bân Willie Smith (Delmark, 1969) * ''Arthur "BigBoy" Crudup Meets the Master Blues Bassists'', sareng Willie Dixon bân Ransom Knowling (Delmark, 1994) === Album ''kompilasi'' === * ''The Father of Rock and Roll'' (RCA, 1971) * ''Give Me a 32-30'' (Crown Prince, 1982) * ''Star Bootlegger'' (Krazy Kat, 1982) * ''I'm in the Mood'' (Krazy Kat, 1983) * ''Crudup's Rockin' Blues'' (RCA, 1985) * ''Shout Sister Shout!'' (Bullwhip, 1987) * ''That's All Right Mama'' (Matchbox, 1989) * ''The Father of Rock and Roll'' (Blues Encore, 1992) * ''That's All Right Mama'' (BMG, 1992) * ''Complete Recorded Works'', vols. 1–4 (Document, 1993) * ''Rock Me Mama'' (Orbis, 1993) * ''That's Alright Mama'' (Laserlight, 1995) * ''Crudup's After Hours'' (History, 1996) * ''The Complete Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup'', volume 1 bân 2 (Jazz Tribune, 1997) * ''After Hours'' (Camden, 1997) * ''Cool Disposition'' (Catfish, 1999) * ''Dirt Road Blues'' (Past Perfect Silver Line, 2000) * ''The Essential Arthur Crudup'' (Document, 2001) * ''Blues Legends'' (Rainbow, 2002) * ''Everything's Alright'' (Our World, 2002) * ''Crudup's After Hours'' (Past Perfect Silver Line, 2002) * ''Rock Me Mama'' (Tomato, 2003) * ''The Father of Rock 'n' Roll'' (Wolf, 2003) * ''Rock Me Mamma: When the Sun Goes Down'', volome 7 (RCA, 2003) * ''The Story of the Blues'' (Archive Blues, 2004) * ''Too Much Competition'' (Passport, 2006) * ''Gonna Be Some Change'' (Rev-Ola, 2008) * ''My Baby Left Me: The Definitive Collection'' (''Fantastic Voyage'', 2011) * ''The Blues'' (Fuel, 2012) * ''Sunny Road'' (Delmar, 2013) == Sombher == jo84jip2mlnuapgcb8z3kwh3hwyo8mo 0 18569 65676 61046 2026-08-14T20:04:06Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Nicolaus Copernicus''' (Polandia: Mikołaj Kopernik; Jèrman: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 Fèbruwari 1473 – 24 Mèi 1543) panèka astronom, matematikawan, Kanon Katolik bân ekonom Polandia, sè ngèmbangaghi teori heliosentris (sè èpusataghi è mataarè) dâri Sistem Surya saèngghâ èghunaaghi kaangghuy èlmo. Salèrana jhughân kanon gereja, gubernur bân administrator, hakim, ahli nujum, bân dokter. Teorina tentang Mataarè mènangka pusat Tata Surya, sè mabâli teori geosentris tradisional (sè nyaba' Bumi è pusat alam semesta), èangghep sala sèttong penemuan sè palèng penting è sakabbhina bâkto, bân aropaaghi titik awal dasar ghâbây astronomi modern bân elmo modern (sè madhateng revolusi ilmiah). Teorina aghâdhui pangaro dâ' bânnya' aspek laènna dâlem kaodi'ân manossa. Universitas Nicolaus Copernicus è Torun, sè èpaddek è taon 1945, ènyamaè kaangghuy ngormatè salèrana.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |date=1986 |publisher=Grolier |isbn=978-0-7172-0117-4 |edition=International ed |location=Danbury, Conn}}</ref> Copernicus nolès ka Paus Paulus III: "Bâdâ pan-bârâmpan 'orèng sè sombong' sè nyoba' ngritik karya kaulâh, sè, sanajjân ta' tao matematika, kalabân ta' todhus abâli'aghi artena bâgiyân-bâgiyân dâri Alketab kaangghuy ècocokkaghi sareng tojjuwanna dhibi', bangal ngritik bân nyerang karya kaulâh. Kaulâh ta' tako' ka rèng-orèng ka'ḍinto, namong kaulâh bhâkal ngèjhu kritik rèng-orèng ka'ḍinto akadhi sè ta' <ref>{{Citation|title=Nicolaus Copernicus|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Copernicus&oldid=1333047599|date=2026-01-15|accessdate=2026-01-21|language=en}}</ref>èghâdhui." Copernicus mamaso' oca'-oca' panèka dâlem karyana sè èghâdhui, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, sè èterbitaghi è taon 1543. Parkara pamangghi sè ènyataaghi dâlem karya panèka, Christoph Clavius, pendeta Jesuit abad ke-16, ngoca', "Teori Copernicus ngandung bânnya' pernyataan sè ta' maso' akal otabâ sala." Ahli teolog Jerman Martin Luther aserro, "Orèng budhu ghâpanèka bhâkal mabâli sakabbhina elmo astronomi dâ' kacapo'an."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weissenbacher |first=Manfred |title=Sources of power: how energy forges human history |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpowerho0002weis |date=2009 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-35626-1 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif}}</ref> == Latar belakang ngangodhâdhân sè pelka' èlmo == Lahir è tanggal 19 Februari 1473 è Toruń, sè è bâkto jârèya èbâwah pamarenta'an ordo Katolik sè èsebbhut Ordo Teutonicum, nyamana sè asli panèka Niklas Koppernigk (Mikołaj Kopernik, è bhâsa Polandia sè aropaaghi bhâsa umum è bâkto jârèya). Namong è budhi arè, bâkto molaè nolès karya-karya akademikna, abâ'na aghuna'aghi nyama Latin, Nicolaus Copernicus. Ramana, sodagar sè adagang è Toruń, andi' ana' empa'; Nikolaus panèka sè palèng ngodâ. E bakto aomor 11 taon, eppa’na sèdhâ. Paman, sè anyama Lucas Waczenrode, ngobâ Nicolaus bân tan-taretanna. Salerana abhânto Nikolaus kaangghuy ollè pandhidhighân sè beccè', mandhâr Nicolaus dhâddhi imam. == Sombher == <references /> 98k31zh8rhx74jb92ale88b8atq1rko 0 18571 65662 61051 2026-08-14T19:55:14Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Edwin Powell Hubble''' lahèr è Missouri, Amerika Serikat, è tangghâl 29 November 1889. Bâkto ghi' kènè'na è kottah jârèya kantos aomor 10 taon è bâkto kalowargana apinda ka Chicago, è ḍissa' èsambhât pandhidhighânna kantos SMA.<ref>{{Cite book |last=American Philosophical Society |first=JSTOR (Organization) |url=http://archive.org/details/proceedingsamer04orggoog |title=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge |date=1838 |publisher=Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society |others=University of Michigan}}</ref> Katertarikanna ḍâ' dunnya èlmo bân misteri pambentughân alam semesta èbhuktèaghi dâri hobina maos buku karya Julius Verne, contona 20.000 Liga è Bâbâ Tasè' bân Ḍâri Bhumi ka Bulân, bân jhughân Tambang Raja Solomon karya Henry Rider Haggard. Hubble èkonfirmasi è taon 1929 jhâ' kecepatan resesi galaksi ètambâi kalabân jarakna dâri Bumi, kalakoan sè èkennal mènangka hukum Hubble, sanajân ampon èusulaghâghi duwâ' taon sabellunna sareng Georges Lemaître. Hokom Hubble èmaksod jhâ' alam semesta èpabhâjheng. Sapolo taon sabellunna, astronom Amerika Vesto Slipher ampon aberri' bukte pertama jhâ' cahya dâri bânnya' nebula panèka cè' ghâgghârra, sè noddhuaghi kecepatan resesi sè tèngghi.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-10-01 |title=American Philosophical Quarterly |url=https://doi.org/10.5406/21521123.61.4.08 |journal=American Philosophical Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=403–404 |doi=10.5406/21521123.61.4.08 |issn=0003-0481}}</ref> Nyamana Hubble paleng èkennal polana Teleskop Luar Angghâsa Hubble, sè ènyamaè kaangghuy ngormatè, kalabân model sè èpajhâng è kampong asalla Marshfield, Missouri. == Oḍi' bân pandhidhigân awal == Edwin Hubble lahir è taon 1889 dâri Virginia Lee Hubble (née James) (1864–1934) bân John Powell Hubble, sèttong eksekutif asuransi, è Marshfield, Missouri, bân apinda ka Wheaton, Illinois, è taon 1900. E bâkto ghi' ngodâ, abâ'na lebbi èkennal polana kamampowan atletikna dâri kamampowan intelektualna, sanajân èpon ollè nilai sè beccè' è sakabbhina mata pelajaran salaèn ejaan. Edwin panèka atlet sè berbakat, amaèn baseball, bal-balan, bân trek lari è SMA bân perguruan tinggi. abâ'na mennang pettong kennengngan pertama bân kennengngan katello' è sèttong pertemuan trek bân lapangan SMA è taon 1906, bân abâ'na amaèn è bânnya' posisi è lapangan basket, dâri tengnga kantos shooting guard. Hubble mimpin tim basket Universitas Chicago kaangghuy ngaolle gelar Big Ten Conference sè partama è taon 1907.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christianson |first=Gale E. |title=Edwin Hubble: mariner of the nebulae |url=https://archive.org/details/edwinhubblemarin0000chri |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-10521-5 |location=Chicago}}</ref> == Studi sarjana == Pangajaran Hubble è Universitas Chicago èkonsentrasiaghi dâ' matematika, astronomi bân filsafat, sè ngasèllaghi gelar Sarjana Sains è taon 1910. Sataon jhughân èjhâdi asisten laboratorium mahasiswa ghâbây fisikawan Robert Millikan, masa depan pemenang Hadiah Nobel. Hubble jhughân dhâddhi angghuta persaudaraan Kappa Sigma. Sarjana Rhodes, èpon ajhâr tello taon è The Queen's College, Oxford kaangghuy ajhâr yurisprudensi èbandhingaghi sains (menangka janji ghâbây ramana sè para' matè), bân saterrossa nambah ajhâr sastra bân bhâsa Spanyol, akhèrra ollè gelar master.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhodes Scholars: Complete List, 1903-2010 - The Rhodes Trust |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231851/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> == Sombher == q6izw6su67uf2wpnfisjyylb1gokdx2 0 18575 65680 61061 2026-08-14T20:08:18Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260814)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox orang}} '''Yunus Emre''' (sebbudhân Turki: [juːˈnus emˈɾe]), jhughân èkennal mènangka Derviş Yûnus (Yûnus the Dervish; 1238–1320; Old Anatolia Turki: يونسه), panèka penyair rakyat Turki bân Sufi sè cè' èpangarona ḍâ' kabudâjâ'an Turki. Konferensi Umum UNESCO kalabân asokkor èpassra'aghi resolusi sè ènyata'aghi taon 1991, ulang taon ka-750 kalahiran penyair, taon Yunus Emre Internasional.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halman |first=Talat Sait |date=1995-07 |title=The Poetry of Yunus Emre, A Turkish Sufi Poet, by Grace Martin Smith. (University of California Publications in Modern Philology, Vol. 127) 146 pages, glossary, selected bibliography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. n.p. (Paper) ISBN 0–520-09781–5 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400031266 |journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=120–121 |doi=10.1017/s0026318400031266 |issn=0026-3184}}</ref> Yunus Emre ampon aghâdhui pangaro sè cè' bhâghusna dâ' sastra Turki, polana Yunus Emre panèka, saamponna Ahmed Yesevi bân Sultan Walad, sala sèttong penyair sè partama sè èkennal sè aghâbây karya-karya è bhâsa Turki Anatolia Lawas sè ècatoraghi. Diksina pagghun cè' semma'na dâ' oca' sè èkennal sareng orèng-orèng è Anatolia Tengnga bân Bârâ'. panèka jhughân bhâsa dâri sajumlah penyair rakyat sè ta' èkennal, lagu-lagu rakyat, dongeng, teka-teki (Hayran), bân parebasan. akadhi Oghuz Book of Dede Korkut, epik Asia Tengnga sè lebbi towa bân anonim sè madhateng inspirasi ka Yunus Emre è dâlem kadhâddhiyân sè èghunaaghi Hayran mènangka alat puitis ampon èpassra'aghi sacara lisan ghâbây salerana bân orèng-orèng sè èkennal. Tradisi lisan sè ketat panèka èterrossaghi è bâkto sè abit. Saellana invasi Mongolia ka Anatolia, sè èfasilitasi sareng kala'an Kesultanan Rûm è Pertempuran Köse Dağ taon 1243, sastra mistis Islam tombu è Anatolia; Yunus Emre dhâddhi sala sèttong penyair sè palèng èkennal. Salèrana pagghun dhâddhi tokoh sè èkennal è pan-bârâmpan naghara, molaè dâri Azerbaijan kantos Balkan, kalabân pettong lokalitas sè bhân-sabbhân bân èpanèbar è bâbâna hak istimewa ghâbây makam salèrana è ḍâlem batessa. Puisi-puisina, sè ètolès è dâlem tradisi puisi rakyat Anatolia, otabâ èkabâ'aghi cinta ilahi bân jhughân takdir manossa: Yunus'dur benim adım Gün geçtikçe artar odum İki chanda maksûdum Bana seni gerek seni. Terjema'an: ''nyamana kaulâh Yunus,'' ''Sabbhân arè sè lèbat aghâbây bân mabâdâhaghi apoy kaulâh,'' ''Apa sè èkaterroè kaulâh è ḍuwâ' dunnya panèka padâ:'' ''be'na sè èparloaghi, be'na sè èkaterroè.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yunus Emre |title=The poetry of Yunus Emre, a Turkish Sufi poet |url=https://archive.org/details/poetryofyunusemr127yunu |last2=Smith |first2=Grace Martin |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-09781-0 |series=University of California publications in modern philology |location=Berkeley}}</ref> bân puisi tentang Muhammad, Ali, Hasan bân Husayn: Araya araya bulsam permiti İzinin tozuna sursem yüzümü Eylese nasib hak, görsem yüzünü Iya Muhammed canım arzular seni == Biografi == 1pz1ffthhs0iu90wj7nq50viro4gwjc